Great Lakes Fruit, Vegetable & Farm Market EXPO Michigan Greenhouse Growers EXPO

December 9 - 11, 2014 DeVos Place Convention Center, Grand Rapids, MI

Sweet Cherry Where: Gallery Overlook (upper level) Room G & H

MI Recertification credits: 2 (1C, COMM CORE, PRIV CORE)

CCA Credits: CM(2.0)

Moderator: Mark Miezio, MSHS Board, Suttons Bay, MI

2:00 pm Tree Training, Long-Term Management Decisions, and Performance Comparisons for

Super Slender Axe (SSA) and Bi-Axis Sweet Cherry Orchards

Stefano Musacchi, Horticulture Dept., Washington State Univ.

2:55 pm Experiences with Four High-Density Sweet Cherry Training Systems in Michigan:

Upright Fruiting Offshoots (UFO), Super Slender Axe (SSA), Tall Spindle Axe (TSA),

and Kym Green Bush (KGB)

Gregory Lang, Horticulture Dept., MSU

3:35 pm Q and A Panel—Everything You Have Wanted to Know About Growing High Quality

Sweet Cherries but Were Afraid to Ask

Stefano Musacchi, Horticulture Dept., Washington State Univ.

Gregory Lang, Horticulture Dept., MSU

John King, King Orchards, Central Lake, MI

Adele Wunsch, Wunsch Orchards, Traverse City, MI

Don Armock, Riveridge Produce, Sparta, MI

4:00 pm Session Ends

Asso

ciat

e Pr

ofes

sor

Endo

wed

Cha

ir - T

ree

Frui

t Phy

siol

ogy

and

Man

agem

ent

Was

hing

ton

Stat

e U

nive

rsity

Tr

ee F

ruit

Rese

arch

and

Ext

ensi

on C

ente

r (TF

REC)

11

00 N

. Wes

tern

Ave

., W

enat

chee

stefan

o.musacchi@

wsu.edu

Hig

h D

ensi

ty S

SA p

lant

ings

: how

we

can

optim

ize

Frui

t Qua

lity

WSH

A 11

0th

Ann

ual M

eetin

g an

d Tr

ade

Show

Dec

embe

r 2nd

, 201

4 Th

ree

Riv

ers

Con

vent

ion

Cen

ter,

Ken

new

ick,

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hing

ton

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rry

show

s a

grea

t clim

ate

adap

tabi

lity

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eeta

ndso

urch

erry

:hig

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inte

rest

ing

mod

els

for

the

stud

yof

the

adap

tatio

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esto

clim

ate

chan

ges.

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ide

dist

ribut

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inal

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teve

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rope

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om

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Nor

than

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t)re

gion

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toa

very

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plas

ticity

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igh

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ange

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ural

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TRIA

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Expe

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� p

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year

200

7.

� 3

trai

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or H

DP:

spin

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Su

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pind

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SSA)

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arly

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bina

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com

plet

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irrig

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� sa

me

agro

nom

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(pru

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irrig

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pest

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cont

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for e

ach

cv-r

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com

bina

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Tre

e sp

acin

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d pl

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Expe

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SPIN

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Expe

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The

rese

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sses

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th

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bitu

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11

swee

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varie

ties

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ord

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def

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w

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e su

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unk

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A)

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per

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frui

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A.Co

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s:

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annu

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easu

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th

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B.Fr

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Flow

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:

Expe

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1-ye

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: 1.

APIC

AL

2.M

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MED

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V-system (3,571 trees/ha)

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SSA (5,714 trees/ha)

V-system (5,714 trees/ha)

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Black Star

Early Star

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Sweet Early

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o no

t diff

er si

gnifi

cant

ly a

ccor

ding

to S

NK

test

(p=

0.05

).

Resu

lts P

art B

– F

ruiti

ng h

abitu

s

1-yr

-old

woo

d111

yrol

d o

Num

bers

of f

low

er b

ud in

rela

tion

to th

e ag

e of

woo

d: c

ompa

rison

am

ong

culti

var

Roo

tsto

ckC

ultiv

ar2-

yrs-

old

woo

dN

. veg

etat

ive

bud

/tree

yo

ys

oy

N. s

pur

/tree

N. f

low

er/tr

eeFr

uits

et

(%)

GiS

elA

®5

Swee

tEar

ly2

b

/trreeeere 34 a

260

ab9.

