Syracusan dekadrachms of the Euainetos type / by Albert Gallatin

7/27/2019 Syracusan dekadrachms of the Euainetos type / by Albert Gallatin

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BERTGALLATIN

BVABDUNIVERSITYPRESS

ANY

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ACHMS

ofthefifthor fourthcenturiesbefore

onfrontedbythelackofexistingworks

weremostfamousintheirdayor works

tributedtothem.It hasbeenthegen-

softhe greaterartstoperish,or tohavesurvived

s,whilewehaveinnumerablespecimensofthe

artsinan excellentstateofpreservation,often

heartists. Thepaintedvaseshavebeenthesub-

dies,andarenow,thanksto theinspirationof

beingpresentedtotheworldthroughthe

um;theengravedgemshavebeenstudiedand

fthe greatdie-cuttersofantiquityhavenotas

entionorbeenadequatelypublishedfromthe

rt,andthisappearsthemore remarkablewhen

esofthesemen'sskillareavailablein considerable

itionaswhenthey lefttheartist'shand.

ok"SelectGreekCoins"haspresenteda

ect,andhasfurnishedthe materialforcompara-

fullyselectedseriesofenlargedreproductions,

hegivestheapproximatedateofeachcoinillus-

faccountofthe developmentofthemedallicart

racusanMedallionsandtheirEngravers"

nationthelifeandactivitiesof thetwomostcele-

uity,EuainetosandKimon,butheillustrates

masterpieces,theSyracusandekadrachms.

heirbookscontributelittletoaid informingan

dies engravedbytheseartists.

ptedtoillustratealltheknownvarietiesof the

hichbearthesignatureof Euainetosorwhich

eobverseandaresimilarin designtothe*coinsso


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rsedies,togetherwithfivevarietiesofthesame,

esareillustrated,andalist isgivenofthe known

hediameterofthe coinsandweremadefrom

& SonofNewYorkfromcasts,withthe follow-

, photographedfromthecoinbytheHughes

I,photographedfromthecoinbyW.V. Chap-

Vand F.VI,reproducedfromphotographs

ebythe CopenhagenMuseum.Theenlarged

azedcupinthe Louvrewasmadeformeby

illenablenumismatiststoidentifyand clas-

moreexactlythanhitherto,andwilloffertolovers

yto studyandanalyzeaworkofart whichhas

over2000years asoneoftheworld's master-

teverindebtednessImayoweforanything

reeswithstatementsintheabove-mentioned

thwhileto cite,exceptincertaininstances,the

rdisagree.I wishtoexpressmyappreciationof

dreadycooperationofthemuseums,privatecol-

avesogenerouslyallowedmetoexaminethe

onsandfurnishedmewithcastsof theircoins,

edsopromptlytomyrequestsfor information.

mecasts ofagreatnumberofdekadrachms

hhishands,andhas obtainedcastsformeof

s;healsosentme aphotographofacupin the

stund Gewerbewhichcontainstheimpression

einthe cupintheLouvrewhichI haveillustrated.

animpossibleundertakingwithouttheaid

.Newell,whoseampleknowledgeandscanty

ostgenerouslyatmydisposal;Mr.SydneyP. Noe

uableassistance.Mrs.JosephC.Hoppinhelped

classifications.

selveslittleinformationisavailableto aidin

eastotheir dateisaffordedbytheirassociation


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ardswhichhaveattimesbeenunearthed,but

vebeenpoorlyrecorded,ifatall.While these-

enestablishedto alargedegree,theactualdate

known.Itis,however,generallybelieved,and

drachmswerestruckbythecityofSyracusein

ariangames,firstheldin412 B.C.inhonorofthe

sintheprecedingyear.

