Surface Skin/Air Temperature and LW Flux Calculation

Surface Skin/Air Surface Skin/Air Temperature and Temperature and

LW Flux CalculationLW Flux Calculation Y-C. Zhang and W.B. RossowY-C. Zhang and W.B. Rossow

LandFlux ConferenceLandFlux Conference

CNES/CESBIO, Toulouse, FranceCNES/CESBIO, Toulouse, France

May 28 – 31, 2007May 28 – 31, 2007

2

OUTLINE I. Datasets Used

II. SRF Skin Temperature (Ts) Comparison:

FD vs ERA15, GEOS-1, NCEP and 3I

III. SRF Air Temperature (Ta) Comparison:

FD vs ERA15, GEOS-1, NCEP and 3I, and SOBS

IV. (Ts –Ta) Comparison: FD vs ERA15,GEOS-1, NCEP and 3I

V. SRF LW Comparison: FD vs CERES

VI. SRF LW and Ta Comparison: FD vs SOB

VII. SRF LW Comparison: FD vs SRB

VIII. Uncertainties of Ts, Ta and Others and

their Caused Global, Daily-Mean LW Uncertainties

3

I. Datasets Used1. FDTV (TV) = ISCCP D1 W/ TOVS and FD Flux Product

► Original Temperature and Humidity Profile From TOVS Ts = Skin Temperature is retrieved from ISCCP production Ta = SRF air temperature is interpolated from TOVS profile• Both land Ta and Ts are diurnal-adjusted using SOBS/NCEP Climatology ► Features:• Spatial Resolution: Horizontal: 280 km equal area Vertical: up to 9 layers from SRF 10 hPa• Temporal resolution: 3-hourly and its monthly hourly/monthly mean • Spatial coverage: global• Temporal Coverage: 1983 – 2004 ( 2006 SOON)

► ISCCP-FD is a self-consistent and physically-integrated, SRF-to-TOA profile flux product, including all up & down, SW (diffuse/direct and VIS/NIR) and LW for full, clear and overcast sky, calculated using the NASA GISS radiative model with input datasets mainly from ISCCP-D1

4

... I. Datasets Used

2. ER = ERA-15 Reanalysis Product from ECMWF

► Temperature and Humidity Profile and Ts/Ta

Used Ta is interpolated from profile

► Features:

• Spatial resolution:

Horizontal: 2.5 ° X 2.5° (Averaged to 280 km equal area)

Vertical: 17 Levels from 1000 10 hPa

• Temporal resolution: 6-hour monthly hourly, daily & monthly mean

• Spatial coverage: global

• Temporal Coverage: 1979 – 1993

5


3. GE = GEOS-1 Reanalysis Product from NASA

► Temperature and Humidity Profile and Ts


► Features:

• Spatial Resolution:


Vertical: 18 levels from 1000 20 hPa

• Temporal resolution: 6-hour monthly hourly, daily & monthly mean



6


4. NC = NCEP Reanalysis Product (version 1)

► Temperature and Humidity Profile and Ts/Ta


► Features:



Vertical: 8 levels from 925 100 hPa

• Temporal resolution: daily & monthly mean



7


5. 3I = Product based on Improved Initialization Inversion

from LMD► Temperature and Humidity Profile and Ts

Ta is interpolated from profile

► Features:


Horizontal: 1 ° X 1° (Averaged to 280 km equal area)

Vertical: 9 layers from SRF 15 hPa

• Temporal resolution: Am & PM daily, 5-day & monthly mean



8


6. SOBS = Extended Editorial Synoptic Cloud Reports

Archive

► Station-based Surface Air Temperature and Humidity, and clouds, etc.

