Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) and Community-Based Risk Screening Tool: Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL) Tools

Training Workshop for the Global Water Initiative-Ethiopia

October 12th-16th, 2009 Borana and Rift Valley ZonesOromia Region, Ethiopia

By

Katharine Cross, Cynthia Awuor and Shannon Oliver

Executive SummaryThe Howard G. Buffet Foundation Global Water Initiative was developed in September 2006 with the aim of “ensuring that vulnerable populations world-wide have reliable access to clean water in such a way that their dignity, rights, culture and natural environment are not negatively impacted”. The initial focus of Empowering Poor People to Manage Water in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Ethiopia is on provision of improved water, sanitation and hygiene in …Lira, Amuru and Gulu Districts where internally displaced peoples (IDPs) are settling and water/sanitation infrastructure is at a minimum. Within this context it was decided to carry out a climate change vulnerability assessment using a combination of adaptation and participatory tools including CRiSTAL (Community-based Risk Screening Tool - Adaptation & Livelihoods) and the Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) methodologies. Results of these assessments are found here and detail the climatic hazards anticipated for the region, the resources community member have at their disposal, and the expected impacts to these resource from climate change. Finally, current project activities are reviewed within the context of climate change, and revised project activities are proposed to mitigate further impacts to livelihoods within the region. Feedback on the process and a way forward for the region are included as guiding documents on further activities.

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TABLE of CONTENTS1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................41.1 Workshop opening.............................................................................................61.1.1 Expectations.......................................................................................................................61.1.2 Ground Rules......................................................................................................................72 Climate Change and Vulnerability Assessment Tools.........................................72.1 Introduction to Climate Change......................................................................72.1.1 Discussions on climate change...................................................................................82.2 Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Projects and Programmes 92.3 Climate Change Assessment Tools................................................................102.3.1 The Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) Tool................102.3.2 The Community-based Risk Screening Tool: Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL)...........................................................................................................................112.4 The Rain Calendar and Vulnerability Matrix..............................................122.4.1 Rain Calendar..................................................................................................................122.4.2 Vulnerability Matrix.....................................................................................................132.5 Review of Field Guide.......................................................................................143 Project information..................................................................................................... 143.1 Project description and context.....................................................................144 Climate Change Context............................................................................................. 154.1 Regional Notes..................................................................................................154.2 Country Notes...................................................................................................154.3 Ecological Zone Notes......................................................................................154.4 Rain calendars..................................................................................................164.4.1 Rain Calendar – Dawe and Darara Delecha villages......................................164.5 Climate-related Hazards, Impacts and Coping Strategies........................184.6 Hazard 1............................................................................................................204.6.1 Dawe – Drought.............................................................................................................204.6.2 Darara Delecha – Drought.........................................................................................204.7 Hazard 2............................................................................................................214.7.1 Dawe – Extreme Heat..................................................................................................214.7.2 Darara Delecha – Extreme Heat..............................................................................214.8 Hazard 3............................................................................................................214.8.1 Dawe – Desertification................................................................................................214.8.2 Darara Delecha – Floods.............................................................................................215 Livelihood Context....................................................................................................... 225.1 Overview of Livelihood Resources Framework...........................................225.1.1 Livelihood resources – Oromia...............................................................................225.1.2 Impacts of Climate-related Hazards to Livelihood Resources..................236 Analysis of project activities..................................................................................... 256.1 Revised Project Activities................................................................................266.2 Synergies and Barriers...................................................................................307 Feedback on Field Exercise....................................................................................... 338 Way Forward................................................................................................................. 348.1 Way Forward –Borena Zone...........................................................................358.2 Way Forward – Misraq Shewa Zone..............................................................36Appendix 1. Participants list............................................................................................. 41

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Appendix 2. Workshop Program....................................................................................43Appendix 3. Field form....................................................................................................... 46Appendix 4: Supplementary materials...........................................................................................51

TABLE of FIGURESFigure 1.1. Map of Regions and Zones of Ethiopia .......................................................................5Figure 2.1. The Greenhouse Effect .......................................................................................................8Figure 2.2. Example of Rain Calendar ...........................................................................................13Figure 4.1Merged Rain Calendar – Dawe village ........................................................................17Figure 4.2. Merged rain calendar - Darara Dalecha village ....................................................17

TABLE of TABLESTable 4.1 Climate context - Dawe ......................................................................................................18Table 4.2 Climate context – Darara Dalecha .................................................................................19Table 5.1, Resources strongly influenced by hazards – Dawe ..............................................23Table 5.2. Resources strongly influenced by hazards – Darara Dalecha .........................24Table 8.1 Way Forward .........................................................................................................................39

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1 2 IntroductionThe Howard G. Buffet Foundation Global Water Initiative was developed in September 2006 with the aim of “ensuring that vulnerable populations world-wide have reliable access to clean water in such a way that their dignity, rights, culture and natural environment are not negatively impacted”. The objectives of the initiative are to support integrated water management programs in identified countries, to develop a water constituency in those countries and regions, and to influence beyond this initiative for wider scale-up.

The initiative is being implemented in three geographic clusters namely: Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua), West Africa (Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Niger, and Senegal) and East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda). In Kenya, the HGBF-GWI program is being implemented by CARE, Action Against Hunger, and Catholic Relief Services.

The GWI programme in East Africa has three strategic objectives:SO1: Good Governance- Improved local and community governance and the enabling policy framework. SO2: Sustainable Multiple Uses of Water - Efficient, effective and equitable domestic and productive uses of water, sanitation, hygiene, and watershed management.SO3: Risk Management - Vulnerable rural communities and their environments have increased resilience to water-related shocks.

The results under SO3 include:IR3.1 Community and local stakeholders’ capacity to plan, organize, manage and adapt to water related shocks and conflict over scare water resources have improved.IR3.2 Risk management initiatives are in place at regional and national levels to address water-related shocks in the context of global climate change.

Within this context it was decided to carry out a climate change vulnerability assessment using a combination of adaptation and participatory tools including CRiSTAL (Community-based Risk Screening Tool - Adaptation & Livelihoods) and the Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) methodology to fulfill the results under SO3, as the tools enable project planners and managers to: (a) understand the links between local livelihoods and climate; (b) assess a project's impact on livelihood resources important for climate adaptation; and (c) devise adjustments to improve a project's impact on these key livelihood resources.

A workshop was convened in Hawassa, Ethiopia with a field trip to Dawe village in Arsi Negele woreda and Derara Dalecha village in Dugeda Bora woreda, both in the Misraq Shewa Zone within the Oromia Region in the Rift Valley (see Figure 1.1). However there were representatives from both the Rif ValleyMisraq Shewa Zone and and Borana Borena regions Zones where GWI works in Ethiopia.

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Figure 1.1. Map of Regions and Zones of Ethiopia

Participants included representatives of CARE Ethiopia, CRS, Oxfam America and their partners including government representatives. . The objectives of the workshop were:

1. Gain understanding and skills to carry out climate vulnerability assessments at project sites using CVCA and CRiSTAL Tools

2. Apply vulnerability assessment tools to the project sites3. Facilitate work plan for a way forward in integrating climate change

adaptation into the GWI program in Ethiopia. 4. Facilitate team building among participants.

This report covers the information provided in the workshop (sections 1-2) and the results from the climate change vulnerability assessment including field data and data analysis (sections 3-6,). Feedback from the workshop is summarized in section 7 and section 8 plots a way forward for the project in applying the information gained from the process to ensure project activities are more resilient to climate change impacts. A list of participants can be found in Appendix 1 and a program for the workshop can be found in Appendix 2.

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2.1 Workshop openingMeaza Kebede, the GWI-Ethiopia Coordinator, opened the meeting and asked participants to take a few minutes to get to know their neighbor. Each person introduced their neighbor giving their name, the organization they work for, profession, and hobby. The participants list is available in Annex 1.

2.1.1 ExpectationsWorkshop participants were from Oxfam America, Action for DevelopmentRift Valley Children and Women Development, CARE Ethiopia, Catholic Relief Service, Meki Catholic Services, Arsi Negelle Woreda, Dugda Woreda, Bora Woreda, Miyo Woreda and the Oromia Regional State Bureau. Participants’ expectations were as follows:

To adopt a local strategy for reforestation Identify and understand the drivers to, as well as contribution of individuals,

groups and society to climate change How to take climate change impacts into account in project planning/

amendment to mitigate against these impacts on people’s livelihoods (including rural livelihoods).

To understand how to assess communities’ vulnerability to climate change and their adaptive capacity; analyze risks and potential adaptation measures.

To get acquainted with climate change and vulnerability assessment and monitoring tools, and their application at local level.

To learn about the impacts of global climate change, impacts on Ethiopia, its impacts on the pastoral livelihoods, and propose adaptation strategies at community level.

To understand the relationship between community-based risk screening and livelihoods. .

To learn about the causes, coping mechanisms and ways to solve problems caused by climate change at global and country level (in Ethiopia).

To gain knowledge and skills on climate change adaptation, and how to mainstream climate issues in the management of CARE Ethiopia’s programs/projects.

To gain a paradigm shift, be able to understand climate vulnerability related data, and share information on this.

To network and share information with other experts. To receive a certificate of training at the end of the workshop. To access the training manual hardcopy (or soft copy) so that all trainees can

use the knowledge and skills acquired during the workshop. To understand how the CVCA and CRiSTAL tools practically help staff in

development programs, the difference between them and other tools; and the advantages and disadvantages of using them

To relate scientific data with actual existing conditions, in order to try and solve problems

Take into account global issues in the context of a participatory approach. To learn about the current environmental issues and tools that can help in

the application of environmental protection

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The training will help staff to contribute to controlling environmental degradation

To increase awareness and knowledge on what climate change means and its impacts on development endeavors and environment.

To get familiar with the CRiSTAL tool and understand its compatibility with Participatory Rural Appraisal Tools.

How to design, implement and monitor project activities in due consideration of climate change adaptation.