4 bc

Silv

ia0

b34344444

a4a

432

ab28

3 a

29.6

aEa

rly S

tar

6 a

3332322aababab

24 a

bc17

5ab

4.4

cSu

mm

it0

b24

a24

aaabc

abc

abc

22 a

bc14

4ab

1.5

cFe

rrov

ia2

b222

a22

a22

aaabcc

abab20

bcd

295

a23

.1 a

bG

race

Sta

r4

ab222020

bbbdd

bcd

bcd

19bc

d15

9ab

21.9

ab

Early

Big

i1

b111919

bbbbdd

bcd

bcd

16 c

d19

1ab

36.7

aB

lack

Star

1 b

16

16cdccdcd

13 c

d93

b9.

8 bc

Reg

ina

0 b

13

13cdcd

12 c

d16

1ab

7.1

bcK

ordi

a0

b12122

2cdcd

8 d

126

ab27

.7 a

Sign

ifica

nce

***

88888 d

8d

***

****

*

GiS

elA

®6

Gio

rgia

2 b

*****

3941

558

.1 a

Gra

ce S

tar

8 a

39339 3125

032

.6 b

Sign

ifica

nce

*3131 ns

ns**

Sign

ifica

nce:

*=

p<0.

05, *

*=p<

0.01

, ***

=p<

0.00

1, n

s= n

ot si

gnifi

cant

.

Mea

n va

lues

follo

wed

by

sam

e sm

all l

ette

rs d

o no

t diff

er si

gnifi

cant

ly a

ccor

ding

to S

NK

test

(p=

0.05

).

Resu

lts P

art B

– F

ruiti

ng h

abitu

s

2-yr

s-ol

dw

ood

gN

umbe

r of s

pur o

n 2-

YEAR

-OLD

WO

OD

fo

r eac

h cu

ltiva

r/ro

otst

ock

com

bina

tion.

Flow

er b

uds

on 1

-yea

r-ol

d sh

oot a

nd s

pur o

n 2-

year

-old

w

ood:

com

paris

on a

mon

g cu

ltiva

rs.

297

a28

8 a

227

b

180

c16

4 c

141

cd

111

de

90 e

f87

ef

47 f

177

A

113B

050100

150

200

250

300

350

Re

gina

Kor

dia

Ferr

ovia

Bla

ck

Sta

rE

arly

B

igi

Sum

mit

Gra

ce

Sta

rS

ilvia

Sw

eet

Ear

lyE

arly

S

tar

Gio

rgia

Gra

ce

Sta

r

GiS

elA

® 5

GiS

elA

® 6

Number per tree

Flow

er b

uds

on 1

-yr-

old

woo

dS

pur

on 2

-yrs

-old

woo

d

***

*

Frui

ting

habi

tus

Resu

lts P

art B

– F

ruiti

ng h

abitu

s

1381

1093

955

a

430

413

337

A18

7 a

116

B63

a57

A

1449

567

773

693

297

b

713

348

131

B71

b22

6 A

80 a

36 A

2053

6 83

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Ferr

ovia

Ear

ly

Big

iK

ordi

aS

ylvi

aG

race

S

tar

Reg

ina

Bla

ck

Sta

rS

wee

t E

arly

Ear

ly

Sta

rS

umm

itG

iorg

iaG

race

S

tar

GiS

elA

® 5

GiS

elA

® 6

Yield (g/tree)

1-yr

-old

sho

ot2-

yrs-

old

woo

d

ns

ns

**ns

ns*

*ns

ns

ns

ns

*

4000

Yiel

d pe

r tre

e on

1 a

nd 2

-yea

r-ol

d w

ood

for e

ach

sc

ion-

root

stoc

k co

mbi

natio

n.

65%

61%

75%

38

%

54%

72%

41%

45%

5

712

14

3

86

6166

199

3

9089

94

3041

30

220

98

2118

28

52

11

9594

8899

9697

14

3934

8191

97

1111

7

7060

70

9810

0

8091

9279

8272

9598

9999

020406080100

V-system

SSA

Spindle

V-system

SSA

Spindle

V-system

SSA

Spindle

V-system

SSA

Spindle

V-system

SSA

Spindle

V-system

SSA

Spindle

V-system

SSA

Spindle

V-system

SSA

Spindle

V-system

SSA

Spindle

V-system

SSA

Spindle

Ferr

ovia

Gra

ce

Sta

rS

ylvi

aR

egin

aB

lack

S

tar

Kor

dia

Sum

mit

Ear

ly

Sta

rG

iorg

iaG

race

S

tar

GiS

elA

® 5

GiS

elA

® 6

(%)

< 28

mm

> 28

mm

Frui

t pe

rcen

tage

(%

) in

tw

o cl

asse

s of

siz

e (<

28 m

m a

nd >

28 m

m)

for

Gis

ela

5 an

d G

isel

a 6:

com

pari

son

amon

g tr

aini

ng s

yste

ms

wit

hin

each

cul

tiva

r.