► Features:

• Temporal resolution: 3-hourly & monthly mean

• Spatial coverage: about 6400 stations over globe

• Temporal Coverage: 1971 – 1996 for Land

9


7. CERES Flux Product

► Version: SRBAVG Ed. 2 Rv. 1 from GEWEX-RFA website

► Satellite: TERRA FM1 or FM2, XTRK and GEO-interpolated

► SRF (and TOA) up & down, SW and LW for all and clear sky

• Spatial resolution: horizontal: 2.5° X 2.5°

• Temporal resolution: monthly mean (based on original 3-hourly CERES)


• Temporal coverage: March 2000 →

► Radiative Model for SRF fluxes:

Model B: LPSA/LPLA (Langley Parameterized SW/LW Algorithm) based on the relationships with TOA fluxes and atmospheric data

10


8. GEWEX-SRB Flux Product

► Version: SW Rel 2.5 and LW Rel 2.6 (from Paul Stackhouse)

► SRF (and TOA) up & down, SW and LW for all- and clear sky

• Spatial resolution: 1° X 1° (Averaged to 280 km equal area)

• Temporal resolution: 3-houly (UTC = 0, 3, … 21)


• Temporal coverage: July 1983 → Dec. 2004

► Radiative Model:

SW (0.2 – 4.0 μm) from Pinker/Laszlo (quality check by Staylor Model)

LW (4.5 – ∞ μm) from Fu/Liou, (quality check by Gupta Model)

11


9. SOB = Surface Station Observed Flux Product containing

some meteorological parameters

► Based on 15 selected stations of BSRN, ARM and SURFRAD networks obtained from GEWEX-RFA (Processed by Chuck Long)

► Ta is supplied (but not Ts)

► SRF down and up, SW (diffuse and direct) and LW and their inferred clear-sky fluxes, etc.

• Temporal resolution: 15-minute (averaged from original 1-3 min)

(Averaged to 8 Local Solar time or daily/monthly mean)

• Temporal coverage: 2004 for 15-min daily

1992-2004 for monthly-mean 15-min

► Processing method: “Next Generation Flux Analysis” (NGFA) method

12

II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3IGlobal mean difference (STDV); ABS Mean is from column modulus mean

X/Y Jan. 1992 April 1992 July 1992 Oct. 1992

Ocean Land Ocean Land Ocean Land Ocean Land

ER/GE 0.57 (2.8) 1.21 (4.9) 0.33 (2.1) -0.23 (3.8) 0.67 (3.4) -0.27 (3.3) 0.70 (3.0) 0.94 ( 4.2)ER/NC -0.02 (0.9) -2.72 (4.0) 0.12 (1.2) -1.48 (4.0) 0.24 (1.7) -0.27 (3.5) 0.33 (1.5) -0.66 ( 3.6)

ER/TV 1.22 (2.7) -3.52 (6.8) 1.68 (2.3) -3.25 (5.3) 2.05 (2.1) 0.23 (5.4) 1.12 (2.7) -2.89 ( 4.7)

ER/3I -0.11 (1.8) -1.46 (4.5) 0.27 (1.2) -1.31 (4.8) 0.67 (2.2) -0.79 (4.6) 0.37 (2.3) -1.06 ( 4.0)

GE/NC -0.60 (2.6) -3.93 (5.9) -0.21 (1.6) -1.25 (2.8) -0.43 (2.3) 0.00 (3.0) -0.37 (2.1) -1.61 ( 3.9)GE/TV 0.64 (4.6) -4.74 (8.6) 1.36 (3.1) -3.02 (4.9) 1.38 (4.0) 0.50 (5.2) 0.43 (3.7) -3.83 ( 5.0)

GE/3I -0.68 (3.3) -2.98 (6.4) -0.06 (2.0) -1.21 (4.8) 0.00 (2.3) -0.84 (4.5) -0.33 (2.7) -2.33 ( 4.7)

NC/TV 1.24 (2.6) -0.81 (5.4) 1.56 (2.4) -1.77 (4.2) 1.81 (2.6) 0.49 (4.3) 0.80 (2.5) -2.22 ( 4.6)