To successfully facilitate learning and enable participants to have confidence to carry out climate change vulnerability assessments, and make decisions on adaptation options to integrate into their projects.

To simplify knowledge and understanding of climate change and its impacts. To learn about the work participants are engaged in and how it is affecting

communities. To establish a task force at project level for the application of the Tools in the

GWI projects in Ethiopia. To understand climate change mitigation and the opportunities therein.

2.1.2 Ground RulesTo facilitate good coordination of the process, it was agreed that everyone would keep phones on silent mode, to ensure that there are no side meetings, participants and facilitators would ask /answer questions, respect each other, incorporate energizers and observe punctuality.

3 Climate Change and Vulnerability Assessment ToolsThis section provides background on climate change and the assessment tools used during the workshop.

3.1 Introduction to Climate ChangeClimate change is defined as any change in climate over time due to natural variability or human activities. Climate change is the gradual warming in the earth’s average temperature due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases that may result in significant impacts on local climate and people. These gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, Hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and Sulfur hexafluoride. Human activities that exacerbate climate change include burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and land degradation among others. Climate variability is the change that is seen from season to season and climate change is the change observed over an average of 30 year blocks.

A description of the greenhouse effect can be found in Figure 2.1 below. This is a process which maintains the earth’s surface temperature at levels most suitable to existing life and ecology. Increased greenhouse gases are thought to exacerbate the greenhouse effect, thereby contributing to increased warming of the earth’s temperatures.

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Source: UNEP, obtained from http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/greenhouse-effect

Figure 2.22.3. The Greenhouse Effect

3.1.1 Discussions on climate changeIn the Borana Zone and Rift Valley a local example was used to illustrate the impacts of a changing climate. Details of current trends in Ethiopia along with predicted impacts were discussed and illustrated that there has been an increase in the number of hot days and hot nights as well as a decrease in rainfall for the Southeastern part of the country. Additionally, it was stated that more frequent extreme events including droughts and unpredictable rainfall have been observed. Further expected impacts to the country and region were discussed and can be found in Section 4 (Climate Change Context) of this document.

Participants sought clarification on why there would be a need for a change in lifestyles in dealing with climate change. Many people in developed countries, and the wealthier ones in developing countries, should strive to adopt greener lifestyles. For example, people and families could choose to share one car, practice car pooling much more, and use products with adequate packaging. These actions would help reduce their carbon footprints, thereby contribute to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.

Participants asked for an explanation on carbon trading. It was explained that carbon trading was developed through the international climate change policy

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(Kyoto Protocol). Trees absorb carbon dioxide, so the trading scheme has been designed so that developed countries stipulate a limit to the amount of greenhouse gases that they can emit and issue permits with an equivalent amount of credits. Any industry or country that exceeds their emissions cap would then buy credits from other companies and countries that have emitted less greenhouse gases than their capped level. Various institutions engaged in the carbon trading scheme estimate the amount of CO2 absorbed by the Clean Development Mechanism project implementers and estimate the cost of payment, which is about 4$/year/hectare of reforested area. She noted that the financial returns are quite low, and not highly viable for incorporating other issues such as addressing poverty. It was pointed out that it is important to plant trees that have other benefits such as fruits and medicinal herbs, since trees have many other environmental benefits. Developed and developing countries need to cooperate much more to achieve a better development path in developing green industries, financing mechanisms and technology transfers.

3.2 Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Projects and ProgrammesIntegrating climate change adaptation into development activities is important for increasing the sustainability of such activities. For example, if crops are failing consistently due to climate hazards (e.g. extreme drought and rain) and a community does not alter their agricultural practices they will continue to suffer from the impacts of climate change. If the hazards are properly analyzed, the community will be more adequately prepared to deal with the expected impacts. Additionally, integrating adaptation allows for project activities to be avoided that inadvertently increase vulnerability to the hazards and impacts from climate change. This might arise from development projects that require large financial or temporal investments from the local community, which may lead to a decreasing capacity to cope with climatic variations (decreased resilience). For example, if there is large financial investment into a high yield monoculture, but the crop is destroyed then the community is worse off than when they started. Finally, integrating adaptation into development activities lends to a direct reduction in the target community’s vulnerability. This may be done through the education that takes place with that target community/population, through the incorporation of adaptation measures, as well as through the increased awareness of climatic variation on a regional and local scale that can aid in driving future development practices.

As a first step however, it is important to consider whether or not a particular project would benefit from or require the integration of adaptation measures. In order to do this, the project context must be considered; including local livelihoods, resources, and socio economic activities. Essentially, the project needs to be examined holistically in order to determine if there are direct or indirect links with climate change. All climate sensitive projects such as agriculture, pastoralism, water resource management, etc should integrate adaptation. Non-climate-sensitive projects may not need to integrate adaptation, however implementers should be aware of the impacts climate change may exert in their project population and

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maximize their contribution to empowering target communities in areas of adaptation.

To assess whether a project is climate sensitive, the project team should answer the following questions: Does the project take place in a climate-sensitive location? Are the target groups for the project particularly vulnerable to climate change? Are the project activities sensitive to climate change?

Women in developing countries are generally considered to be more vulnerable to climate change, due to their roles in society. For example, in Northern Kenya, when there is drought, the men migrate to seek employment in order to earn income. The women remain behind to take care of the children and homes. When drought becomes severe, they cannot easily move to other areas to access markets and resources needed for survival. In this manner, they have decreased capacity to cope with potential negative impacts of climate change. Projects aimed at involving or impacting women therefore, should consider climate change adaptation measures to ensure the vulnerabilities experienced women are not increased unnecessarily.

Projects that are not directly impacted by climate change still need to consider the implications of climate change on their target populations and investments. Consider the example of an HIV/AIDS project, where the target population or project area is experiencing extreme weather events. The people who are affected by HIV/AIDS may have compound effects from the flooding or drought due to their already diminished health status and the associated reduced resilience. Within such a project, project activities could aim to help the vulnerable groups adapt through access to, and use of early warning information to prepare accordingly. Other help may come in the form of disaster relief or relocation prior to an expected event.

3.3 Climate Change Assessment ToolsCurrently, the majority of development projects are not designed with an explicit consideration of climate risks and how they can affect local livelihoods. Even less common are projects that take into account the longer-term implications of climate change and how project activities might (a) be affected by those impacts, and/or (b) influence local adaptive capacity. The following sections summarize two tools being utilized by GWI – Running Dry Partners in an effort to determine where vulnerabilities persist within project areas, as well as identify potential climate-related hazards to more appropriately direct project activities.

3.3.1 The Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) ToolThe Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) Tool was developed by CARE International and is a methodology to assist in analyzing the implications of climate change for target communities and populations.

The main objectives of the CVCA are to:

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1. Analyze vulnerability to climate change and adaptive capacity at the community level.

2. Combine local information with scientific data to yield greater understanding about the expected impacts of localized climate change.

The CVCA toolkit has a variety of approaches that can be used to obtain information on climate change and how communities might adapt. It can be used to conduct analyses at the individual/household, local government/community, or national levels. Information is obtained through:

• Secondary research• Institutional mapping• Policy analysis• Key informant interviews• Participatory tools (e.g. hazard mapping, seasonal calendars, historical

timelines, rain calendar, vulnerability matrix, and the Venn diagram)

The CVCA process guides participants through questions on different areas related to climate change adaptation including resilient livelihoods, disaster risk reduction, capacity development, and addressing the underlying causes of vulnerability. It focuses on climate change, communities and the enabling environment, and emphasizes multi-stakeholder analysis, collaborative learning and dialogue through hazard and capacity analysis. A copy of the CVCA handbook can be found at www.careclimatechange.org/cvca.

3.3.2 The Community-based Risk Screening Tool: Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL)The Community Based Risk-Screening Tool – Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL) was developed by IISD, IUCN, SEI and Inter-Cooperation to aide in analyzing vulnerability assessment information gathered through the CVCA process or other methods. It is a decision-support tool with the goal of promoting integration of risk reduction and climate change adaptation into community-level projects. The tool helps users to understand the links between livelihoods and climate, and assess the impacts of projects on a community’s ability to adapt. The tool can also be used to identify possible adaptation approaches based on input from the community and facilitators.

It is a decision-support tool that aims to provide a logical, user-friendly process to help better understand the links between climate-related risks and peoples’ livelihoods. In so doing, successful adaptation strategies can be developed and better supported at the local and regional level.

There are 2 modules in the CRISTAL tool; the first examines what the climate change context is. It looks at impacts and coping strategies as well as the livelihood context. The second module looks at the impacts of projects (or proposed adaptation activities) on livelihood activities, and how project activities can be adjusted to reduce vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity. While the process is

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not specific to resource management, the spreadsheets enable investigators to specify how livelihood, resources and community resilience may be affected by projected climate change.

The CRiSTAL Tool and handbook are available at www.cristaltool.org.

3.4 The Rain Calendar and Vulnerability MatrixParticipants were taken through the field form (please see Appendix 3) which outlines how to undertake the vulnerability assessments using the rain calendar and vulnerability matrix that are contained in the CVCA. The field form had been translated into the local language, Oromo, and additional corrections and explanations were added as needed.

The first step in any field activity involving local communities is to introduce the project and facilitators. It is important to explain the exercises that will be carried out as part of the vulnerability assessment, how long it will take (about 3 hours depending on familiarity of the facilitators with the tools) and that the community would be split into smaller focus groups for the assessment.

3.4.1 Rain CalendarOnce the project and facilitators have been introduced, the next step is to complete the rain calendar. The rain calendar helps users to gather rainfall and temperature information for specific local areas from the communities. The objectives of this tool are: to enable facilitators to understand what is “normal” and “abnormal” rainfall and temperature from the perspective of community members; to examine changes in rainfall and temperature patterns; to brainstorm on future rainfall scenarios and potential responses; and to evaluate the use of weather and climate information for planning. The key information to be gathered in the rain calendar includes: the onset and cessation of rainfall; the duration, distribution and quality of rainfall; unusual temperature increases and decreases; the major impacts of observed changes on livelihoods; and any major weather-related events experienced by the area of interest. The exercise usually takes one hour to complete and while gathering information for the calendar, it is important to take notes on issues such as coping strategies, health, cultural and socio economic impacts.

