1. Read or reread the material you want to summarize.

2. Identify the main controlling idea in the original writing. - The U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has embarked on a

historic effort to ensure an AIDS-free generation- Ending the AIDS epidemic will not be possible without greatly increased efforts to reduce

new infections and prevent AIDS-related deaths among key populations at highest risk of HIV acquisition and transmission.

- That key populations represent a modest share of the epidemic globally and that the prevalence of HIV among key populations is largely confined to countries with low-level or concentrated epidemics.

- Epidemics among key populations continue to grow.- HIV prevention coverage is low for these groups,22 and HIV treatment programs often

fail to reach key populations due to discrimination by health workers and legitimate fears that accessing health care will result in being reported to hostile law enforcement officials.

- We Know How to Prevent and Treat HIV in Key Populations.

3. Identify the main supporting points. The U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has embarked on a historic effort to ensure an AIDS-free generation- This visionary initiative aligns with broader international efforts that aim to lay the

foundation for the eventual end of HIV/AIDS

Ending the AIDS epidemic will not be possible without greatly increased efforts to reduce new infections and prevent AIDS-related deaths among key populations at highest risk of HIV acquisition and transmission.- This issue brief focuses on four such populations— sex workers, people who inject

drugs, men who have sex with men (MSM), and transgender individuals—and demonstrates why equitable attention to the HIV-related needs of these groups is essential to future progress on AIDS and why current efforts are failing to get the job done

That key populations represent a modest share of the epidemic globally and that the prevalence of HIV among key populations is largely confined to countries with low-level or concentrated epidemics.- Epidemiological studies have determined that key populations represent a major share

of the global HIV epidemic.

Epidemics among key populations continue to grow- In part, this stems from increased biological and behavioral HIV acquisition and

transmission risks among populations such as MSM- In addition, many members of key populations are members of dense, high HIV-

prevalence social and sexual networks that facilitate the continued spread of HIV.

HIV prevention coverage is low for these groups,22 and HIV treatment programs often fail to reach key populations due to discrimination by health workers and legitimate fears that accessing health care will result in being reported to hostile law enforcement officials.- Moreover, programs focused on key populations are generally the first to be cut when

budget reductions are needed.- Discriminatory laws and policies often contribute to, and reinforce, the suboptimal

reach of HIV services.- These statutes have contributed to poor coverage of HIV programs.

We Know How to Prevent and Treat HIV in Key Populations.- Evidence-based strategies are available to substantially reduce the number of new

HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths among key populations4. Identify key words.

- historic effort to ensure an AIDS-free generation- reduce new infections and prevent AIDS- largely confined to countries- continue to grow- prevention and- treatment programs often fail- How to Prevent and Treat

5. Paraphrase key words and the main ideas.

The U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) have increase effort to ensure an AIDS-free generation. Ending the AIDS epidemin will be impossible without very increased efforts to reduce new infections and prevent AIDS-related deaths among key populations at highest risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. That key populations represent a modest share of the epidemic globally and that the prevalence of HIV among key populations is largely confined to countries with low-level or concentrated epidemics. Epidemics among key populations continue to grow. HIV prevention coverage is low for these groups,22 and HIV treatment programs often fail to reach key populations due to discrimination by health workers and legitimate fears that accessing health care will result in being reported to hostile law enforcement officials. We Know How to Prevent and Treat HIV in Key Populations.

6. Check your sentences against the original writing to make sure you have included all the main ideas.

7. Check your sentences to make sure you haven't added any new information.

8. Rewrite your sentences using appropriate transitions to link one idea to another.US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has embarked on a historic

effort to ensure free AIDS generation.1 visionary initiative is in line with the broader international efforts aimed at laying the groundwork for the eventual end of HIV / AIDS. However, ending the AIDS epidemic would not be possible without greatly increased efforts to reduce new infections and prevent Deaths among key populations at high risk of HIV-AIDS. This issue brief focuses on four populations- such as sex workers, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men (MSM), and transgender attention to HIV-related needs of these groups is essential to the future progress of AIDS efforts.

It has long been believed that the key populations represent modest share of global epidemic and that the prevalence of HIV among key populations is largely limited to countries with low level or concentrated epidemics. More recently, however, epidemiological studies have determined that key populations is a major part of the global HIV epidemic.

All over the world, including sub-Saharan Africa, HIV prevalence was substantially higher among key populations. Compared with the general population, for example, HIV The prevalence is 22 times higher among people who inject drugs. in low and middle income countries, MSM and female sex workers (compared to all women of reproductive age) was 19 and 13.5 times more likely to have HIV, respectively, population.6,7 background of this review the available evidence from 15 countries found that more than 19 percent of transgender women living with HIV. the overall rate of new HIV infections appears to be declining. However, the epidemic among key populations continue to grow. This comes from an increase in biological and HIV acquisition and transmission risk behaviors among populations such as MSM. Strong evidence suggests that people who inject drugs will access the service if they provided, however policies and programs that have hampered the failure of scale-up, contributing to continued high rates of new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths. Available evidence-based strategies to substantially reduce the number of new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths among key populations.

Sex workers: condom promotion efforts tlah most successful among sex workers also need access to culturally appropriate HIV testing, linkage to care, initiation of antiretroviral therapy, and support services to improve retention in care and medication adherence.

People who Inject Drugs: Countries that have implemented harm reduction approach that combines needle and syringe exchange, medication, including methadone maintenance therapy, HIV treatment, and comprehensive services have witnessed a dramatic decline in the health of new drug-related infections.

Men Who Have Sex With Men: higher per-act probability of HIV transmission during anal intercourse.

Transgender Individuals: World Health Organization has published guidelines for HIV prevention programming for transgender people and even more comprehensive guidance documents forthcoming.