Gis

ela

5G

isel

a 6

Resu

lts P

art B

– F

ruiti

ng h

abitu

s g

Frui

t per

cent

age

in tw

o cl

asse

s of s

ize

for 1

and

2-y

ear-

old

woo

d: co

mpa

rison

be

twee

n SS

A an

d sp

indl

e.

33%

49%

24%

41%

61%

78%

25%

37%

67%

51%

76%

59%

39%

22%

75%

63%

0%10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1-yr-old shoots

2-yr-old wood

1-yr-old shoots

2-yr-old wood

1-yr-old shoots

2-yr-old wood

1-yr-old shoots

2-yr-old wood

SS

AS

pind

leS

SA

Spi

ndle

Gis

elA

® 5

Gis

elA

® 6

< 28

mm

> 28

mm

11,4

A

10,2

B

12,0

a

10,8

b

9,3

8,5

10,5

9,7

0246810121416

1-yr-old shoot

2-yr-old wood

1-yr-old shoot

2-yr-old wood

1-yr-old shoot

2-yr-old wood

1-yr-old shoot

2-yr-old wood

SS

AS

pind

leS

SA

Spi

ndle

GiS

elA

® 5

GiS

elA

® 6

Avg. fruit weight (g)

A*

a*

ns

ns

Frui

t wei

ght o

n 1

and

2-ye

ar-o

ld w

ood:

co

mpa

rison

bet

wee

n SS

A an

d sp

indl

e.

LEAF

AR

EA A

ND

FR

UIT

SIZ

E

LEAF

AR

EA A

ND

FR

UIT

SIZ

E

LEAF

AR

EA A

ND

FR

UIT

SIZ

E

LEAF

AR

EA A

ND

FR

UIT

SIZ

ERe

sults

Par

t B –

Fru

iting

hab

itus

Qua

litat

ive

para

met

ers o

f fru

its o

n 1

and

2-ye

ar-o

ld w

ood

for

each

root

stoc

k-sy

stem

com

bina

tion.

Roo

tsto

ckTr

aini

ng

syst

emW

ood

Dur

ofel

SSR

(Bri

x°)

Firm

ness

(kg/

cm2)

Aci

dity

(g/L

ac.

mal

ic)

pH

GiS

elA

® 5

SSA

1-ye

ar56

.8(B

rix

rix

)15

.1(k

g/cm

2)cm

2)0.

49/L

ac.

mal

ic.

mal

6.01

3.76

e1-

yearea

2-ye

ar566

.857

.6155

.114

.90.

490.

496.

015.

983.

763.

78Si

gnifi

canc

ens

nsns

nsns

Spin

dle

SiSiSig

Sig

ccgn

ific

gnifi

cee

canc

eca

nce

cc1-

year

nnnsns 57.8

nsnnsss15

.6 a

nnnsns 0.54

nnnsns 6.36

nnnsns 3.76

e1-

yearea

2-ye

ar577

.858

.915

.66 a6 a

15.1

b0.

540.

536.

366.

083.

763.

79Si

gnifi

canc

ens

**ns

nsns

GiS

elA

® 6

SSA

SiSiSig

Sig

ccgn

ific

gnifi

cee

canc

eca

nce

cc1-

year

nnnsns 63.2

15.0

nnnsns 0.45

nnnsns 9.22

nnnsns 3.66

e1-

yearea

2-ye

ar633

.264

.0155

.014

.90.

450.

459.

228.

953.

663.

64Si

gnifi

canc

ens

nsns

nsns

Spin

dle

Sig

Sigigig

ccgn

ifign

ifiee

canc

eca

nce

cc1-

year

nnnsns 65.7

nsnnsss15

.9 a

nnnsns 0.47

nnnsns 8.96

nnnsns 3.71

e1-

yearea

2-ye

ar655

.765

.115

.99 a9 a

15.2

b0.

470.

498.

968.

453.

713.