NC/3I -0.08 (1.8) 0.85 (3.6) 0.15 (1.3) -0.09 (3.9) 0.43 (1.6) -0.95 (4.0) 0.04 (1.5) -0.87 ( 3.3)TV/3I -1.32 (2.5) 1.95 (5.5) -1.42 (2.2) 1.35 (4.8) -1.38 (2.5) -1.58 (5.8) -0.75 (2.5) 1.48 ( 4.8)

ABS Mean 0.65 (2.6) 2.42 (5.6) 0.72 (1.9) 1.50 (4.3) 0.91 (2.5) 0.59 (4.4) 0.52 (2.5) 1.79 ( 4.3)

13

…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Zonal-mean difference of monthly means with TV for Land and July

-90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90Latitude (degree)

-28

-24

-20

-16

-12

-8

-4

0

4

8

12

16

20

Diffe

ren

ce

of S

urf

ace S

kin

Tem

pera

ture

(K

)

TS07ertvTS07getvTS07nctvTS073itv

LAND

14

…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Zonal-mean difference of monthly means with TV for Land and January

-90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90Latitude (degree)

-28

-24

-20

-16

-12

-8

-4

0

4

8

12

16

20

Diffe

ren

ce

of S

urf

ace

Skin

Te

mp

era

ture

(K

)

TS01ertvTS01getvTS01nctvTS013itv

LAND

15

…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Seasonal Cycle of monthly means: N. Hemispheric Land

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month of 1992

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Sea

so

na

l cycle

of

surf

ace

skin

te

mp

era

ture

(k)

TSxxxxerTSxxxxgeTSxxxxncTSxxxxtvTSxxxx3i

Land: Northern Hemisphere

16

…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Seasonal Cycle of monthly means: S. Hemispheric Land

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month of 1992

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Sea

so

na

l cycle

of

surf

ace

skin

te

mp

era

ture

(k)

TSxxxxerTSxxxxgeTSxxxxncTSxxxxtvTSxxxx3i

Land: Southern Hemisphere

17

…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: N. Hemisphere for Land and July

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Local Hour (for monthly-hourly)

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Diu

rnal cycle

for

surf

ace

skin

te

mpera

ture

(K

)

Land: N. Hemisphere

TS9207erTS9207geTS9207tv

18

…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: N. Hemisphere for Land and January

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Diu

rna

l cycle

for

surf

ace

skin

te

mpera

ture

(K

)

Land: N. Hemisphere


19

…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: 25° N – 65° N mean for Land and July

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Diu

rnal cycle

for

surf

ace

skin

te

mpera

ture

(K

)

Land: 25N - 65N


20

…II. SRF Ts Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: 25° N – 65° N mean for Land/January

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Diu

rna

l cycle

fo

r su

rfa

ce

skin

te

mp

era

ture

(K

)

Land: 25N - 65N


21

III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3IGlobal mean difference and its STDV; ABS Mean is from column modulus mean

X/Y Jan. 1992 April 1992 July 1992 Oct. 1992

Ocean Land Ocean Land Ocean Land Ocean Land

ER/GE -0.31 (1.5) 0.73 (2.6) -0.01 (1.6) 1.21 (2.8) -0.09 (1.9) 0.69 (2.9) -0.71 (1.8) 0.96 (2.7)

ER/NC -0.18 (1.1) 0.45 (1.8) 0.03 (1.2) 1.69 (3.3) -0.13 (1.4) 1.51 (3.7) -0.27 (1.1) 1.02 (2.4)

ER/TV -1.52 (1.9) 0.33 (3.6) -1.03 (1.9) 1.32 (4.3) -1.09 (2.1) 2.45 (3.7) -1.56 (2.0) 1.29 (3.1)

ER/3I -1.26 (2.3) 0.89 (4.0) -0.90 (2.0) 1.50 (3.5) -1.42 (2.8) 0.68 (3.5) -1.53 (2.6) 0.49 (3.2)

GE/NC 0.13 (1.4) -0.28 (2.0) 0.05 (1.1) 0.48 (2.5) -0.04 (1.4) 0.82 (3.0) 0.43 (1.6) 0.07 (2.3)