When developing the rain calendar, the first step is to decide on symbols that will represent “normal” and “abnormal” conditions. Then, ask the group about rainfall and temperature over the past few years and find out what the perceived impacts to their livelihoods are for these conditions. The rain calendar is a good way to raise awareness on, and present climate change, and can aide in guiding later CVCA and CRiSTAL activities. In the Borana Zone and Rift Valley training, Katharine presented the application of the rain calendar.

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Figure 2.42.5. Example of Rain Calendar

3.4.2 Vulnerability MatrixThe next step is to gather information on the main livelihood activities and the natural, physical, financial, human and social resources that support these activities. The top three resources under each category (natural, physical, financial, human and social) are then ranked. This is followed by identifying the top three climatic hazards, followed by the top 3 impacts of each hazard. The most significant coping strategy that is currently being utilized is then recorded for each impact. The participants are asked whether the coping strategy is working and if they feel the strategy is sustainable. If it is not considered sustainable, an alternative coping strategy, and the resources needed to implement that strategy, is recorded. If there is time, then the groups are asked to rank the level of influence of hazards on the livelihood resources. Further discussion questions can be also asked including: who has access and control over identified resources in the community; what are observed changes in the environmental conditions, hazards and livelihoods; and other questions regarding socio-political or other issues that affect vulnerability.

At the end of the exercise, facilitators summarize the process, outline the next steps and take time to ask the group what they learned. It is important to manage time, schedule the visit at an appropriate occasion (i.e. not during harvest season), provide refreshments, and energize the community.

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3.5 Review of Field GuideInformation should be provided on key issues to take into account during planning for data collection in the field. Emphasis is placed on: the need to plan carefully; obtaining support from community leaders; adequate preparation; provision of relevant field research materials; management of community expectations and potential conflicts; balanced participation by all; creation and maintenance of trust; and finishing gracefully. This should be followed by logistical preparations for field visits to the specified communities.

The sections below provide a summary of the analysis highlighting the information collected through application of the CVCA in the field, and entered into the CRiSTAL tool. Additional information to support the analysis including presentations from the workshop, CRiSTAL worksheet, field forms, photos and background information are available in Appendix 5.

4 Project information

4.1 Project description and contextProject Description: The initial focus of Empowering Poor People to Manage Water in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Ethiopia is to see poor rural communities in arid and semi-arid zones reduce their vulnerability to water-related shocks and improve their quality of life through Integrated Water Resource Management.

Project Context: In the Rift Valley focal area, most of the inhabitants are engaged in agriculture and dependent on this sector for their food and income needs. The major problems affecting the livelihoods of communities include poor access to potable water and sanitation facilities, high degree of land degradation and deforestation, lack of access to improved agricultural inputs, limited capacity to devel op efficient irrigation systems, lack of market integration, a high prevalence of malaria, HIV/AIDS and other preventive diseases.

Agriculture is entirely dependent on rainfall, which is unreliable in terms of its amount and distribution. In this semi arid climate, rainfall is erratic and concentrated from the middle of June to the end of August. Evapotranspiration is three times higher than rainfall. As a result, crops and livestock production are suffering from moisture stress and cyclical drought. Land degradation is another critical problem in the area because of lack of conservation awareness, deforestation overgrazing, expansion of farmlands and population pressure.

The main goal of the program in Ethiopia is to see improved access to safe water and improved hygiene/sanitation practices in two distinct regions zones of the Oromia Region characterized by aridity and pastoralist communities. The program will work with the Oromia Regional Government, local leadership at the woreda level and planning committees to identify sites for water and sanitation infrastructure and target interventions appropriately. Key activities under this project will involve:

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Builds capacity of local communities to manage their water resources Establish appropriate and sustainable water delivery and sanitation systems Strengthen understanding and sustainable management of water resources

through environmental protection and conservation of water resources Address trans-boundary issues in water basin management Strengthen integrated water resource management and water resources Build capacity for inclusive, participatory and accountable decision making. Improve the dissemination of information on the success and failures of different

water interventions Increase the scale of interventions so that access to water and water-related

benefits reach all populations within target areas

5 Climate Change Context

5.1 Regional NotesCurrent observations of climate change impacts from 1900 to 2005 in East Africa demonstrate increasing temperatures. Rainfall patterns show high spatial and temporal variability across the region. There are currently no records of significant trends in rainfall for the region. However, it has been generally observed that in the last 30 years, the frequency, intensity and severity of droughts have increased e.g. from 7 years, to 5 years to almost every other year (especially in the 1990s and 2000s). Future climatic projections for the region indicate that mean temperatures will increase further. In addition, it is likely that the region will have an increase in average annual rainfall. However, the southern part of East Africa (from the Equator) is expected to experience reduced rainfall, while the northern part is expected to receive increased rainfall (that is likely to fall intensely over short periods). It should be noted that there are uncertainties in climate projections for East Africa's rainfall, since the seasonal weather in the region is highly influenced by the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Therefore it is likely that high inter-annual variability will continue to be observed in the region.

5.2 Country NotesMean annual temperature in Ethiopia has increased by 1.3°C between 1960 and 2006. Over the same duration, no statistically significant trend in mean rainfall was observed in any season. It is anticipated that temperatures will continue to increase by between 1.1 to 3.1°C by 2060. Currently, there is no indication of rainfall predictions for Ethiopia for the future due to lack of trends on past rainfall and data gaps. However, if the region's climate predictions apply, then some parts of the country will experience increased episodes of intense rainfall.

5.3 Ecological Zone NotesIn Central Ethiopia, increasing temperatures have been observed by communities in recent years. In addition, rainfall seasons are increasingly unpredictable and some episodes on intense rainfall and flooding have been observed. Future climate projections for central Ethiopia have not been assessed currently. However, if the Eastern Africa region's climate change predictions apply, then the Central part of

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Ethiopia may experience increasing temperatures and increased flooding due to an increase in intense rain episodes. In the area of the project, temperature has increased about 1.8C over 10 years. Frequent drought is common every 2 to 3 years, along with frequent crop failure and livestock deaths. Rainy season will be extended 1 to 2 months and there is anticipated to be relatively continuous flooding in the highlands. This year there has been late rain so many crops have been destroyed and there is an increased number of people relying on aid.

5.4 Rain calendars The information for the vulnerability assessment was gathered from community members from Dawe and Darara Delecha villages in Borana District and Rift Valley Zone. of Oromia Region, Ethiopiathe woredas of Arsi Negele and Dugda Bor respectively. .

5.4.1 Rain Calendar – Dawe and Darara Delecha villagesInformation on rain and temperature patterns was gathered from the different age and gender groups and then merged together through a discussion. Figure 4.1 shows the merged information for Dawe village and Figure 4.2 for Darara Deleha village. Photos are not available of the rain calendars from each individual group. One issue noted was that the Ethiopian calendar is different than the more widely used Gregorian calendar and this can cause confusion in interpreting data. It is recommended to use the local calendar when gathering and analyzing information on climate patterns from the community.

The short rainy season known as Agrassa Afarassa is usually between March and May, and the long rainy season, known as Gana is from July to the end of August. Birra is from September to November and bona (dry season) is from December to February. In Dawe, it was observed that the temperature had been high in 2009 and there had been little rainfall. On the other hand, 2008 had had high rainfall and good crop production. The temperature was high with little rainfall also in 2006. Similar trends were observed for Darara Delecha.

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Figure 4.64.7Merged Rain Calendar – Dawe village

Figure 4.84.9. Merged rain calendar - Darara Dalecha village

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5.5 Climate-related Hazards, Impacts and Coping StrategiesDeveloping a summary of climate-related hazards, their impacts on the community and existing coping strategies for these hazards is crucial in developing a community adaptation strategy. Additionally, the efficacy and sustainability of each coping strategy must be determined in order to identify where progress can be made for sustainable adaptation. The main climate-related hazards, their impacts and key current coping strategies identified in Dawe and Darara Dalecha villages are indicated in Table 4.5.1 and Table 4.51 and 4.2, respectively.

Table 4.1Table 4.2 Climate context - Dawe

Hazard ImpactsCurrent coping

strategyAlternate

Coping StrategyNotes

Drought

Famine

Selling of forest products

(charcoal and wood)

Petty tradingOther coping

strategies identified

Livestock Deaths

Migration

Migration

No other coping

strategies identified

Human Diseases

Using traditional medicine Use of modern

health services

Extreme Heat

Human Diseases

Plantation and conservation of

trees on bare land

Plantation and conversation of

tress on bare land

No other coping

strategies identified

Crop failure (shortage of

food)

Selling and using forest products Early warning

system

Declining water levels

(lakes/ponds)

Mobility towards

alternative water sources

Management to protect the water

sources

Desertification

Decline in soil fertility (crop productivity)

Ban sale of fire wood & seedling

plantation

Harmonizing traditional and

modern land use management

systems

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Hazard ImpactsCurrent coping

strategyAlternate

Coping StrategyNotes

Food shortagesSelling of livestock

Develop irrigation system

Decline in livestock

productivity

Preparation of hay for breeding

animals

Preparation of hay for breeding

animals

No other coping

strategies identified

Table 4.3Table 4.5.2 Climate context – Darara Dalecha Mekki

Hazard ImpactsCurrent coping

strategyAlternate

Coping StrategyNotes

Drought

Crop failure

Sale of livestock Introduce and promote furrow

irrigation to supplement rain fed agriculture

Poor persons sell firewood & engage in casual labor

Livestock losses

Sale of firewood Promote trading and casual labor

in non-farm activities to

diversify incomes

Water shortages

Walking long distances to fetch

waterDrill boreholes

Floods

Crop damage

Green harvest

Adopt and promote early maturing crop

species

Early harvesting

may not always apply

and re-ploughing/re-planting may compliment

Infrastructure damage

Moving to non affected

settlements

permanent re-settlement in

non-flood affected areas

Bunding to divert flood waters may also be used

Pasture damage

Move to other grazing areas

Promote de-stocking (to reduce the number of livestock)

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Hazard ImpactsCurrent coping

strategyAlternate

Coping StrategyNotes

Extreme Heat

Increased physical fatigue

Adjustment of working hours to reduce exposure to the sun's heat

Adjustment of working hours

to reduce exposure to the

sun's heat

Increased malaria

Use of the seeds of Hygenia tree to

treat malaria

Introduce and distribute

malaria impregnation

bed nets

Livestock diseases

Use of traditional medicines to treat

livestock

Seek veterinary services for

livestock treatment and

vaccination

5.6 Hazard 1

5.6.1 Dawe – Drought The primary impacts from drought are famine, human diseases and livestock death. Current coping strategies consist of selling forest products such as charcoal or wood, migration and the use of traditional medicine (respectively). While all current coping strategies are perceived to be working by the community, only migration to avoid drought was thought to be sustainable. In order to prepare for future impacts, alternative coping strategies proposed by the community included petty trading activities to supplement crop failures and the use of modern health services in place of traditional medicines.