72Si

gnifi

canc

ens

***

nsns

nsSi

gnifi

canc

e: *

=p<

0.05

, **=

p<0.

01, *

**=

p<0.

001,

ns=

not

sign

ifica

nt.

M

ean

valu

es fo

llow

ed b

y sa

me

smal

l let

ters

do

not d

iffer

sign

ifica

ntly

acc

ordi

ng to

SN

K te

st (

p=0.

05).

C.Fl

ower

bas

al b

uds f

ertil

ity a

sses

smen

t (ye

ar 2

010)

:

Expe

rimen

tal p

art -

Dat

a co

llect

ion

1-ye

ar-o

ld sh

oots

: 1.

APIC

AL

2.M

EDIA

N 1

3.

MED

IAN

2

4.BA

SAL

1

2 3

4

Resu

lts P

art C

– F

low

er b

asal

bud

s nu

mbe

r

Roo

tsto

ckSh

oot

Len

gth

(cm

)N

. cro

wn

basa

l bu

d/sh

oot

N. v

eget

ativ

e bu

d/sh

oot

N. f

low

er

/sho

otN

. flo

wer

bu

d/sh

oot

Frui

t set

(%

)/sho

ot

GiS

elA

®5

Api

cal

65.4

a4.

22.

6 a

13.4

5.6

16.1

Med

ian

165

.44a

4 a

59.9

b4.

24.

12.

3 a

14.5

6.0

15.8

Med

ian

259

.959

9999 b

9b

50.9

c4.

13.

92.

0 a

14.1

5.7

18.1

Bas

al50

.950

9999 c

9c

44.8

d3.

94.

40.

9 b

15.0

5.8

17.8

Sign

ifica

nce

44.8.88

d**

*ns

***

nsns

nscv

*sho

ot**

*ns

ns**

***

*ns

GiS

elA

®6

Api

cal

66.2

anss 2.

8 3.

67.

13.

440

.2M

edia

n 1

66.22

a59

.7 a

2..8

2.6

4.0

7.1

3.4

47.4

Med

ian

259

.759

777a

7 a

7a

49.9

b2.

62.

53.

96.

83.

347

.6B

asal

49.9

499999

b9

b40

.1 c

2.5

2.5

2.6

9.6

4.6

49.5

Sign

ifica

nce

40.1.11

c**

*ns

nsns

nsns

cv*s

hoot

nsns

nsns

nsns

Sign

ifica

nce:

*=

p<0.

05, *

*=p<

0.01

, ***

=p<

0.00

1, n

s= n

ot si

gnifi

cant

.

Mea

n va

lues

follo

wed

by

sam

e le

tters

do

not d

iffer

sign

ifica

ntly

acc

ordi

ng to

SN

K te

st (p

=0.

05).

Vege

tativ

e an

d pr

oduc

tive

para

met

ers

of sh

oots

in re

latio

n to

thei

r po

sitio

n in

the

mai

n cu

t-ba

ck li

mb:

com

paris

on a

mon

g sh

oots

.

Resu

lts P

art C

– F

low

er b

asal

bud

s

Roo

tsto

ckC

ultiv

arL

engt

h (c

m)

N. c

row

n ba

sal

bud/

shoo

tN

. veg

etat

ive

bud/

shoo

tN

. flo

wer

bu

d/sh

oot

N.

flow

er/s

hoot

Frui

t set

(%

)/sho

ot

GiS

elA

®5

Reg

ina

61.8

b4.

7 c

1.5

d9.

2 a

23.1

a9.

8 c

Sum

mit

51.7

d5.

3 b

0.7

e9.

22 a

2 a

8.2

b20

.4 b

1.2

eFe

rrov

ia51

.6 d

4.7

c2.

7 bc

8.2

82222

b2

b7.

3 c

19.5

b30

.1 a

Kor

dia

55.3

c4.

6 c

1.5

d7.

37

33 c

33c

7.1

c15

.9 c

14.3

bEa

rly B

igi

62.2

b5.

1 b

2.0

c7.

17

11 c

1c

7.1

c18

.9 b

27.9

aSi

lvia

44.7

e5.

6 a

2.9

b7.

17

111c

1 c

1c

6.0

d15

.5 c

26.3

aB

lack

Sta

r65

.4 a

3.4

e1.

0 de

6.0

60000

d0

d5.

4 e

12.9

d10

.8 c

Gra

ce S

tar

61.8

b1.

9 f

2.3

c5.

45

4444 e

44e

3.3

f6.