GE/TV -1.21 (1.8) -0.39 (4.0) -1.02 (2.0) 0.10 (5.4) -1.00 (2.0) 1.76 (4.0) -0.86 (1.8) 0.33 (3.4)

GE/3I -0.95 (1.8) 0.16 (4.5) -0.89 (1.8) 0.29 (4.5) -1.33 (2.4) -0.01 (4.7) -0.82 (2.2) -0.47 (4.3)

NC/TV -1.34 (2.0) -0.11 (3.7) -1.07 (2.1) -0.37 (6.1) -0.97 (2.0) 0.94 (4.0) -1.29 (2.0) 0.27 (2.7)

NC/3I -1.08 (2.2) 0.44 (4.1) -0.94 (1.9) -0.19 (5.2) -1.29 (2.5) -0.83 (6.0) -1.26 (2.5) -0.53 (4.0)

TV/3I 0.26 (1.5) 0.56 (3.6) 0.13 (1.8) 0.19 (4.3) -0.33 (1.8) -1.77 (4.9) 0.03 (1.6) -0.80 (3.5)

ABS mean 0.82 (1.8) 0.43 (3.4) 0.61 (1.7) 0.74 (4.2) 0.77 (2.0) 1.15 (4.0) 0.88 (1.9) 0.62 (3.2)

22

…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Zonal-mean difference of monthly means with TV for Land and July

-90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90

Latitude (degree)

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Diffe

ren

ce o

f S

urf

ace A

ir T

em

pera

ture

(K

)

TA07ertvTA07getvTA07nctvTA073itvTA07tval

LAND

23

…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Zonal-mean difference of monthly means with TV for Land and January

-90 -70 -50 -30 -10 10 30 50 70 90

Latitude (degree)

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Diffe

ren

ce

of

Su

rfa

ce

Air T

em

pe

ratu

re (

K)

TA01ertvTA01getvTA01nctvTA013itvTA01tval

LAND

24

…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Seasonal Cycle of monthly means: N. Hemispheric Land

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month of 1992

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Seasonal cycle

of

surf

ace a

ir tem

pera

ture

(k)

TAxxxxerTAxxxxgeTAxxxxncTAxxxxtvTAxxxx3i

Land: Northern Hemisphere

25

…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I Seasonal Cycle of monthly means: S. Hemispheric Land

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Month of 1992

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Se

aso

na

l cycle

of

su

rfa

ce

air

te

mp

era

ture

(k)

TAxxxxerTAxxxxgeTAxxxxncTAxxxxtvTAxxxx3i

Land: Southern Hemisphere

26

…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: N. Hemisphere for Land and July

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

Diu

rnal cycle

for

surf

ace

air tem

pera

ture

(K

)

Land: N. Hemisphere

TA9207erTA9207geTA9207tv

27

…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: N. Hemisphere for Land and January

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

Diu

rna

l cycle

for

su

rface

tem

pe

ratu

re (

K)

Land: N. Hemisphere


28

…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: 25° N – 65° mean for Land and July

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

Diu

rna

l cycle

for

su

rface

air

te

mp

era

ture

(K

)

Land: 25N - 65N


29

…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD, ER and GE Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: 25° N – 65°mean for Land/January

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-2.5

-1.5

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

Diu

rna

l cycle

for

surf

ace

tem

pe

ratu

re (

K)

Land: 25N - 65N


30

…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs SOBS Diurnal Cycle of monthly-hourly means: 25 N – 65 N mean for Land and January

230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320

FD-TOVS Surface Air Temperature (K)

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

SO

BS

Surf

ace

Air

Tem

pe

ratu

re (

K)

(monthly-mean based matched) Monthly mean from 9201, 04, 07 & 10

88º – 54º S

FDTV underestimate inversion strength in Winter

31

…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs SOBS Central USA Diurnal Cycle for July 1992

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Local Hour

283

285

287

289

291

293

295

297

299

301

303

Su

rfa

ce

Air

Te

mp

era

ture

(K

)