5.6.2 Mekki Darara Delecha – Drought The primary impacts from drought are crop failure, water shortage and losses to livestock. Current coping strategies consist of selling firewood, selling livestock or walking long distance to fetch water. While all current coping strategies are perceived to be working by the community, none of the strategies are perceived to be sustainable. In order to prepare for future impacts, alternative coping strategies proposed by the community include the introduction and promotion of furrow irrigation to supplement rain fed agriculture, the promotion of casual labor in non-farm activities to diversify incomes and the drilling of boreholes. Currently, poor persons sell firewood & engage in casual labor.

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5.7 Hazard 2

5.7.1 Dawe – Extreme HeatExtreme heat is expected to increase the prevalence of human diseases, contribute to crop failure and food shortages, and decrease the water levels of local lakes and ponds. Currently, community members plant and conserve trees, sell forest products to buy food and have been working towards alternative water sources. Again, all coping strategies are thought to be working, but only forest planting and conservation is thought to be sustainable. In order to cope in the future, implementing an early warning system to harvest or otherwise protect crops as well as increasing the use of integrated water management practices will help to protect the community.

5.7.2 Darara Delecha Mekki – Extreme Heat Increases in malarial outbreaks, other livestock disease and general physical fatigue have been seen with an increase in extreme heat in the area. In order to cope with these impacts, community members have adjusted working hours to avoid exposure during the hottest part of the day, utilized the seeds of the Hygenia tree for the treatment of malaria and used traditional medicines for treating their livestock. These strategies are seen as efficacious, although the use of traditional medicines is not thought to be sustainable in the face of climate change. Other strategies proposed during the session included the distribution and promotion of impregnated bed nets for protection from malarial vectors and seeking veterinary services for livestock.

5.8 Hazard 3

5.8.1 Dawe – Desertification Desertification is expected to decrease the soil fertility in the region, reducing the crop and forest productivity. Desertification will also aggravate food shortages and cause a decline in livestock productivity, which will translate to reduced incomes. Currently, there is a ban on the sale of fire wood to prevent desertification. Seedling planting, selling of livestock and hay production for breeding animals are also being utilized. All strategies are perceived to be working by the community, but only hay production is thought to be sustainable. Alternative coping strategies include the harmonization of traditional and modern land use management practices as well as to develop an irrigation system to protect crops and increase food production.

5.8.2 Darara DelechaMekki – FloodsFloods are expected to cause damage to infrastructure (homes and roads), damage to crops and loss of/damage to pastures. Currently, community members utilize green harvesting, movement to non-affected settlements and movement to other grazing areas to cope with these hazards. All coping strategies appear to be working, however only green harvesting appears to be sustainable for the longer term. Continued protection from these hazards, will arise from the adoption and

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promotion of early-maturing crop species, permanent resettlement and the promotion of de-stocking. Other potential coping strategies would be to implement re-ploughing or re-planting, or to bund areas for flood management.

6 Livelihood Context

6.1 Overview of Livelihood Resources Framework When analyzing a community’s vulnerability to climate change, it is important to find out what resources are important to peoples’ livelihoods in the project area. This will allow for better focus in determining which coping strategies are most important, and in what sequence to address the variety of potential climatic risks. To this end, the Livelihood Resources Framework places specific resources into five resource categories as described below:

Natural Resources: These are the natural resource stock upon which people rely both directly (i.e. for income or medicine) and indirectly (i.e. flood control or protection from storms). These should come from the surrounding environment such as trees or land.

Physical Resources: Those resources that make up the basic infrastructure and productive capital for transport, buildings, water management, energy and communications. Differing from natural resources, physical resources should come from man-made aspects of the surrounding environment.

Financial Resources: Encompassing not only the stocks or monetary savings of people within the community, financial resources also account for flows of money such as income and how that income is generated. This includes savings, cash, jewelry or remittances.

Human Resources: The skills, knowledge, capacity and good health that are important to the pursuit of positive livelihoods are the key aspects of Human Resources. They include traditional knowledge, education level and folk knowledge in arts and crafts.

Social Resources: Social Resources are those of the formal and informal relationships and institutions within a community, from which people draw upon support and knowledge. Examples would include church groups, farmer associations and political organizations.

6.1.1 Livelihood resources – Oromia For Empowering Poor People to Manage Water in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Oromia Region, the specific resources identified in Table 5.1 were most important to peoples’ livelihoods in Dawe and Mekki Darara Dalecha communities:

Table 5.1 Summary of livelihood resources

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DaweNatural Resources

Physical Resources

Financial Resources

Human Resources

Social Resources

- Land- Water - Forests

- Agricultural implements- Health posts- Hand pumps

-Selling livestock, crop and charcoal products

- Educated persons skills (teachers, etc)- Traditional and indigenous knowledge- Community member health

- Gada (traditional institution)- Iddir (local social institution)- Wijo (traditional support system)

Darara DalechaMekkiNatural Resources

Physical Resources

Financial Resources

Human Resources

Social Resources

- Land- Water - Forests

- Farm and water infrastructure- Roads

- Sale of crops and livestock- Micro-credit schemes

- Farming skills- Livestock rearing skills- Craft making skills

- Gada system- Iddir- Church

6.1.2 Impacts of Climate-related Hazards to Livelihood ResourcesUpon identifying the climate-related hazards and the relevant livelihood resources within the project region, the next step is to determine the impact of these hazards on the livelihood resources in order to more effectively analyze current and possible coping strategies. The following Figure 5.1.2Table shows the importance of each hazard on the various livelihood resources identified in the Oromia Region CVCA-CRiSTALvulnerability assessment training,

Table 5.4, Resources strongly influenced by hazards – Dawe Drought Extreme Heat Desertification

Natural resources Land WaterForest

Land WaterForest

Land WaterForest

Physical resources Hand pump Hand pump Hand pumpFinancial resources Selling livestock and

livestock productsSelling crop productsSelling charcoal

Selling livestock and livestock productsSelling charcoal

Selling livestock and livestock productsSelling crop productsSelling charcoal

Human resources Health of community members

Health of community membersEducated persons skills (teachers,

Health of community members

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etc)Social resources Iddir (local social

institution)Farmer groups Wijo (traditional

support system)

Table 5.5. Resources strongly influenced by hazards – Darara DalechaDrought Floods Extreme Heat

Natural resources Land WaterForest

Land

Physical resourcesFinancial resources Sale of crops

Sale of livestockMicro-credit schemes

Sale of cropsSale of livestockMicro-credit schemes

Sale of crops

Human resourcesSocial resources Iddir (local social

institution):

Within Dawe community desertification has the greatest impact across multiple sectors of livelihood resources, with the most significant impacts seen on natural resources (land, water and forest) and financial resources (livestock, crops, charcoal). Drought shows the greatest impacts to natural resources, with some important impact also being seen on financial resources. Extreme heat appears to have slightly less influence on the community and livelihood resources, with the greatest impacts in areas of natural resources, as well as human resources such as the skills of educated people and the health of community members.

Darara DalechaMekki community will be most greatly impacted by drought, particularly in areas of natural (land, water, forests) and financial (crops, livestock, micro-credit schemes) resources. Flooding will have its greatest impact on financial resources as well. Extreme heat was seen to mostly directly affect the land, with a reduction in crop yield translating to diminished financial livelihoods.

5.1.3 Importance of Livelihood Resource on Implementing Coping Strategies

For each of the livelihood resources detailed earlier in this report, an analysis of their importance to implementation of sustainable coping strategies (existing or alternate) was done.

Dawe – Information from the CRiSTAL process shows that financial and human resources are key elements for successful implementation of petty trading, migration and the use of modern health services to cope with drought. Petty trading will directly impact the financial resources available to a community, which may then be utilized to access modern health services. It was also clarified that good

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health of the community members, skills of educated people, selling of livestock, wijo (traditional support system) and water resources are all crucial to implementing the three coping strategies for adaptation to drought.

In the face of extreme heat, natural, human and financial resources show the greatest importance in the planting of trees, development of an early warning system and managing the protection of water resources. Trees both protect land and water resources and will play a key role in the human resources. Protection of water resources will facilitate adaptation across all resources and an early warning system will aide in all areas, with diminished importance on physical resources.

Human and natural resources are crucial for successful implementation of coping strategies for desertification. These strategies include harmonizing traditional and modern land use management systems, development of an irrigation system and preparation of hay for breeding animals. The skills of educated peoples, traditional knowledge and healthy community members are all necessary for expanding all three coping strategies. Financial resources show some importance in all coping strategies as well, since selling of livestock, selling of crops products and selling of charcoal will be impacted by the success of each coping strategy.