5 e

28.1

aSw

eet E

arly

58.9

b3.

8 d

4.6

a3.

33

3333f

3 f

3f

1.9

g4.

3 f

7.4

dEa

rly S

tar

67.5

a1.

4 g

3.1

b1.

91

999 g

9g

1.9

g4.

0 f

7.1

dSi

gnifi

canc

e**

***

***

*1.

999 g

***

***

***

GiS

elA

®6

Gio

rgia

47.9

b3.

9 a

4.0

a4.

9 a

10.8

a52

.7 a

Gra

ce S

tar

65.6

a1.

7 b

3.6

b4.

99 a

9 a

2.1

b4.

1 b

37.5

bSi

gnifi

canc

e**

***

**

2.111

b**

***

**

Sign

ifica

nce:

*=

p<0.

05, *

*=p<

0.01

, ***

=p<

0.00

1, n

s= n

ot si

gnifi

cant

.

Mea

n va

lues

follo

wed

by

sam

e le

tters

do

not d

iffer

sign

ifica

ntly

acc

ordi

ng to

SN

K te

st (p

=0.

05).

Res

ults

Par

t C –

Flow

er b

asal

bud

sR

elat

ions

hip

betw

een

num

ber o

f flo

wer

bud

s in

the

basa

l par

t of 1

-ye

ar-o

ld s

hoot

s an

d TC

SA fo

r eac

h cv

-trai

ning

sys

tem

co

mbi

natio

n on

GiS

elA

® 5

.

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

N. flower basal buds/shoot

TC

SA

201

0 (c

m2 )

V-s

yste

mS

SA

Spi

ndle

A) E

arly

Big

i, Sy

lvia

, Sum

mit,

Kor

dia,

Reg

ina,

Fer

rovi

a.

50

B) E

arly

Sta

r, Sw

eet

Early

.

C) B

lack

Star

, Gra

ce

Star

.

Con

clus

ion

�Th

e ne

w tr

aini

ng s

yste

ms,

as

V-sy

stem

and

SSA

, are

sui

tabl

e fo

r dev

elop

ing

swee

t ch

erry

UH

DP

orch

ards

.

�Ad

optin

g th

ese

UH

DP

syst

ems,

the

flow

er b

uds

in th

e ba

sal p

art o

f 1-y

ear-

old

shoo

ts

prof

ound

ly a

ffect

s th

e yi

eld

pote

ntia

l.

�SS

A sy

stem

s w

ith G

iSel

A® 5

resu

lted

mor

e ef

ficie

nt th

an s

pind

le: i

t pro

vide

d th

e hi

ghes

t fru

it se

t per

tree

.

�C

ultiv

ar c

an b

e di

vide

d fo

r the

ir at

titud

e in

pro

duci

ng m

ore

on 1

or 2

-yea

r-ol

d w

ood.

�K

ordi

a, E

arly

Big

i, R

egin

a an

d Fe

rrov

iava

rietie

s pr

oduc

ed m

ore

on 1

-yea

r-ol

d w

ood.

�G

race

Sta

r, Sy

lvia

, Ear

ly S

tar a

nd S

wee

t Ear

ly re

sulte

d m

ore

suita

ble

to p

rodu

ce o

n ol

d w

ood.

�Th

e sh

oots

on

cut-b

ack

limb

deve

lope

d th

e sa

me

num

ber o

f cro

wn

basa

l bud

s. S

o th

e pr

unin

g in

tens

ity d

id n

ot c

ompr

omis

e th

e am

ount

and

qua

lity

of b

ud le

ft.

THES

E PR

ELIM

INA

RY R

ESU

LTS

WIL

L A

LLO

W T

O

ENH

AN

CE

PRU

NIN

G T

ECH

NIQ

UE

AN

D T

O IN

CR

EASE

FR

UIT

QU

ALI

TY A

ND

YIE

LD.

How

we

can

redu

ce th

e co

st o

f the

tr

ees

in a

SSA

?

Test

ing

the

DO

UB

LE S

SA

Roo

tsto

cks:

Gis

ela

12 o

r sim

ilar s

ize

Plan

ting

dens

ity: 3

.5 m

x 1

.5-2

m

DO

UB

LE S

SADO

UBL

E SS

A Ch

ile e

xper

ienc

e H

uert

o Ro

mer

al (

Alej

andr

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2. P

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2. P

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2. P

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2. P

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ty: 2

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2. P

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ty: 2

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