Diurnal Cycle of July 1992: Central USA

ISCCP-FDSOBS

32

…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs SOBS Central Asia Diurnal Cycle for July 1992

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Local Hour

283

285

287

289

291

293

295

297

299

301

303

Surf

ace

Air T

em

pe

ratu

re (

K)

Diurnal Cycle of July 1992: Central Asia

ISCCP-FDSOBS

33

…III. SRF Ta Comparison: FD vs SOBS Brazil Diurnal Cycle for July 1992

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Local Hour

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

Surf

ace

Air T

em

pe

ratu

re (

K)

Diurnal Cycle of July 1992: Brazil

ISCCP-FDSOBS

34

IV. SRF (Ts – Ta) Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I

Zonal-mean difference of monthly means with TV for Land and July

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

-30

-28-26

-24

-22-20

-18

-16-14

-12-10

-8

-6-4

-2

02

4

68

10

Te

mpe

ratu

re d

iffe

ren

ce

(T

S -

Ta,

K)

SA9207erSA9207geSA9207ncSA9207tvSA92073i

LAND

35

…IV. SRF (Ts – Ta) Comparison: FD vs ER, GE, NC and 3I

Zonal-mean difference of monthly means with TV for Land and January

-90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

-30

-28-26

-24

-22-20

-18

-16-14

-12-10

-8

-6-4

-2

02

4

68

10

Te

mpe

ratu

re d

iffe

ren

ce

(T

S -

Ta,

K)

SA9201erSA9201geSA9201ncSA9201tvSA92013i

LAND

36

…IV. SRF (Ts – Ta) Comparison: FD vs ER, GEDiurnal Cycle for Global Land for July 1992

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Diu

rna

l cycle

fo

r diffe

ren

ce o

f S

RF

skin

an

d a

ir T

em

pe

ratu

re (

K)

Land: Global

DF9207erDF9207geDF9207tv

37

…IV. SRF (Ts – Ta) Comparison: FD vs ER, GEDiurnal Cycle for 25º N – 65º N Land for July 1992

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Diu

rna

l cycle

fo

r diffe

ren

ce o

f S

RF

skin

an

d a

ir T

em

pe

ratu

re (

K)

Land: 25N - 65N

DF9207erDF9207geDF9207tv

38

V. SRF LW Comparison: FD vs. CERES Averaged from 36-month (0003 to 0302) Global, monthly-mean statistics;

LW in W/m2; Cor… are without unit

Var Name FD(X)

mean

CERES(Y)

mean

X-Ymean

Stdv of(X-Y)

Regression grid boxnumber

Corr. slope intercept Nm Dev

Clr-LW-DW_srf 313.99 313.48 0.511 16.211 .9797 1.03 -3.17 11.08 6596

Clr-LW-UP_srf 390.48 391.46 -0.982 15.498 .9803 0.93 28.00 10.40 6596

Clr-LW-NET_srf -9.00 -9.00 1.493 16.051 .6826 0.59 -9.00 11.55 6596

LW-DW_srf 345.33 344.09 1.243 15.767 .9746 1.03 0.96 10.77 6596

LW-UP_srf 392.01 391.99 0.011 15.269 .9805 0.94 25.35 10.29 6596

LW-NET_srf -9.00 -9.00 1.233 15.153 .7987 0.57 -9.00 9.14 6596

CRE-LW_srf 29.80 30.06 -0.260 7.306 .9007 1.00 0.41 5.14 6596

39

… V. SRF LW Comparison: FD vs. CERES Averaged from 36-month (0003 to 0302) Land, monthly-mean statistics;

LW in W/m2; Cor… are without unit

Var Name FD(X) mean

CERES(Y) mean

X-Ymean

Stdv of(X-Y)