wereoftwodistincttypes:ononethe hairof

ornatenet,manyofthesedies bearingtheinitial

e otherthehairis free,withacrownofleaves;

coinsbearthesignatureofEuainetos.Theside

atedas theobverse,sincethishasso longbeenthe

echnicalstandpointitmightmoreaccurately

hereverse,owingtothe mannerinwhichthe

orderfollowedhavebeendeterminedbyex-

noftheconditionoftheobverseandreversedies

andrusting.Thesequenceestablishedbythis

ertaincharacteristicsofthecoinsandappearsto

o someoftheC.seriesis arbitrary,sincethey

emporary.H.I,withtwogriffin heads,isplaced

owhichonegriffinheadwas addedafteraflaw

chit waspreviouslydistinguished.Exceptfor

unlikeasanytwoin thelist.H.I moreclosely

ersetendstoconfirmthepositionassignedto it

ht-rayedstar,isplacedaftertheJ. series,

oK. Ia,ofwhichnospecimenisrecordedwith-

enceofthedotseriesis notdefinitelyestablished.

ked;R.IlIshowssomeof thedefectswhich

oadisraisedandthe headofthethirdhorse is

arecutdie hasbeenobserved.

oted,sincetheyaresubjectto change,but

esentandwill aidintheidentificationoftheir

ckofthe headandaspoton theneckinF.IX;

nF.I;a flawontheearringin F.II;aspot


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ton thenoseanda spotonthelip inF.VIIa;

nedabove.

useum(ReutzeCollectionCatalogue1863,

amongthe C.series,asIdoubt itsauthenticity.

keeperofthecoinsat theCopenhagenMuseum,

ee howthiscoincanbea forgery,anditisthere-

e appearsunnecessaryinconjunctionwith

eidentifiedin thefollowingmanner:allem-

nseparateclassifications;coinswithadotand

undertheother emblem,exceptinthecaseof

efour-pointedstar,wherethecoinsarelisted

the starinthesecaseswasadded tothedot.

variousclassesmaybedistinguishedbythe

neappears;by thepositionofthedolphinsor

onandformof thelettersoftheinscriptions;

upperleafinthe hair,attimesastraight

eckasinC.XVI,or bentbackasinC. VIII

mallcurlappearsjust backofthisleaf,andthis

lcurlissometimesaddedin frontofthisleaf

e largeleafextendingacrossthetopofthe

hfallfromthe edgeofthehairalongthe line

otheleaf thatpointstotheeye presentthegreat-

izedvarietyinform aswellasin number,and

ositionarealmostalwayssufficientlyevident

ersesshowonlyminorvariations,suchasthe

eNike,wideapartorclosetogether;the position

heheadofthe thirdhorse;theangleat which

ionofthedriver'shands;thereins andhorses'

positionofthehorses'l egsandhoofs;and,inthe

ehelmetandgreavesand thepresenceorab-

AA,whichhoweverisrarelytobeseen onthe

thedie. Fromthespecimensexaminedithas

inewhetherthefollowingreversesweresoin-

R.XVIII,R. XXI,R.XXIII.

nthecatalogueoftheBunburycollection


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15),that"onthe reverseontheexergualline

eaportionof theartist'ssignatureE. ..N,"

hestatementinthesamecatalogueinregard to

ofPersephoneis alargestarof eightrays,there

artist'sinitialsonthedolphin toright."Al-

mentsarequotedby Forrerinhis"Signatures

esGrecques,"wheremanyofEvans'surmises

cts.Ihavefound notraceofanysignatureon

tureonany obverse,otherthantheusualone

dolphinbelowtheneck.

edandrusteddiesshowsthat A.Iwasfirst

R.II(crackbetweenthedolphinandneck);

esametimewithB.I, andlaterwithC.I,

quence.C.Iwasfirst struckwithR.III

werleftdolphin'snose);C.VIIwasfirst struck

ye);C. VIIIwasfirststruckwithR. V,then

.IV(crackatfrontleaf).I tappearsmore

tthefull signatureprecededtheshorterform

poraryvariety,butthisisnotproven;it cer-

R. IV,thenwithR.VIIIand R.VII

ndneck);R.VIIIwasthenusedwith C.XVI,

hR.IX(crackon uppersideofdolphinunder

din abadlyrustedconditionwithF.I, which

kewisebadlyrusted.

wingsequence:C.XVI,new;D.I,aspot

I, spotsformingasemi-circlefromtheright

badlycorroded(itshouldbenotedthat D.II

ded).D.Iwasstruckwith R.IXfirst,before

phinandtheneckhad extendedtothefront;

utthesametimewithR.XI.

