Summary of Behavioral Medicine for Exam

8/16/2019 Summary of Behavioral Medicine for Exam

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Childhood disorders

I. Down syndrome

II. Mental retardation:

- Its sub-average level of general intellectual functions + limitation of adaptivefunctions, start before ! yrs of old.

- Mild "#$-## %$&, moderate "'#-($ #$-##&, severe ")$-)# '#-($&,profound "* )$-)#&.

- Causes: genetic syndromes "e, downs syndrome, fragile syndrome&,maternal infections, trauma, malnutrition, ioniing radiation.

III. /utism:- symptoms: dont show need of contact0a1ection, 2at a1ect, self-stimulation,

limited or absence of speech, impaired intellectual 3 cognitive functions"moderate mental retardation&.

- Causes: MM4, infections "56&, obstetric complications, toins, C78 involvement.- 4ole of MD: detect protodeclarative pointing, gae monitoring, pretend play, In

well-baby chec9 ups, school screening programs, vaccination appointments.

- /utistic child should be place in specialied program, integrated in society andrise awareness and education about autism.


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Coping strategies for families withdisabled children

5he CHALLENGE is that ;amilies became ehausted by the relentless performance of challenging behavior of theirdisabled child

- BLAMING THE VICTIM to assume we are di1erent from those who are ill and to believe in a predictable world.

- INTERNAL CONFLICTS /pproach-/pproach ") desirable choices&, /voidance-/voidance ") undesirable choices&,/pproach-/voidance " desirable and the other isnt&.

- SOLVING THE PROBLEM

a.


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;amily ealth

• Def. of family: the basic unit of society, two members or more than live together anddepend on each other socially, physically and economically.

• Def. of family health: promotion and maintenance of physical, spiritual, social and mentalhealth of the family as a unit and each family member.

• 5ypes of families:-

7uclear "father + mother + children&.-


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;amily stress and crisis• Def. of stress: a state of tension produced by stressor or actual0 perceived demands that arent managed yet.

•

Def. of stressor: any factor that cause stress or alter body eAuilibrium.

• Fam!" stressors:

- Interpersonal "e divorce&

-


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5elling the family of a disability

• International classi?cation of impairment, disability and handicap:

Pat&o!o'" "disturbance J cellular level& Dsa(!t" "disturbance J organ0system level, e limb paralysis& m$arme%t " disturbance J personal functional performance& &a%#)a$ " at social 3 environmental level,e having less wor9 opportunities due to paralysis&.

•


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=atient safety

• Def. of $t* sa+et": actions ta9en individuals or organiations to protect health care recipient from beingharmed by the health care services. E avoidance, prevention and amelioration of adverse outcomesor inGures from processes of health care.

• Def. of Near mss: /n event that almost or did happen but no one 9now about it.

• 5raditional methods of pt. safety:

- ell structured systems

-


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v ence ase e c neciently.

elp to face misguided eperts or drug company hype.

- =atients : better info. Ef prognosis 3 only proven medicine is applied on them, can ma9e di>cultdecisions.

- Institutions: reduced cost, improved resource utiliation and e>cient care.

•


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Cont. of


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Medical Con?dentiality

• Def.: the foundation of trust in doctor-patient relationship to 9eep patients information as a secret.

• Con?dentiality of child Q elderly Q mental retarded Q dead people.

• 6ene?ts:- 4espect patients privacy, dignity, autonomy and individuality.

- ;ear of social embarrassment, disapproval, discrimination, or stigmatiation.

- /void information misused against patient.

- Epen communication and free echange of critical information.

- Demonstrate doctors ?delity to patient

-


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Eccupational ealth

• Def. of occupational ealth: 5he promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental, social well-being

of wor9ers in all occupations-total health for all wor9ers by studying the adverse environmental factors and stressesarising at the wor9 place and their e1ects on the health of wor9ers.

• Eccupational medicine: It is the branch of medicine dealing with the study, prevention, and treatment of wor9placeinGuries and occupational diseases and with promotion of optimal health and safety in the wor9place.

• Eccupational health team "multidisciplinary&:occupational health physician:

- /dministrative role.

- preventive role:

U pre-employment medical eamination to choose suitable employee and eclude those with incompatible

health statuswith the Gob, record those with need of regular chec9 ups and for medico legal issues and compensation to

those get

occupational diseases.

U periodic medical eamination for early detection of occupational and non-occupation disease, assess e>cacyof

environmental control measures. 5he freAuency and type of tests depend on type of eposure "e every )yrs dusts,

yrchemicals, Ymonthslead fumes, after each eposure of atomic reaction.

U special medical eamination chronic disease e 50DM, after sic9 leave, pregnant women, wor9 promotion.

U health education

U prevention of non-occupational diseases,

- curative rule:occupational hygienist to detect and evaluate environmental haards at wor9 which is needed ( environmentalcontrol measures, and to preparation and maintenance of personal protective eAuipments. Ethers occupational health nurse, psychologist, physiotherapist, ergnomist, epidemiologist, sageryl engineer,toicologist, microbiologist, chemist, wor9 organiation specialist, health promotion specialist.

• aards: is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health e1ects on something or someone under certain

conditions at wor9.


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Cont. Eccupational ealth


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Medical


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5ypes of 4esearch 6ias• Se!e)to% Bas5 8election bias occurs when individuals or groups being compared are di1erent. 5wo main

factors that can contribute to selection bias are self selection, when the sample selects itself, and

convenience sampling, when individuals are selected because they are easy to obtain. 5o help insureeternal validity, subGects in the study should be very similar to the population in which study results willbe applied.

• Dete)to% Bas is a form of selection 6ias, refers to systematic inconsistency in outcome assessment.

• Measreme%t Bas5 5he research design should accurately and truthfully measure the research Auestion.Measurement bias occurs when the research design does not match the research Auestion for eample, aAuestionnaire aims to assess the learning obGectives of a training session but measures only the learnerssatisfaction with the session. / diagnostic or measurement tool that is not accurate could cause instrument

bias. ;or eample, an unbalanced weight scale would s9ew the results of a study.• I%ter6e4er Bas5 5he interviewers opinions, preGudices, and even non-verbal cues, when displayed

during the interview process, can bias or in2uence study results.

• Res$o%se Bas5 8ubGects may shape their responses in order to please the interviewer. 8ubGects may alsobelieve they 9now the epected ?ndings and change behaviors to match. ;inally, subGects may believethey are the control or eperimental group which is often called the placebo e1ect.

• 5he o(ser6er-e,$e)ta%)" e7e)t: is a form of reactivity in which a researcher\s cognitive bias causesthem to unconsciously in2uence the participants of an eperiment. It is a signi?cant threat to astudy\s internal validity, and is therefore typically controlled using a double-blind eperimental design.

• Lea# tme (as is the bias that occurs when two tests for a disease are compared, and one test "the new,eperimental one& diagnoses the disease earlier, but there is no e1ect on the outcome of the disease]itmay appear that the test prolonged survival, when in fact it only resulted in earlier diagnosis whencompared to traditional methods. It is an important factor when evaluating the e1ectiveness of a speci?ctest.

• Per+orma%)e (as is introduced during the treatment or eposure phases of a study and occurs whensubGects in comparison groups are systematically given di1erent care in ways other than the interventionunder investigation. 5o minimie performance bias in randomied controlled trials, the subGects, physicians,

and those collecting the data should be NblindedO to the designated intervention status of each group.• Attrto% (as relates to patient dropout or eclusion from a study. igh dropout rates or systematic

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Summary of Behavioral Medicine for Exam