Regression grid boxnumberCorr. slope intercept Nm Dev

Clr-LW-DW_srf 298.48 283.85 14.629 19.491 .9767 1.00 -4.04 13.53 1781

Clr-LW-UP_srf 373.43 366.48 6.950 20.556 .9773 0.93 20.07 13.94 1781

Clr-LW-NET_srf -9.00 -9.00 7.679 19.200 .7941 0.52 -9.00 10.67 1781

LW-DW_srf 322.91 310.15 1.757 19.946 .9711 1.00 -2.44 13.90 1781

LW-UP_srf 374.45 366.90 7.548 20.585 .9770 0.93 18.30 14.01 1781

LW-NET_srf -9.00 -9.00 5.209 19.946 .8310 0.57 -9.00 11.30 1781

CRE-LW_srf 23.42 25.89 -2.470 8.465 .7631 0.84 6.39 6.24 1781

40

Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESClear-sky SRF LW-dw (W/m2) for Land

41

Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESClear-sky SRF LW-up (W/m2) for Land

42

Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESClear-sky SRF LW-Net (W/m2) for Land

43

Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESFull-sky SRF LW-dw (W/m2) for Land

44

Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESFull-sky SRF LW-up (W/m2) for Land

45

Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESFull-sky SRF LW-Net (W/m2) for Land

46

Annual-mean Difference between FD and CERESCloud Effects of SRF LW (net) (W/m2) for Land

47

VI. SRF LW and Ta Comparison: FD vs SOB 15 BEST Stations Selected from BSRN, ARM and SURFRAD networks

Station Station Name [Owner] Network Stat’n Lat/Lon FD cell lat/lon AOD

NYA Ny Alesund, Spitsbergen [GM/NY] BSRN 78.9N/ 11.9E 78.8N/ 6.4E YPSU Rock Springs [USA] SURFRAD 40.7N/282.1E 41.2N/281.7E YFPE Fort Peck, CO Montana [USA] SURFRAD 48.5N/254.8E 48.8N/255.8E TBDPAY Paverne, [Swittzerland] BSRN 46.8N/ 6.9E 46.2N/ 5.4E NBOS Boulder, CO [USA] SURFRAD 40.2N/254.6E 41.2N/255.0E YBON Bondville, Illinois [USA] SURFRAD 40.1N/271.4E 41.2N/271.7E TBDDRA Desert Rock, PA [USA] SURFRAD 36.6N/243.9E 36.2N/243.6E YBIL Billings, OK [USA] ARM 36.6N/262.5E 36.2N/262.2E NTAT Tateno [Japan] BSRN 36.0N/140.1E 36.2N/141.2E NGCR Goodwin Creek, Mississippi [USA] SURFRAD 34.2N/270.1E 33.8N/271.5E YNAU Nauru Island [USA] ARM 0.5S/166.9E 1.2S/166.2E YMAN Momote, Manus Is., Papua New

Guinea [USA]ARM 2.1S/147.7E 1.2S/148.8E Y

DAR Darwin [Australia] ARM 12.5S/130.9E 13.8S/129.9E YGVN George von Neumaver, Ant. [GM] BSRN 70.7S/351.8E 71.2S/348.3E YSPO77 South Pole, Antarctica [USA] BSRN 89.8S/258.0E 88.8S/300.0E Y

FD cell lat/lon

NYA 78.9N/ 11.9E 78.8N/ 6.4E

PSU 40.7N/282.1E 41.2N/281.7E

FPE 48.5N/254.8E 48.8N/255.8E

PAY 46.8N/ 6.9E 46.2N/ 5.4E

BOS 40.2N/254.6E 41.2N/255.0E

BON 40.1N/271.4E 41.2N/271.7E

DRA 36.6N/243.9E 36.2N/243.6E

BIL 36.6N/262.5E 36.2N/262.2E

TAT 36.0N/140.1E 36.2N/141.2E

GCR 34.2N/270.1E 33.8N/271.5E

NAU 0.5S/166.9E 1.2S/166.2E

MAN 2.1S/147.7E 1.2S/148.8E

DAR 12.5S/130.9E 13.8S/129.9E

GVN 70.7S/351.8E 71.2S/348.3E

SPO77 89.8S/258.0E 88.8S/300.0E

48

…VI. SRF LW and Ta Comparison: FD vs SOBStatistics for all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations

Flux in W/m2 and Temperature in K

Var Name FD SOB meandif

Stdv corcoef

Slop

intercept

Normdev

Point#

Clr-LW-DW_srf 7.31 6.87 0.440 11.823 .2430 0.25 5.05 9.15 5057

Clr-LW-UP_srf 31.52 46.74 -15.216 37.104 .4972 0.47 31.88 28.23 5021

Clr-LW-NET_srf -24.16 -39.82 15.660 35.209 .4468 0.42 -29.64 26.76 5021

LW-DW_srf 12.37 6.65 5.718 19.796 .2244 0.22 3.99 14.82 5096

LW-UP_srf 32.31 37.52 -5.210 30.111 .6343 0.51 21.13 21.00 4971

LW-NET_srf -19.57 -30.73 11.160 32.367 .5189 0.46 -21.72 23.95 4960

Ta 286.99 283.96 3.029 8.435 .9521 1.30 -89.99 4.17 5086

Cld Amnt 0.69 0.45 0.239 0.350 .4857 0.57 0.06 0.28 5052

Var Name FD SOB meandif

Stdv corcoef

Slop

intercept

Normdev

Point#

Note: For all the available monthly means from all the stations, FD and BSRN have about 2 w/m2 bias (high) with STDV < 20 w/m2.

49

Clear-sky SRF LW-dw (W/m2) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations

50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350 370 390 410 430 450

Clear-sky SRF LW-dw from FD (W/m^2)

507090

110130150170190210230250270290310330350370390410430450

Cle

ar-

sky S

RF

LW

-dw

fro

m S

OB

(W

/m^2)

50

Clear-sky SRF LW-up (W/m2) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Clear-sky SRF LW-up from FD (W/m^2)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

Cle

ar-

sky S

RF

LW

-up

fro

m S

OB

(W

/m^2

)

51

Clear-sky SRF LW-NET-LOSS (W/m2) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360

Clear-sky SRF LW-Net-Loss from FD (W/m^2)

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

320

360

Cle

ar-

sky S

RF

LW

-Ne

t-L

oss L

W-u

p fro

m S

OB

(W

/m^2

)

52

Full-sky SRF LW-dw (W/m2) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500

Full-sky SRF LW-dw from FD (W/m^2)

100120

140

160180

200220

240

260280

300

320340

360

380400

420440

460

480500

Fu

ll-sky S

RF

LW

-dw

fro

m S

OB

(W

/m^2

)

53

Full-sky SRF LW-up (W/m2) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Full-sky SRF LW-up from FD (W/m^2)

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

Full-

sky S

RF

LW

-up fro

m S

OB

(W

/m^2)

54

Full-sky SRF LW-NET-LOSS (W/m2) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations

-60 -20 20 60 100 140 180 220 260 300

Full-sky SRF LW-Net-Loss from FD (W/m^2)

-60

-20

20

60

100

140

180

220

260

300

Full-

sky S

RF

LW

-Net-

Loss L

W-u

p fro

m S

OB

(W

/m^2)

55

SRF Air Temperature (K) Comparison: FD vs. SOBfor all 2004 Local solar Noon of 3-hr mean from 15 Best Stations

200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320

SRF Air Temperature (K) from FD

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

SR

F A

ir T

em

pera

ture

(K

) fr

om

SO

B

56

Clear-sky LW-dw (W/m2) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Local Solar Time (hr)

-18

-14

-10

-6

-2

2

6

10

14

18

Cle

ar-

sky S

RF

LW

-dw

(W

/m2)

W/ d

aily

mea

n r

em

ove

d

FDSOB

Diurnal Cycle from Monthly-hourly Mean: July, Averaged from 15 stations

57

Clear-sky LW-up (W/m2) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Cle

ar-

sky S

RF

LW

-up

(W

/m2)

