Sustainable Electricity Supply for Cities

Rangan Banerjee

Forbes Marshall Chair Professor

Department of Energy Science and Engineering

Smart Cities – Delivery of Civic Services – Two Day Conference, Mumbai, 6th June, 2015

Energy needs of the city

Residential – Lighting, Cooking, Appliances, Cooling, Heating, Air conditioning

Transport

Industrial- motors

Commercial – cooling, appliances

Water pumping

Significant role of electricity

Agra – 2007-2008 Supply mix

Source: ICLEI, Agra Solar City Master Plan, 2011

Source Consumption Unit

Electricity 1206 MU

LPG 10414 MT

Petrol 50857 kL

Diesel 53469 kL

Kerosene 32406 kL

CNG 902 Tonnes

SWH 218 Nos.

Share of Fuels in Supply Side Energy Balance

43.47

5.45

16.91

21.93

11.74

0.47 0.03

Electricity LPG Petrol Diesel Kerosene CNG SWH

Mumbai- Final Energy Supply mix

Coal, 3.0 Wood, 1.7

Oil, 46.3

Gas, 9.9

Electricity, 39.1

Source: Reddy (2012)

271 PJ 2010 14.7 GJ/capita final energy

Comparison of Large Metros

Population Million

Area (km2) GDP/capita US$

Energy/capita GJ

CO2 emissions/capita Tonnes/capita

Mumbai 12.7 (24) 468 2184 14.2 1.0

Delhi 17.4 1483 2004 15.4 1.1

Kolkatta 15.6 1851 1414 5.65 1.5

Bengaluru 7.1 710 2066 9.5 0.5

Source: Asia Green City Index, 2011

Challenges for the Electricity Sector

Supply unable to match demand – Energy shortages – electricity and peak power shortages

Extreme Natural events – floods,cyclones

Failures of energy infrastructure

Emissions and Sustainability Challenge

Affordability and Access

Load Shedding Seasons

Source: Wartsila, 2009

Load Shedding Estimates – Indian cities

Source: Wartsila, 2009

Mumbai Electricity Load Profiles

0

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1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

21-May-09

26-May-11

21-May-13

Electricity Supply -Indian Cities Average MW Peak MW Average/Peak Annual Growth rate

Lucknow 553 750 0.73 6.5

Kanpur 348 580 0.6 5.4

Jaipur 446 771 0.58 10.6

Ahmedabad 897 1320 0.68 7.4

Surat 917 1309 0.7 6.6

Nagpur 264 315 0.83 7.6

Indore 229 391 0.59 10.2

Pune 886 1173 0.76 10.5

Mumbai 2524 3605 0.7 6.9

Hyderabad 1544 2134 0.72 8.2

Chennai 1743 2291 0.76 5.6

Bengaluru 1404 2090 0.67 5.6

Kolkata 1773 2577 0.69 5.1

Source: CEA, 2013

Seasonal Variations - Delhi

Source: NRLDC 2006

Strategies for Cities

Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management

Enhanced Use of Renewables – Roof top Solar Photovoltaics, Solar Water Heaters

Waste to Energy

Zero Energy and Energy Plus Buildings

Electric Vehicles

Understanding Load and Supply Variability, Improved Forecasting, Demand Response and Storage

Benchmarking Energy and Emission performance of cities, localities

Schematic of renewable energy options for buildings

Wind Power systems

14

http://www.AurovilleWindSystems.com

2 kW peak rating, weight 120 kg

Cost of Electricity ($/MWh)

15

3 R

s./k

Wh

6 R

s./k

Wh

9 R

s./k

Wh

Bloomberg, 2014

Plan Layout

16

17

A portion of the ELU map of Ward A of MCGM

Corresponding Satellite Imagery for the area from Google Earth

Analyzed in QGIS 1.8.0 To determine -Building Footprint Ratios - Usable PV Areas For Sample Buildings

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MU

s

Jan, 2014 Typical Load Profile vs PV Generation

1-Axis

Tracking @

Highest eff.

1-Axix

Tracking @

Median eff.

19 deg. Fixed Tilt @ Highest

eff.

19 deg. Fixed

Tilt @ Median

eff.

0.115

0.125

0.135

0.145

0.155

0.165

0.175

0.185

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Capacity Factor for Mumbai

1-Axis Tracking

Fixed Tilt @ 19

deg.

Annual Average with 1-Axis

Tracking

Target area

Weather data, area details

Identification and Classification of different end uses by sector (i)

Residential (1) Hospital (2) Nursing

Homes (3) Hotels

(4) Others (5)

POTENTIAL OF SWHS IN TARGET AREA

Technical Potential (m2 of collector area) Economic

Potential (m2 of collector area) Market Potential (m2 of

collector area) Energy Savings Potential

(kWh/year) Load Shaving Potential (kWh/ hour for

a monthly average day)

* Factors affecting the adoption/sizing of solar water heating systems

Sub-class (i, j)

Classification based on factors* (j)

Single end use point

Potential

Base load for

heating

Electricity/ fuel savings

Economic

viability

Price of

electricity

Investment

for SWHS

Technical

Potential SWHS

capacity

Constraint: roof

area availability

Capacity of

SWHS (Collector

area)