Darara DalechaMekki – In order to cope with drought, the community members of Mekki identified financial resources (sale of crops, sale of livestock and micro-credit schemes) as well as natural resources (land, water and forests) as the most important for implementation of coping strategies. Financial resources will be directly impacted by the ability introduce and promote furrow irrigation (to supplement rain-fed agriculture). The interplay of physical, financial and human resources will facilitate the promotion of trading and casual labor in non-farm activities for the diversification of incomes. Finally, natural resources are crucial in the drilling of boreholes.

In order to cope with flooding, the adoption and promotion of early maturing crop species, permanent resettling in non-flooded areas and the promotion of destocking will be impacted primarily by natural and financial resources. The Gadda system shows some importance in these strategies, as well as water infrastructure.

Again, financial and natural resources appear to most strongly impact the ability to cope with extreme heat. Their importance in the introduction and distribution of malaria impregnated bednets and the ability/need to seek veterinary services stems from the need to pay for these services as well as the environmental determinants of malaria and injured livestock. Iddir (social welfare system) was also seen to be quite important to all three coping strategies.

7 Analysis of project activitiesThis section highlights the revisions made to incorporate climate change adaptation into GWI activities being implemented by CARE EthiopiaGWI partners in inthe Oromia Region. The aim of these revisions is to make project activities resilient to current climatic variability being observed in Dawe and Darara DalechaMekki, and

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to increase project sustainability. It is important to conduct similar assessments in the future to help monitor progress towards increasing resilience, as well as to identify and appropriately deal with emerging climatic issues.

7.1 Revised Project Activities Project activities identified for the GWI project in Oromia Region were screened to assess their impact on livelihood resources that are both strongly influenced by climate-related hazards and important to implementing sustainable coping strategies. The level of impact was rated as positive, negative or neutral and could be both positive and negative. For example, construction of low cost pit latrine’s can have both a positive and negative influence on water as it can improve water quality by reducing the spread of waste but it could decrease water quality, through contamination if sited in a bad location. Project activities were revised in order to strengthen positive impacts from current project activities, minimize negative impacts from current projects and move currently neutral impacts (where appropriate) toward positive impacts. The second column of Table 6.1 and Table 6.2 show how activities were revised according to this analysis. These revised project activities were then screened to determine whether they were sustainable with the impacts of climate change as summarized in column 3 of the tables.

Table 6.1 Summary of revised activities – Dawe

Original Project Activities Revised project activities Revised Project Activities to reduce climate change impacts

Irrigation infrastructure development

Irrigation infrastructure development which considers the impact on the catchment - which includes ensuring good drainage, awareness and intervention on malaria, and scale up of tree planting in the catchment

Irrigation infrastructure development which considers impact on catchment area - this means implementing catchment conservation measures, which includes ensuring good drainage, soil and water conservation activities, awareness and intervention on malaria, and scale up of tree planting in throughout the catchment

Capacity building for farmers on irrigation water management (IWM)

None proposed Capacity building of farmers on irrigation water management which includes awareness on climate change and how to adapt

Experience sharing and information exchange on irrigation water management, agronomy and marketing

None proposed Experience sharing and information exchange on irrigation water management, agronomy and marketing. Also

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Original Project Activities Revised project activities Revised Project Activities to reduce climate change impactsincludes, continuous training that takes into account impacts of changing climate

Training on gender, leadership and decision making for members of the water user association

None proposed Training on gender, leadership and decision making for members of the water user association. Integrate information on impacts of climate change and adaptation strategies into the training

Creating linkages between producer cooperatives and consumers to sell cash crops

Creating linkages between producer cooperatives and consumers to sell cash crops. Note - Improving skills of water management should be linked to this activity

Creating linkages between producer cooperatives and consumers to sell cash crops. Note - Improving skills of water management should be linked to this activity. Training on small business management, and how to deal with climate change impacts. Providing information on local and national markets

Facilitating debate and dialogue forum between farmers

Facilitating debate and dialogue forum between farmers that works with the Geda system and also discusses alternative income generating activities

Facilitating debate and dialogue forum between farmers that works with the Geda system and also discuss alternative income generating activities. Also includes institutionalizing farmer dialogue forum within the government system

Establishing community conversation enhancement forums as an instrument for implementation strategy

None proposed Establishing community conversation enhancement forums as an instrument for implementation strategy, institutionalizing within traditional institutions, and providing information and building capacity of extension and development workers on adapting to change in climate

Upstream catchment management

Watershed management to protect water resources, sedimentation, and reduce

None proposed

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Original Project Activities Revised project activities Revised Project Activities to reduce climate change impacts

deforestation, also includes linkage between upstream and downstream communities to manage natural resources through a forum

Establishment of credit facility for alternative income generating activities

Establishment of credit facility for alternative income generating activities that have minimal negative impact on the environment

Establishment of credit facility for alternative income generating activities that have minimal negative impact on the environment. Include some activities on providing rural insurance for liquid and fixed assets. Use best practices form Oxfam America which have been tried in Tigrai

Establishing and strengthening early warning system

None proposed Establishing and strengthening early warning system. Install metrological stations and train local community to collect meteorological information

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Table 6.2 Summary of revised activities – Darara Dalecha Mekki

Original Project Activities Revised project activities Revised Project Activities to reduce climate change impacts

Drilling boreholes and construction of related infrastructure for water supply(drinking, livestock, etc)

Design and drill more boreholes according to suitable technical specifications and taking into account the geo-physical conditions of the area. Combine this with effective watershed management practices to increase underground water recharge

Install proper casing on the borehole to withstand floods. Construct the well head using concrete above the ground e.g. 1 meter (based on the expected flood level). The water pump should be constructed in the borehole, connect it to a pipe that is connected to a generator situated some distance away from the borehole on elevated ground. Construct a flood-barrier e.g. a dyke to protect the borehole and the associated infrastructure from floods. Combine these with proper watershed management practices to increase underground water recharge

Development of irrigation canals

Proper design, construction and management of covered irrigation canals through follow up with the community and rehabilitation (stabilization)

Plant appropriate, beneficial and multi-purpose grass and trees on the bund ridges and in other areas to protect and sustain them. The design of the soil bunds should take into consideration various physical and conditions to determine the spacing between the soil bunds, depth, gradient. Management of planted re-forestation trees is necessary to increase survival rates. Reduce soil disturbance through promotion of minimum tillage

Natural resource management through tree planting (biological), and soil bund construction (physical)

None proposed

Promotion and construction of Training of Trainers among Undertake flood mitigation

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Original Project Activities Revised project activities Revised Project Activities to reduce climate change impacts

household pit latrines and hygiene

community members on basic hygienic practices. Provision of technical support in the design, citing, construction and management of enclosed pit latrines will be carried out.

through construction cut off drains and diversion of surface runoff to water reservoirs to minimize flooding and percent contamination of water and soil by pit latrines.

Creation of awareness on the environment among community members

Include awareness creation on climate change, its impacts, vulnerability and adaptation in environmental awareness creation efforts

Appropriate awareness creation strategies on climate change and environment should be employed e.g through regular meetings, radio, IEC materials (pictures), experience sharing (peer learning). The messaging should be appropriate (should be based on local issues and based on participatory assessments

7.2 Synergies and BarriersThe analysis in this section examines why the activities were revised and the synergies and barriers that could facilitate or hinder implementation.

The following details synergies and barriers to revised project activities for Dawe community:

Revised Activity 1. Irrigation infrastructure developmentThere may be potential to work with research institutions and the government on the Rift Valley master plan to include integrated resource management and land use. Several barriers were identified including the need to mobilize the community in collaboration with government and other stakeholders. Experience sharing on how to carry out catchment management is also necessary. Additional financial investments, personnel time as these development activities can be quite large. Furthermore, social conflicts may arise with livestock keepers as the process demands area closures. Finally, population growth can put pressure on irrigation infrastructure.

Revised Activity 2. Capacity building on irrigation water management (IWM)Multiple barriers were brought up including the need to update information on climate change at all levels. Additionally, this should be translated into a usable form for the community. Intervention activities should consider government interventions and work with government officials at all levels. Additional

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information on other adaptation skills is necessary for successful implementation of this activity.

Revised Activity 3. Experience sharing on IW R M, agronomy and marketing Synergies may develop and several potential barriers arose during the training. A need was identified to provide systematic training on climate change, including the development of a guide or manual for various areas including agronomic practices, water management, etc. Development of a learning alliance and the need to have similar projects from which to gain experience were discussed as the community is willing to visit other areas for experience sharing. There will be additional resources necessary to promote and strengthen these types of activities. Revised Activity 4. Training on gender, leadership and decision making for WUAOne major barrier to success in this area is that gender equity and rights are difficult to discuss because of traditional and religious systems; time is needed to influence these systems and leaders. There is also a new civil society law meaning that it is not easy to work on advocacy issues. There is a need for additional resources to continue work on this activity, particularly an incentives mechanism for outstanding women to improve participation. One synergy notes was the possibility to integrate these activities into life-skills training.

Revised Activity 5. Creating linkages between producer cooperatives and consumers to sell cash cropsMultiple potential barriers developed including the need for collective action to bring actors together; these goals cannot be achieved by a single NGO. In order for this to be successful good transportation and access to markets are necessary - this is a potential barrier because the road is not in a good state and the river has no permanent bridge. The global market is dynamic and there is a need for continuous follow up on market demand, which can be unpredictable. Finally, there currently is no adequate storage for products, nor is there training on post-investment activities. This was seen as a need for success in developing these linkages.

Revised Activity 6. Facilitating debate and dialogue forum between farmersThe overlap of traditional and political systems can be a barrier because there is a dominance of the government system, and they can contradict each other. Additionally, government policy can restrict this activity. There may be financial constraints, as there is a need for more investment. Lack of follow-up may be an issue if the forum is not properly institutionalized. However, good linkages have been established the government to provide technical support within the forum.