W/ d

aily

mea

n r

em

ove

d

FDSOB


58

Clear-sky LW-NET-LOSS (W/m2) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Cle

ar-

sky S

RF

LW

-NE

T-L

OS

S (

W/m

2)W

/ d

aily

me

an

re

move

d

FDSOB


59

Full-sky LW-dw (W/m2) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-18

-14

-10

-6

-2

2

6

10

14

18

Fu

ll-sky S

RF

LW

-dw

(W

/m2

) W

/ da

ily m

ea

n r

em

oved

FDSOB


60

Full-sky LW-up (W/m2) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Cle

ar-

sky S

RF

LW

-up

(W

/m2

) W

/ d

aily

me

an

re

mo

ve

d

FDSOB


61

Full-sky LW-NET-LOSS (W/m2) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Fu

ll-sky S

RF

LW

-NE

T-L

OS

S (

W/m

2)W

/ d

aily

me

an r

em

ove

d

FDSOB


62

Ta (K) Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

SR

F A

ir T

em

pe

ratu

re(K

) W

/O d

aily

me

an

re

mo

ve

d

FDSOB


63

Cloud Fraction Diurnal Cycle Comparison: FD vs. SOB3-hr mean averaged from all 15 Best Stations

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

SR

F C

lou

d F

ractio

n W

/O d

aily

me

an

re

mo

ve

d

FDSOB


64

VII. SRF LW Comparison: FD vs SRBStatistics for 85-89 Annual-mean Comparison

quantit

y FD SRB M.

Diff. STDV. Cor.Coef

. SLOPE Intercept NM

Dev Cell #

L↓ s 344.7 343.2 1.49 10.16 0.9894 1.035 -13.69 6.88 6596 L↑ s 395.6 393.7 1.90 11.15 0.9889 0.980 6.19 7.89 6596

CLR-L↓ s 313.6 306.2 7.43 11.30 0.9888 1.002 -8.16 7.98 6596 CLR-L↑ s 394.1 393.2 0.96 11.26 0.9888 0.973 9.81 7.94 6596

NLs -50.9 -50.5 -0.40 13.04 0.7878 0.733 -13.17 9.53 6596 CLR-NLs -80.5 -87.0 6.48 13.38 0.7230 0.823 -20.73 10.08 6596 CFC-NLs 29.6 36.5 -6.88 3.95 0.9515 0.929 8.98 2.82 6596

65

85-89 Annual-mean LW↓: FD - SRB (W/m2)

66

85-89 Annual-mean Clear-sky LW↓: FD - SRB (W/m2)

67

85-89 Annual-mean LW↑: FD - SRB (W/m2)

68

85-89 Annual-mean LW-net: FD - SRB (W/m2)

69

85-89 Annual-mean LW-Net Cloud Effects/Forcing: FD - SRB (W/m2)

70

VIII. Uncertainties of Ts, Ta and Others andtheir Caused Global, Daily-mean LW Uncertainties

Estimated Uncertainty ΔL t ΔLs ΔLs DV

1 surface skin T ± 2 K 2.1 (1.3) 20.8 (3.1) 0.0 (0.0) 4 2 surface air T ± 2 K 0.8 (0.5) 1.0 (0.5) 13.7 (3.1) 4 3 first near-srf layer T ± 2 K 1.5 (0.9) 1.6 (0.8) 21.4 (6.1) 4 4 T-profile ± 2 K 8.4 (2.1) 1.2 (0.5) 17.2 (3.1) 4 5 column PW ± 25% -6.0 (3.5) 0.8 (0.5) 14.9 (8.1) 50 6 first near-srf layer PW ± 25% -0.7 (1.0) 0.6 (0.4) 11.7(6.7) 50 7 400-100 mb T ± 3 K 5.4 (2.4) 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.4) 6 8 400-100 mb PW ± 50% -4.6 (1.9) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.1) 100 9 broadband EMI ± 2% 0.7 (0.6) 2.1 (1.3) 0.0 (0.0) 410 window EMI ± 5% 0.3 (0.2) 0.6 (0.3) 0.0 (0.0) 10

Documents

Surface Skin/Air Temperature and LW Flux Calculation