Target

Auxiliary

heating

Single end use point

Micro simulation using

TRNSYS

Hot water

usage pattern

Weather

data

SIMULATION

Auxiliary heating requirement

No. of end

use points

Technical

Potential

Economic

Potential

Economic

Constraint

Market

Potential

Constraint: market

acceptance

Potential for end use sector (i = 1) Potential

for i = 2

Potential

for i = 3

Potential

for i = 4

Potential

for i = 5

Model for Potential Estimation of Target Area

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Load Curve Representing Energy Requirement for Water Heating

0

100

200

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600

700

800

900

1000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hour of day

En

erg

y C

on

sum

pti

on

(M

W)

Typical day of January

Typical day of May

Total Consumption =760 MWh/day

Total Consumption = 390 MWh/day

53%

Electricity Consumption for water heating of Pune

Total Consumption =14300 MWh/day

Total Consumption = 13900 MWh/day

Total Electricity Consumption of Pune

20

TEAM SHUNYA SOLAR DECATHLON EUROPE 2014

21 21

House in Versailles – 26th June, 2014

Team Shunya

70 students 13 disciplines 12 faculty 22

Building stock growth

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Residential demand scenarios by stock type

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7000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Lo

ad

in

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Hour of day

IITB total load (kW)

Load Profile – IIT Bombay

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Main Receiving Station of IITB

Salette Receiving Station SAKI

22kV/433V 1250kVA

22kV/433V 1250kVA

Solar PV System

Inverter

Academic Buildings

Hostel Buildings

Residential Buildings

Hostel 2

Hostel 3

Hostel 4

Hostel 5

Hostel 1

Hostel 6

Hostel 7

Hostel 9

Hostel 10

28kW

32kW

42kW

44kW

43kW

51kW

33kW

33kW

45kW

Chem Dept

Civil EED HSS IDC Library

MED Physics MET Dept CSE Dept Maths Dept

Aero

MB

200kW

87kW

168kW

99kW

94kW

132kW

93kW

71kW

157kW

98kW

88kW

85kW

182kW

Ananta B-22

White House

Type C- 22

39kW

16kW

40kW

1 MW

Distributed 1 MW Solar power plant@IIT Bombay

Urban Area – IIT Bombay

Example Urban Microgrid

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Load Profile of an office building

Source: Puradbhat and Banerjee (2014) 27

Energy Flow Diagram

PRIMARY ENERGY

ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY

SECONDARY ENERGY

TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM

FINAL ENERGY

ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS

USEFUL ENERGY

END USE ACTIVITIES

(ENERGY SERVICES)

COAL, OIL, SOLAR, GAS

POWER PLANT, REFINERIES

REFINED OIL, ELECTRICITY

RAILWAYS,TRUCKS, PIPELINES

WHAT CONSUMERS BUY DELIVERED ENERGY

AUTOMOBILE, LAMP, MOTOR,

STOVE

MOTIVE POWER RADIANT ENERGY

DISTANCE TRAVELLED, ILLUMINATION,COOKED FOOD etc..

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Mitigating Load Shedding: Pune example

CII with MSEDCL – estimated 90 MW load shedding Pune in 2006

Captive generators – Capacity of 100 MW

Special tariff by MERC for variable cost of generation from CPPs Rs 8.24 -11 / kWh

Distributed Generation based Distribution Franchisee (In Pune – Tata Power)

Local solutions possible –with industry help

29

Storage Options

UK & India Partnership in Smart Energy Grids and Energy Storage Technologies: IMASE- IITB – Univ Nottingham 30

Summary

New Buildings stock – green, passive, net zero buildings – potential to transform cities

Increased Renewable share

Level playing field for Efficiency and DSM, Demand response

Intelligence – forecasting supply and demand variability – scheduling, deferring loads, bringing storage on line

Hybridisation, Resilience and Flexibility of Grid

Innovative systems and Solutions – Transport, water

Affordable Electricity

31

End-Note

http://www.ubmfuturecities.com/document.asp?doc_id=523792

References

Pillai and Banerjee, Methodology for estimation of potential for solar water heating in a target area, Solar

Energy, 81, pp. 162-172, 2006.

UNEP,2011: Cities Investing in energy and resource efficiency, Towards a Green Economy, United Nations

Environment Programme, 2011.

UN Habitat 2013: State of World’s Cities 2012-13 Prosperity of cities, United Nations Human Settlements

Programme (UN-Habitat), Kenya, 2013. < www.unhabitat.org> last accessed October 28, 2013.

Wartsila, 2009: The Real Cost of power, Rakesh Sarin, Managing Director, Wartsila India Limited.

ICLEI, Agra Solar City Master Plan, 2011: Development of Agra Solar City, Final Master Plan, supported

by MNRE, New Delhi, ICLEI, South Asia.

Reddy and Balachandra, IGIDR, WP-2010-023, Working Paper,2010.

Reddy, IGIDR, WP-2013-02, Working Paper,2013.

Singh, R., and Banerjee, R., Estimation of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential of a city, Solar Energy, Vol.

115, 589-602, May 2015.

Acknowledgement: Balkrishna Surve, Rhythm Singh, Jay Dhariwal

Thank you rangan.banerjee@gmail.com