Revised Activity 7. Establishing community conversation enhancement forums as an instrument for implementation strategyThis needs favorable government policy and collective actions of multiple stakeholders, as well as the willingness and commitment of other actors.

Revised Activity 8. Upstream catchment management

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Many of the synergies and barriers for this activity reflect those of revised activity #1 (above). The may also be competition over resources due to population pressures. The current forum may not be effective as people need additional land .

Revised Activity 9. Establishment of credit facility for alternative income generating activitiesFinancial capital, basic business skills are required. Due to continuous asset depletion the sustainability will be challenged. There are existing institutions that could provide credit, but they are far away and do not respond immediately to provide credit to the farmers.

Revised Activity 10. Establishing and strengthening early warning systemA potential limitation to this activity is the accessibility of metrological data and the skilled manpower necessary for the operation of instruments. These needs require large financial investments and the ability to integrate traditional knowledge with the technology, as weakening traditional knowledge can be a barrier. Learning from other early warning systems can enhance this activity, as well as encouraging traditional early warning practitioners.

The following details synergies and barriers to revised project activities for Darara DalechaMekki community:

Revised Activity 1. Drilling boreholes and construction of related infrastructure for water supply(drinking, livestock, etc)One potential synergy is the community’s willingness and participation in the drilling of boreholes and construction of related infrastructure. There is also a potential for high-ground water in the community, and the government Water Use and Management Policy supports maintenance and scaling up of such interventions. Barriers include limited financial resources as well as limited technical resources in the local area. Additionally, unproductive boreholes and the presence of high fluoride content in drilled waters may reduce the drinkability/availability of water. There may also be conflicts over water resources that develop due to inequity among neighboring communities.

Revised Activity 2. Development of irrigation canalsWillingness and active participation of the community in the digging and construction of irrigation canals may present as both a synergy and a barrier. Other barriers include financial and technical limitations. Potential negative outcomes of developed canals includes increased mosquito breeding grounds (which may lead to increases in malaria, dengue or other vector-borne diseases), increases in salinity over the long term, increases in water logging of the local area and increased rate of water-table depletion.

Revised Activity 3. Natural resource management through tree planting (biological), and soil bund construction (physical)Synergies may exist in developing the community’s participation in this activity; there could be a barrier here however, if the community is unwilling to engage in

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natural resource management. Several other barriers arose during the training and including the land tenure system (land belongs to the government) so communities may not be motivated to plant trees. Financial, technical and ecological limitations persist including the availability of fast growing, multi-purpose trees and grass species. The current, large livestock population, and subsequent overgrazing, as well as pastoralists’ grazing patterns may negatively impact advances in this activity.

Revised Activity 4. Promotion and construction of pit latrines and hygieneCommunity willingness and active participation in the construction of latrines and related infrastructure may prove beneficial or detrimental to success of this activity. Other limitations such as financial and technical resources may present as a barrier to latrine construction. Periodic flooding may damage infrastructure; if flood volumes are very large, cut off drains would not adequately mitigate flood impacts. Cultural norms regarding the handling and acknowledgement of human wastes may present as a barrier as well. The construction of the physical structure of the pit latrine using locally available materials may have negative environmental impacts. Some synergies identified are that the government or other NGOs may be promoting and supporting hygiene promotion and construction of pit latrines. Schools could also provide pilot demonstration sites for proper design, construction and management of pit latrines and hygiene practices.

Revised Activity 5. Creation of awareness on the environmentOne synergy may arise from the community’s willingness and active participation in awareness creation campaigns and activities, although if they are unwilling this may be a barrier. Another synergy includes the technology and methodology utilized in communication of messaging. As with all interventions, financial and technical limitations on resource are a barrier to success. Information limitations in the form of downscaled scientific climate information and projections currently exist as well. Community members' attitudes may influence their receptivity to environmental messages (they may not utilize the information and knowledge conveyed), particularly due to deep-rooted poverty and the need for immediate survival takes precedence over environmental conservation. Finally, the wide geographical distribution of community members will pose a logistical barrier to implementation of this activity.

8 Feedback on Field ExerciseParticipants visited the communities of Dawe and Darara DalechaMekki in Oromia Region. The outputs of the field exercise are provided in Section 4 and 5 under the climate and livelihood context. This section outlines the feedback from the practical exercise. Participants gave feedback on their experience collecting information using the CVCA tools in the community, and provided ideas on how to improve the assessment.

Some things that worked well included the discussions among communities; such that climate change was recognized as a problem. There was a good level of knowledge on climate change. The women’s groups had perspective on climate

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change impacts to livelihoods and the old men’s groups in Darara Dalecha Mekki had information to provide on early warnings. Specific information on rainfall patterns has been captured by the old men for the last couple of years which included detailed information on the onset, cessation and number of days it rained. Communities recognized that climate has been changing over the years, even before the rain calendar exercise. Previously, there were 4 distinct seasons whereas there is now only one season due to the reduction of the wet and the increase of the dry season. Coping strategies (such as eating wild fruits) were a challenge because they identified reliance on relief-food and waiting for “God’s help.” Some of the community members are losing hope; they indicated that even if there is money now, things are very expensive. There was a very high level of participation in the field activity and an understanding of desertification and changing social patterns. High temperatures are seen to disrupt adult relations, particularly within the older women.

Challenges were identified such as managing community expectations – communities wanted to focus on their own problems and were seeking solutions from the facilitators’ organization. There was a need to distinguishing between the hazards and their impacts since these are closely interlinked. Conflicts in the discussions among some community members arose between those with access to underground water (who are better off) and those who don’t have access to underground water. It was important to discuss adapting to changes in activities while providing information on activities based on traditional seasonal information as well. Facilitators should be well versed in the use of the tools for the most effective facilitation. Additionally, the facilitation approach needs to be more interactive – the community needs to engage fully and it should not wear them out. One way to do this would be to spread out the exercise over a few days vs. doing it all in one day. It was recognized however that there may be the possibility of having different community members coming back for subsequent sessions of the exercise if it is broken up over more days. There were issues of differing information (conflicting at times) among the differing groups. It may be beneficial to ensure gender balance and appropriation among the facilitators (female facilitators for female groups). Finally, questions on the rain calendar should be phrased in a gender sensitive way, e.g. based on the specific gender livelihood activities. Women could be asked about periods when water was available or not, in case they are not able to clearly identify when there was rain or when there was no rain.

9 Way ForwardThe final step in the CRiSTAL process is to complete a way forward assessment in which the efficacy and lessons learned from the CRiSTAL process are determined and documented for the particular project area. This will aid in future implementation of the CRiSTAL process as well as provide a summary of key points for the project area in question. For the Ethiopia program, Empowering Poor People to Manage Water in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Dawe and Mekki, the way forward has been developed as follows:the way forward was determined for the Rift Valley (Misraq Shewa Zone) and Borena Zone.

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9.1 Way Forward – Dawe, BoranaBorena ZoneDo we have current activities whose intended results may be affected by climate change and variability impacts? Water infrastructure development such as sand dams, ponds, traditional wells,

hand dug wells and boreholes. In the face of severe drought, there will be little or no rain to fill the dams and for all water sources there is the danger of complete exhaustion (over abstraction). There are also issues of siltation after floods (especially for traditional wells), blockage of dams due to siltation or damage to water infrastructure due to floods.

Rangeland management such as conserving pasture land and establishing institutions for natural resource management. There may be similar impacts from flooding as mentioned above for water infrastructure. Additionally, in severe drought the pasture may dry up.

Water and Sanitation activities such as water for domestic supply, sanitation at the household and institutional (schools and health posts) level and latrine construction. There will be risks as with the above two activities as well as the need for water to complete these activities. If there is a high impact of climate change on water resource the sanitation will be affected

Risk management – establishing better early warning system and capacity building – because of climate change can be difficult to predict systems, need special warning information

Community participation – during severe drought people will migrate therefore reducing community participation; more competition over scarce resources leading to conflict

Borana area is sensitive to climate variability so activities are affected – mostly water scarcity and there is a problem of floods

Do we need to do anything to make these activities effective? Protection against siltation – catchment management by planting vegetation to

prevent erosion During heavy rain could capture water for other uses Emergency water transport to area De-stocking Need to assess the project activities through climate change lens Need community input and stakeholder suggestions Using development information centre – provides info on family planning,

HIV/AIDS, etc

Are there barriers to effect these changes? Pastoralist consider their livestock as a financial asset so there is resistance to

de-stocking Conflict over resources Due to regionalization, there is restriction of movement and disturbance of

traditional grazing system High degradation of resources and increase in human and livestock population Encroachment of range land by bush Issue of termites

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Deterioration of traditional institutions

Do we want to do things differently in future? What can we do differently? Yes Water policy is not adapted at the regional and local level as lack of capacity Work closely with all levels of resource management – customary institutions,

all levels of government Scale up intervention from project sites to wider area – scale up strategy for

resource management Need for improved communication with government at district level on the

project Research and studies on rangeland improvements – develop guidelines Conduct climate change research to guide project activities Engagement with multi-stakeholder platforms

Can undergoing a vulnerability assessment (CRiSTAL and CVCA) help us achieve the changes we want? Yes because climate change is an issue so need concrete evidence to guide

direction of project Important information that can be generated with community and can be used

for other development activities

What do we want to do this year with CRiSTAL and CVCA and for which on-going, planned, or to be planned project? Would apply CRiSTAL- CVCA in Borana – roll out Decide process to undertake vulnerability assessments - Include suggestions

such as hazard mapping, consolidating information, gender sensitive questions Include female facilitators Could divide area into two groups Can take representative Pastoral Associations (low level administrative system) Borana is affected by climate change Good time to undertake assessment – so there is some flexibility in adjusting

activities Can identify adaptation activities for the future But issues of financial limitations so need to focus can be managed within the

project constraints Need to prioritize activities

9.2 Way Forward – Misraq Shewa ZoneMekki, Rift Valley

Do we have current activities whose intended results may be affected by climate change and variability impacts?Irrigation: Due to lack of catchment-level treatment activities, including soil & water

conservation. Increased Malaria due to favorable mosquito breeding places as a result of

irrigation. Conflicts (due to diversion of water)-

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Reducing lake water levels Agricultural components Reduced pasture and frequent crop failure Increasing salinity of water

Are there barriers to effect these changes? Effective community mobilization Effective harmonization of stakeholders (Need for participation of all

stakeholders & consensus on selection of adaptation interventions). Resources (technical & financial) Water allocation for development and environment is not quantified (need to

obtain tech support on this from others with experience. Lack of sufficient quantitative data on Climate Change impacts and

environmental change

Do we want to do things differently in future? What can we do differently? Introduce and establish micro credit schemes to diversify livelihoods and reduce tree cutting Link producer Cooperatives and consumer groups to create awareness about

Climate Change Rural insurance schemes Use drought tolerant crops & Creation of awareness on technical knowledge on fattening cattle (improve

quality- not quantity Strengthen early warning information (including indigenous early warning &

modern) & communicate it in a suitable way to the community & through appropriate media. E.g. through notices

Create awareness on the need for environmental conservation and sustainable land use

Establish a river based resource group to harmonize community and facilitate proper water resource management.