I;then,a triflerusted,withE.I; and

II.

ofA. B.C.D.E.F.,whichtogetherformthe

in thefollowingsequence:F.IV,F.VII,

.IX; F.IXwasfirststruckwith R.XIV;


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cked;thenwithR.XV,whichitused at

VIIaandF.VIII;F. IXaalsousedR.XV.

.Iat aboutthesametimeasR. XXII;

ndabout thesametimewithF.IXa,which

. XV;anditwasusedlast withJ.III.

V,wasthelast touseR.XII,whichhad

ybyF.IIand F.III;F.II usedR.XIandR.

hed:D.IbeforeE.I, andE.IbeforeF. II

ntemporaryandearlierthanF.I Vis

eF.IV,F.VII, F.VIIa,F.IX.

XVI,D.I, D.II,byR. IX;andlaterthan

asfirststruckwith R.XVII,whichcracked;

XIX,whichreversewasusedatthesametime

sedwithG.Ia.

s usedinthefollowingsequence:J.I,

beforeJ.II andJ.III.

II,K.I II,andF.IXa,but afterK.Ia;

ectedwiththeJ.seriesby R.XIX,andtheJ.

III.

groupsA.B.C. D.E.F.andG. H.J.K.L.

IXwitha dotaddedbelowthechin.This

gecrackshad appearedacrossthebackofthe

rvetoidentifythesecoinsas F.IXaratherthan

otshow,asinthe caseofthespecimenCaprotti,

reabadcut hasdestroyedpartoftheobverse,

of theheadareevengreaterthan ontheBerlin

Xa.

R.XV(E.T.NewellCollection,and

7);thenwithR.XXI (Berlin);andlastly

n1910,No.425).It isthusshownthat

nF.group throughF.VIIa,F.VIII,and


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roup,J.I, J.II,andJ. IIIbyR.XXI;

ps,J.V,K. Ia,K.II,and K.IIIby R.XXIII.

econditionofthe diesisconfirmedbycertain

eNikefrom R.ItoR.XII holdsherarmsand

avyrollofdraperyaroundherthigh, whilethe

righthand,orlasthorse's neck;atR.XV

closertogether;atR.XVItheyareclose.The

nR.XVIII,andonlytwo reinspassoverthe

I,whenthe secondgroupbeginswithG.I,

ehandsclosetogether,althoughthearmsare

reinspassoverthelast horse.AtR.XIXthe

er,thedraperylight, andonlyonereinpasses

Thesefeaturesremainthe samethrough

nthatonR.XXIItwo reinspassoverthe

Musee(I,[1904],50 f.)placesL.Ias thelast

hms,andtheevidenceofthereversediestendsto

ctthata transitioncanbenotedthrough

.XVIII,whichhavebeenshownto have

ybyF.VIIaandF.IX,confirmsthe orderofthe

precedenceoftheA.B.C.D. E.F.seriesover

rdsofthesecoinscontinuetobe found,and

addedto thelistheregiven.Examplesof

someofthesmallerprivatecollectionsor

ot completeisprovedbytwoblackglazed

MuseumftirKunstundGewerbe,Hamburg,

uvre,SalleH,VitrineD,M. N.C.204,the

ced,enlargedtwodiameters,asthefrontis-

ntrea reliefwhichhasbeenmadefroma

essionofa Syracusandekadrachmofthe

hichup tothepresentnocoin hasbeenre-

sF.VIIa,butbackof theneck,inplaceofthe

hichhasbeenfoundonnoother coin.Theear-

ttemptby thepottertorestorea detailwhich

entlystrongimpressionin themould.


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iningtheidentityoftheartistswho were

es otherthanthosewhichbeara signature.

he BritishMuseumQuarterly(vol.II,

GreekCoins"):"No.4isa decadrachmof

.thewell-knowntypeoftheheadof Arethusa

engraverEuaenetus,butthis isoneofthe un-

wasprobablynot responsible."Thecomment

oinhappensto bethespecimenfromtheMur-

listedunderC. VIII,oneofthesigned dies,

owthesignaturewhichdoesnotappearon the

otooksufficientpridein hisworktocause

argelettersuponit inamostconspicuousposi-

ethe dieswhichbearthevarioussymbolsbut

bearsbotha symbolandasignaturewiththe

withthedelta,and oneofthese,D.II, issimply

.The deltadiesaregivena separateseries

ftenlackingfromthecoin,owingtocareless

oinshavesolong beenclassifiedasdifferent

othersignedcoins.

egreatnumberofdiesrequired,that assist-

ainetoswhowereallowedtoidentifytheir

rioussymbolsbut couldnotplacetheirnames

etosalonewasresponsible,whileonthe other

placehis nameupontheworkofanother

ngthedieswiththe shellorthedot makeit

bolwasthe markofahallor branchofthemint

iscriminatelybyallof themenemployedthere,

sserving asamodelinall cases.Whereadesign

mpossibletosayhowmanymenwereresponsible

hichmaybenoted;theyare littlemorethan

es whichbearthesignature.Theresemblance

theeight-pointedstarandthe goldcoinswhich

symbolis interesting.

bverseandreversewereoldoneswhichhad

ymanyengravers.EuainetosandKimoneach


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14/85

sitreissuedwitha griffin'sheadbeneaththe

obscuredtheshellbehindthehead?The shell

downinsteadofup.Thetwogriffins'heads

ntfromtheoneonG. Ia;whatconnectionwas

ns?L.I,with itsreverseR.XXIV,isunlike

oknownexamplesaremorecarefullystruckthan

ytrialpieces,or weretheystruckforsome

es?

netosdekadrachmsisdated412B.C.,the

versaryofthevictorymayhavebeencele-

e deltaonthecoinsD. I.Thedemandforthese

heolder dies,C.XVI,wasbroughtoutand re-

d(D. II).

anwould notpermithisengravingoneof

ortieth yearwithoutartificialaid.D.Iis the

nature ofEuainetos;ifhewasfortyyears old

placedhissignatureondieswhichhe cuttwenty-

eofeighteen.Thiswouldplacehisearliest

5B.C.,whichagreeswithpreviouslyheldtheo-

orthe lackofsigneddiesafterthe deltaseries,

orreissuingoneofthesigned coinsatthistime.

beenaddedto olderdiesandnewdies engraved

secondten-yearperiodafterthevictory.This

dekadrachmsdowntoabout393B.C.

iescameto anendthechangein thetype

he Nikeassheappearsonthese laterdiesis

etailwiththe Nikeonthereversesofthe

mon;thearrangementofthereinsis alsosimilar.

iththecharacterofthehead onF.I,which

eKimoncoins farmorethantheEuainetostype

bilitythatthe menemployedincopyingthe

luencedbyKimon'sdekadrachms;noneof

dthe samemanormenmayevenhavemade

s.The K.series,withtheeight-pointedstar,

porarywiththeshellseries,andmayowe its

he coinswhichhavebeengenerallyclassified

emblanceisstriking.


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okcallsattentiontotheprobablederivation

drachmofKimon'sfromtwoSyracusantetra-

ainetosandanearlierone (judgingfromits

t.ThatKimondevelopedhis artinSyracuse

r andmorecelebratedartist,establishedhis

withhisstrongpersonalitythe otherdieen-

sto beevident.WhileKimon'ssignatureis

Syracuse,Euainetossignedhisnameonacoinof

gforseveralreasons:hissignatureappearing

soneofthe strongestreasonsforbelievingthat

erthanasa magistrate;theheadontheKatane

tfoundon thedekadrachmswiththeshellF.V

anyof thesignedseriesA.,B.,orC.;the

coindiesfor twocitiesprovidesoneofthefew

einregardtothe historyofhislife.