Can undergoing a vulnerability assessment (CRiSTAL and CVCA) help us achieve the changes we want?

Identify activities that can be improved: improve the activities during implementation.

Negative: may bring change in the project that may not be feasible to integrate in year 2 of the project (ongoing activities).

Monitoring tool: identify what is happening (well organized to logically organize data)

Participatory Scientific- generates information from the local level Helps to diagnose and identify gaps (owing to CC) and revisions that can be

made to improve on interventions in future. Decisions on whether or not to integrate are up to organizations. Can help bring together stakeholders.

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More thinking and decision making – next step. Policy review on environment and climatic changes & make adjustments to help

improve conditions Generate quantitative data to fill data gaps on environmental parameters

What do we want to do this year with CRiSTAL and CVCA and for which on-going, planned, or to be planned project? Minor Changes that are manageable in year 2 can be integrated Any major adjustment activities could be incorporated in year 3 Phased out quick start projects: several major activities identified: will be

discussed in the regional coord meeting to meeting to see whether interventions could be incorporated

Need to gather data from more kebeles Include information and awareness about CC in the community awareness and

training activities Organize (TOT) training for govt. and implementing partners on CC (the

concept). Integrate in other Review project activities from CC lens and include outputs of the analysis from

year 2. Plan year 3 activities considering gaps brought out upon review of year 2 Make climate change a priority agenda item (experience sharing on

implementation from the field implementing) at country coord level Awareness creation on how climate change is affecting water resources and

irrigation potential and sustainability in the area Emphasis on quality of produce from farms vs. quantity Changes of seasons (4 to 2 due to CC)- how to sustain yields e.g. through growing

early maturing sp

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Table 8.6Table 8 Way ForwardDaweBorena Zone

What Do we want to do? How do we want to do it? When do we want to do it?

Who will do it? Where? Resources/ Requirements

Roll out vulnerability assessment in Boreana

With full participation of stakeholders in selected communities or all communities depending on resources (out of 9 communities)

This GWI financial year – in the first quarter of 2010

CARE and AFD – may need facilitation support depending on available funds

Borana Budget and funds Vehicles and fuelTechnical assistance

MekkiMisraq Shewa Zone

What Do we want to do? How do we want to do it? When do we want to do it?

Who will do it? Where? Resources/ Requirements

- Introduce and establish micro credit schemes to diversify livelihoods and

- reduce tree felling- Link producer Coops and

consumer groups to create awareness about CC

- Rural insurance schemes - Use drought tolerant crops & - Creation of awareness on

technical knowledge on fattening cattle (improve quality- not quantity

- Strengthen early warning information (including indigenous early warning &

- Hold another planning session with all s/holders: govt, Oxfam, CRS (on the ground @ local level, share and obtain information). Find the gaps and work together to identify solutions. Participants can provide backstopping.- The group should prepare on how to engage with others and so through the process of implanting CVCA-CRiSTAL- Collect data from the fieldShare the outcomes of the initial CVCA, CRiSTAL meeting with other stakeholders e.g.

- Results sharing- GWI team: Nov- Consult Devt office for an indication of best times - The govt staff in the field meet community every week. - Through the Iddir (meetings)- Once in 2 weeks One in 3 weeks – awareness creation at Derara-Mekki: review

All participants and local partners

Mekkicworedas where vulnerability assessment applied

Transport, technical (human) and financial

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DaweBorena ZoneWhat Do we want to do? How do we want to do it? When do we want

to do it?Who will do it? Where? Resources/ Requirements

modern) & communicate it in a suitable way to the community & through appropriate media. E.g. through notices

- Create awareness on the need for environmental conservation and sustainable land use

community, govt, GWI team, The regional meeting- Think through capacity needs for some of the activities identified and bring in other relavant stakeholders e..g. govt, Met agency etc.

meeting in Oct 09

- Community: regular community meetings (based on Community plan) e.g every 2 to 4 weeks)

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Appendix 1. Participants list

Participating Organization

List of Participants Position

Oxfam America Fekadu Jotie Monitoring & Evaluation OfficerTibebu Koji Water Program Officer

Action for Development

Tesfaye Gesisa Planning and Research Officer

George Bayisa Disaster Prevention and Rehabilitation Officer

Mohammed Gerju Project OfficerRift Valley Children and Women Development

Siraj Hussien Program Manager

Aman Gere Project OfficerUsheto Weyu Project Officer

CARE Borana Sintayehu Mesele Knowledge Officer

Daniel Shiferaw Project Manager

Birhanu Alemu Water Engineer

CARE Addis Wondu Fisseha Program Operations Manager

Meaza Kebede Program Coordinator, GWI

Girma Asfaw Water Resources Advisor

Catholic Relief Service Bekele Abaire Water & Sanitation Program Manager

Dejene Mideksa Monitoring & Evaluation Officer

Yonas Tsegaye Water & Sanitation OfficerMeki Catholic Services Muhedin Taha

To be identified To be identified

Woredas & Regional Offices Invited

List of Government Bureaus & Offices

Arsi Negelle Woreda

Dugda Woreda

Bora Woreda

Miyo Woreda

Rural Development Office (3)

Environmental Protection Office (2)Water Resources Office, WATSAN Section (3)Water Resources Office,Irrigation Section (1)Cooperative Office (1)Pastoralist Area Development

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Coordination (2)Oromia Regional State Bureaus

Land use & Environmental Protection (1)Pastoralist Area Development Coordination (1)Water Resources Bureau (1)

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Appendix 2. Workshop Program

The Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) & Community-based Risk Screening Tool: Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL) Training Workshop

October 12th - 16th Time Activities Facilitator(s)

Day 1:8:30-9:00 - Participants Arrival and Registration

- Participant Introductions - Participants’ Expectations - House Keeping

Meaza (GWI Program Coordinator)

9:00-9:30 - Introduction to Climate Change, Vulnerability and Adaptation Katharine / Cynthia

9:30-10:00 - Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into development Projects and programmes

Katharine / Cynthia

10:00-10:30 - Introduction to the CVCA & CRiSTAL Tools Katharine / Cynthia10:30-10:45

Tea/Coffee break

10:45- 11:15 - Introduction to the Rain Calendar and Vulnerability Matrix (includes an overview of the field form)

Katharine / Cynthia

11:15-11:45 Group break outs- Rain Calendar Katharine/ Cynthia /Meaza 11:45-1:00 Group break outs - Vulnerability Matrix Katharine/ Cynthia /Meaza

1:00-2:00 Lunch2:00-3:00 Group reports, feedback on the Tools and Q & A Katharine / Cynthia3:00-4:00 How to collect field information Katharine / Cynthia

4:00-4:15 Tea/Coffee Break4:15-5:00 Plans for the Field Work & logistics Meaza

Day 2:

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7:30-9:00 Travel to the field Site All9:00-1:30 -Introduction of the group to the community & purpose of our field visit

-Introduction to climate change, the field exercises & next steps- Group Breaks outs (Groups to be determined)

GWI Partners / Implementing Organizations

Community Consultations-Rain calendar Katharine /Cynthia with GWI Partners /Implementing Organizations

Community Consultations- Vulnerability Matrix Same as above1:30-2:30 Lunch All2:30-4:00 Community Consultations- Vulnerability Matrix Cont. & Discussion

Questions Same as above

4:00-4:15 Debrief with the community Meaza4:15-4:30 Plan for Day 3 Katharine/Cynthia4:30 Travel back All

Day 38:30-9:30 Assessment of the Field Exercise

Guidance on merging information on the Rain Calendar and Vulnerability Matrix

Katharine / Cynthia

9:30-10:15 Group break outs (if needed) - Merge the Rain Calendar All: Katharine/Cynthia to facilitate this day with support from Meaza.

10:15-10:30

Tea/Coffee break

10:30-11:30 Group break outs- Merge the Vulnerability Matrix All11:30-1:00 Group Break Outs: Data Analysis using CRiSTAL All

1:00-2:00 Lunch2:00-3:45 Group Break Outs: Data Analysis using CRiSTAL (until entry of Project

Activities)All

3:45-4:00 Tea/Coffee Break4:00-5:15 Group Break Outs: Data Analysis using CRiSTAL All5:15-5:30 Plans for Day 4 All: Cynthia/Katharine

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Day 4 8:00-8:15 Rapid Assessment of the CRiSTAL Process (plenary) Katharine / Cynthia 8:15- 10:15 Group Break Outs: Data Analysis using CRiSTAL All: Katharine / Cynthia to facilitate

this day with support from Meaza10:15 - 10:30

Tea/Coffee Break

10:30-1:00 Group Break Outs: Data Analysis using CRiSTAL All1:00-2:00 Lunch

2:00-3:45 Group Break Outs: Data Analysis using CRiSTAL All3:45-4:00 Tea/Coffee Break

4:00-5:30 Group Reports (Outcomes of the Analysis) and feedback on the process and Tool.