nsarein existence,andsomehavefound

.Forgeddieshavebeencutand coinsofcorrect

bversediesarerarelywell executedthereverse

ertainofthecoinslistedin thisbookhavebeen

ed,IdoubttheauthenticityofC. Y.,butI

photographandacast.ReverseXIIIisun-

einsteadof three-quarters,thehelmetisdif-

the groupingofthereinsis strange.How-

andtheactionofthe driverandthehorsesis

eries. ThisreverseisusedwithF. V,which

vetobe genuine;itisalso usedwithF.VI,in

peculiarhead,butwithsuchvariationsfromthe

theobverseofG.I andtheobverseandreverse

atethata coinisfalsesimplybecauseit does

exactpositionin theseriesofF.V andF.VI

ncetheydonotconnectwithanyotherdies.

dersNaples5123andNaples5124,both

asdoubtful;this,however,issimplya ques-

es.

nselectedtoillustratethe obversediesare

stsby a*,thoseselectedto illustratethere-


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S

YAINETOY.

nCollection.Gr.42.62.

rrettCollection.Gr.42.96.

Pl.xxvin,1.

3a,13b.,Sta.Maria Hoard.

veurs,"p.119;Euainetos,40.

eby,1896,150.

llection.Gr. 43.12.

xi,685.

Y.AINE.TO.

YAINE

ction.Gr.42.75.

euardent,May1909,5.

08,188.

xx,159.

by,1905,213.

n364.

2.

fFineArts.

mSta.MariaHoard,"12.

llection.Gr. 42.38.

by,1909,336.


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17/85

by,1911,82.

y,1911,83.

mbon,Milan,1887,4216.

sidiFloristellaCollection679.Gr.

ion828.Gr.43.28.

y,1904,2.

eby,1896,418.

Y'AINE.

248.Gr.42.85.

9.

n366.

veurs,"p.117,cut.

2andPI.ix.

y,1898,Sta.MariaFind,102.

.42.79.

eum.

a.

ofFineArts.

sidiFloristellaCollection680.Gr.

Collection.Gr.42.25.

5.

615.Gr.41.98.

y,1904,107.


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18/85

ection361 bis.

74.

on,S.Rosenberg,March1914,

904,252.

eby,1897,77.

lendining,Dec.1929,712.Gr.42.50.

,1614.Gr.42.98.

ctions.)"

.40.

heby,1909,335.Gr.42.93.

ambonCanessa,1907,770.Gr.43.10.

Y.AINE.

2.Gr.43.15.

ion.

13.

matica,"PI.XIII,8.

on,Sotheby,1897,54.Gr.42.89.

Y.AINE.

seeThorvaldsen1307.

.

.Gr.42.76.


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19/85


20/85

141.

y,1900,60.

on),Hirschxiii,428.Gr.43.15.

.

dent,1913,96.

on,L.Hamburger,1929,141.Gr.

Y.AINE.

tinCollection.Gr.42.99.

Gr.42.83.

3.

eby,1898,104.Gr.43.03.

975.Gr.43.05.

r Communal-Real-undObergymna-


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21/85

Y.AINE.

n Collection.Gr.43.26.

k1929.Gr.43.00.

76.

910,260.Gr.40.50.

EYAINE.

ste,1884,PI.n,2.

3.25.

63.

mbonCanessa,1907,774.

ofFineArts.

ofFineArts.

ection.Gr.42.96.

.

Hirschxxvi,98.

erici,Milan,1910,424.Gr.42.85.

Gr.43.20.


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22/85

Y.AINE.

avillei,616.Gr.42.72.

ection.

lection361.Gr.43.09.

gey,1909,165.

Eggerxli,154.Gr.41.97.

maria,Rome,1908,205.

Hirschxiii,429.

ollin&Feuardent,1895,579.

Cahn,1901,579.

Y.AINE.

1250.Gr.43.28.

Accession,1929.

aHoard,295.

diFloristellaCollection682.

ollection.

ollection.Gr.42.78.


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23/85

.32.

.15.

mmannCollection.Gr.42.98.

a,1928,632.

41.50.

Y.AINE.

ofFineArts.

omSta.MariaHoard,"11.

ection.Gr.42.81.

Feuardent,1900,352.

xxi,684.Gr.43.26.

n&Feuardent,1886,232.

Y.AINE.

C.&M.1239.Gr. 43.04.

C.&M.1240.Gr. 42.56.

4

5.

ofFineArts.


ofFineArts.

llection.Gr.42.79.

n&Feuardent,1910,213.


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24/85

ection.Gr.43.20.

chulinan,1924,321.

heby,1914,58.

.

n363.

eby,1910,110.

ourgey,1910,116.Gr.42.20.

65.

29.

1249.Gr.43.20.

ofFineArts.


turiCollection.


y,1898,103.

.

2.

.22.

vi,1.

Y.AINE.

ofFineArts.


ofFineArts.


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25/85

.

2.

heby,1896,413.Gr.43.29.

lection360.Gr.42.28.

bon,1923,344.

nt,1913,95.

929.Gr.42.58.

1929.Gr.41.98.

00.

5.

n,L.Hamburger,1929,140.

,189.

90.

3.09.


ection,S.Rosenberg,March1914,37.

10,259.

urgey,1908,68.

xx,160.

heby,1906,6.

364.Gr.42.60.


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26/85

Y.AINE.

2,22.Gr. 40.20.

Gr.43.03.

veurs,"PI.in,16andCover.

n.

Y.AINE.

.21.

ue,1863,141.

Y.AINE.

,A

gliavia.

nCollection.

ction289.

3.21.

gicalMuseum.

8.


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sidiFloristellaCollection695.

ollection.Gr.42.57.

ection.Gr.42.55.

HessNachf.,1929,151.

ollection.Gr.42.15.

614.

eby,1908,218.

Sotheby,1895,51.

9.

ofFineArts.

uardent,1919,117.

mbonCanessa,1907,773.Gr.43.05.

05.

Y.AINE.

n,A

oydCollection1021.Gr.43.37.

1285.Gr.43.03.

orvaldsen1309.

42.58.

ions,"Pl. v,11.

de,PI.XXV,28.

ageofSyracuse,"PI.iv,3.


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28/85

7.

MariaHoard.

nas.

yofFineArts.


ection1.

ollection.Gr.43.10.

ollection.Gr.43.40.

66.

ollection.Gr.43.23.

68.

ollection.Gr.43.36.

ction827.Gr.43.28.

tion137.Gr.43.39.

30,139.Gr.41.70.

,108.

heby,1909,53.

heby,1905,120.

heby,1909,334.Gr.43.13.

r,1904,253.Gr.43.20.

r,xlvi,86.Gr.43.06.

3.42.

ct.1927,2686.Gr.43.56.

hxxi,683.Gr.42.26.

3.30.

.42.


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.00.

.19.

.33.

.29.

.30.

50.

hxxix,121.

villevi,515.Gr.43.29.

3.

7,367.Gr.42.27.

108.

hell,turnedup.

ps.

Collection829.Gr.43.09.

C.&M.1284. Gr.43.16.

n359.

43.32.


ection5.Gr.42.55.

bonCanessa,Rome,1907,772.

llection.Gr.42.52.

,423.

eby,1896,415.

.


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2.

xxi,686.Gr.43.27.

tion),Sotheby,1909,71.Gr.42.76.

28.

ct.1927,2687.Gr.41.70.

1910,262.Gr.43.20.

castof lostcoin.

eby,1911,84.

hell,turnedup.

ps.

atinCollection.Gr.43.11.

ofFineArts.

llection.Gr.43.17.

theby,1909,77.

Collection.

dining,1918,56.

.

n,Ratto,1896,473.

41.

ofFineArts.



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hell,turnedup.

ps.

0.

910,261.Gr.43.21.

Hirschxiii,430.

heologieNumismatique,ix,

39.

n361.

aroCollection369.

romSta.MariaHoard,"4.

hell,turnedup.

ps.

Gr.42.71.

n358.

362.Gr.42.70.

hell,turnedup.

ps.

n,Sotheby,1916,112.

50.

0.Gr.40.00.

4,216.


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hell,turnedup.

ps.

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Documents

Syracusan dekadrachms of the Euainetos type / by Albert Gallatin