Katharine / Cynthia

Day 5 8:00-10:00 Action Plan for Application of CVCA & CRiSTAL in GWI Program Sites in

Ethiopia per focal area (in groups if needed)Cynthia/Katharine

10:00-10:30 Action Plan Presentation Group representatives10:30-10:45 Workshop Evaluation and follow up steps Cynthia10:45 -11:00 Tea Break 11:00-11:15 Workshop conclusion and Departure to Addis Ababa Meaza

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Appendix 3. Field form

1. Introduction/ Seensa

a. Brief of who you are, your organization and why you have come to the community.

Ibsa gabaabaa waa’ee eenyummaa kee, dhaabbata kee fi maaliif gara hawaasichaa akka dhufte.

b. Brief on what climate change is (the use of visual aids is preferable)

Jijjiirama qilleensa baramaa irratti ibsa gabaabaa ( wanta mul’atutti fayyadamuun ni filatama)

C. Introduce the project / Pirojektichaan walbarsiisi.

d. Explain how you are going to collect information

Odeeffannoo akkamiin akka funaantu ibis.

e. Explain why you are asking people to split up into groups ( i.e. young men, young women, old women)

Ummata gareetti ( jechuun, dargaggeessa, gargaggeettii, beerran) jedhaanii hiruun maaliif akka barbaachisu ibis.

Group Information (Odeeffannoo Garee)

District ( Aanaa)

Village ( Ganda)

Group interviewed ( e.g. young men or women)

Garee gaafatame ( Fkf. Dargaggeessa ykn dargaggeettii)

No. of participants ( Lakk. hirmaattotaa)

Date ( Guyyaa)

2. Data collection in groups ( Gareen ragaa funaanuu)

a. Explain what we are doing very briefly and how the outputs will be used

Maal hojjachaa akka jirruu fi bu’aan isaa maaliif akka oolu gabaabsii ibsi

b. What is your main livelihood ( i.e. agriculture, livestock keeping, etc)?

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Maddi jireenya keetii inni guddaan maali ( jechuun, qonna, loon horsiisuu, fi kk)?

c. Seasonal calendar ( see below)

Dhaha waqtiilee ( kan armaan gadii laali)

Rain days ( guyyoota roobaa)

ii. Floods ( lolaa)

iii. Temperature ( haala hoo’ina qilleensaa)

RAIN CALENDAR ( Yeroo roobaa)

MONTHS

( Ji’a)

Notes on Rainfall and Temperature

( Yaadannoo haala roobaa fi oo’ina qilleensaa)

YEARS

(waggaa)

3. Livelihood resources – name them then rank them immediately

Madda jiruu fi jireenyaa – dura maqaa isaanii himi. Sana booda haala sadarkaa

isaaniitiin dafii tartiibaan kaa’i.

Livelihoods BrainstormHaala jiruu fi jireenyaa yaada burqisiisuu

Natural Resources ( Forest products, water, land, wetland systems)

Qabeenya uumamaa ( omisha bosona irraa argamu, bishaan, lafa, lafa jiidhaa)

Physical Resources ( Agricultural implements, bicycles, ploughs, roads, water pumps, water tanks,

wells, wheelbarrows)

Qabeenya fiizikaalaa ( meeshaalee qonnaa, bishkililiitii, nooyee(moofara), karaa, boombaa

bishaanii, taankii bishaanii, eela, …)

Financial Resources ( Access to markets, credit systems, insurance, liquid assets ( livestock, etc.),

loans, pension, remittances)

Qabeenya maallaqaa ( carraa gabaa, sirna liqaa, inshuuraansii, qabeenya salphumaan gara

maallaqaatti jijjiiramuu danda’u ( loowwan, fi kk), liqaa, soorama, durgoo)

Human Resources ( Traditional knowledge, weaving skills, education)

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Qabeenya Humna Namaa ( Beekumsa aadaa, dandeettii wayyaa dhahuu, barnoota)

Social Resources: ( Church groups, farmer associations, political organizations)

Qabeenya Hawaasawaa ( Gareewwan mana amantaa, waldaa qotee bulaa, dhaabbilee siyaasaa)

4. Name climatic hazards and rank them (just choose top 3)

Explain that climatic hazards are caused by the weather.Hazard - Potentially damaging physical events or phenomena that result from weather or climate conditions (example: Desertification, drought, strong winds, floods, extreme cold, extreme heat)

Balaawwan qilleensa baramaa himi; akka cimina isaaniitiin tartiibaan kaa’i (warra guguddaa keessaa 3 filadhu)Balaan qilleensa baramaa haala qilleensaa irraa akka dhuf ibis.Balaa – taateewwan miidhaa fiduu danda’an kan haala qilleensa baratamaa yookiin qilleensa yerootiin dhufan ( Fakkeenya: gammoojjummaa, hoongee, obomboleettii, lolaa(galoo), qorra cimaa, hoo’a cimaa)

1. Identify the impacts of each hazard on the livelihood(s) & rank them (choose the top 3).

Impact - The consequences of hazards on natural and human systems, and can include crop damage, income losses and reduced soil fertility.

Miidhaa tokkoo tokkoon balaa jiruu fi jireenya irratti qabu adda baasuun sadarkaan kaa’i ( warra guguddaa 3 filadhu)Miidhaa – Daafaa uumaa fi namaa yoo ta’u, kunis miidhaa midhanii, galii dhabuu fi hir’ina gabbina biyyee ta’uu danda’a.

2. Identify the coping strategies of each impact for hazard 1 (just choose top 1)

Coping strategies - Methods for using existing resources to achieve beneficial ends during abnormal or adverse conditions (Casual labour, Crop shifting, Food rationing, Food storage, Gathering of wild food, Income diversification, Tree/Crop replanting, Water rationing)

Miidhaa balaa 1 dhufe irraa dandamachuu tooftaalee jiran ibis.Tooftaalee dandamannaa - Maloota qabeenyuma jirutti fayyadamuun haala yaraa jala darbuu ( hojuma argame hojjachuu, sanyii midhaanii jijjiiruun facaasuu, midhaan nyaataa hiruu, midhaan kuufachuu, nyaata bosonaa funaannachuu, madda galii baay’ifachuu, mukaa/midhaan deebisanii dhaabuu, bishaan hiruu)

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3. Is the coping strategy working and is it sustainable? What is an alternative coping strategy and what resources are needed to implement these coping strategies?

Tooftaan dandamannaa kuni hojjataa? Itti fufiinsas qabaa? Tooftaaleen dandamannaa kan biraa jiruu? Tooftaalee kanniin hojiirra oolchuuf qabeenya akkamii barbaachisa?

4. Are there other causes of the impact (i.e. conflict, population changes)?

Sababoonni miidhaa kan biraa jiruu( jechuun, walitti bu’iinsi, jijjirama ummataa)?

5. Repeat steps 5 to 9 for hazard 2 and 3

Hojiiwwan lakk. 5 hanga 9 jiran balaa 2ffaa fi 3ffaaf irra deebiin hojjadhu.

Hazard

(Top 3)

Balaa

( Guguddaa 3)

Impacts on the Livelihood ( Top

3 for each hazard)

Miidhaa jireenyarratti qabu

(sadaniifuu waan guguddaa 3)

Coping Strategies (choose

top 1)

Tooftaalee dandamannaa

(isa guddaa 1 filadhu)

Working?

Sustainable?

Hojjataa?

Itti fufiinsa

qabaa?

Alternative coping strategies and

how it can be achieved

Tooftaalee dandamannaa kan

biraa fi akkamiin hojiirra akka

oolu

* If there is enough time continue with: Yeroo gahaan yoo jiraate, kana itti fufi:10. Influence of hazards on Key Resources ( 0-5) Dhiibbaa balaan qabeenya baay’ee barbaachisaa ta’e irratti qabu ( 0-5)

0 = Hazard has no influence over the livelihood resource ( Balaan qabeenya jireenyaa irratti dhiibbaa hinqabu)

1 = Hazard has minimal influence over the livelihood resource ( Balaan qabeenya jireenyaa irratti dhiibbaa xinnaa qaba)

3 = Hazard has some influence over the livelihood resource ( Balaan qabeenya jireenyaa irratti dhiibbaa muraasa qab)

5 = Hazard has a very strong influence over the livelihood resource ( Balaan qabeenya jireenyaa irratti dhiibbaa baay’ee guddaa qaba)

HAZARDS ( BALAA)

RESOURCES( QABEENYA)Natural ( Kan Uumamaa)

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Physical ( Kan Fiizikaalaa)Financial ( Kan maallaqaa)Human ( Kan namaa)Social ( Kan Hawaasawaa)

11. FURTHER DISCUSSION –If there is time/ Marii dabalataa – Yeroon yoo jiraate

Who has control of resources and access to facilities?

Qabeenya eenutu too’ata? Eenyutu itti fayyadama?

Changes in environment, conditions, hazards, livelihoods

Jijjirama naannoo, haala, balaa, jireenya

Social or political and other issues that may have implications for

vulnerability

Dhimmoota hawaasawaa ykn siyaasaa fi kan biraa kan balaaf saaxilamuu

wajjiin walitti hidhannaa qaban

12. Conclusions / Goloba

1. Ask group what they learned

Maal akka baratan garee gaafadhu

2. Summarise the process and tell them the next steps

Adeemsicha walitti qabi; hojiin itti aanu maal akka ta’e itti himi.

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Appendix 4: Supplementary materials

Supplementary material to support this report contains the following information: CRiSTAL decision support tools for Dawe and Darara Dalecha villages Field forms for community groups at both villages Presentations Photos Background on climate change and tools

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