Morphology Grup

8/3/2019 Morphology Grup

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MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGYPrepared by :Prepared by :LatifahLatifah BtBt SaadSaad

Nor Huda BtNor Huda Bt HarisHaris

NurulNurul SakinahSakinah BtBt MdMd ZulfakarZulfakarWanWan NoorNoor AkmalAkmal Bt WanBt Wan SupianSupian SoriSori


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MORPHEME

A combination of sounds that have ameaning. A morpheme does not necessarilyhave to be a word.

Example: the word cats has twomorphemes. Cat is a morpheme, and s is amorpheme. Every morpheme is either abase or an affix. An affix can be either a

prefix or a suffix. Cat is the basemorpheme, and s is a suffix.


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Morpheme:

The minimal unit of meaningFree morpheme: a single morpheme that

constitutes a word and can stand alone.It does not need anything attached to

it to make a word. Cat is a freemorpheme.

Bound morpheme: a sound or a combinationof sounds that cannot stand alone as aword. The s in cats is a bound

morpheme, and it does not have anymeaning without the free morphemecat.


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Example:

Retroactive = retro + act + ive

Free morpheme = act

Bound morphemes = retro-, -ive


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English Affixes

(based on the position)

affix: a morpheme that comes at the

beginning (prefix) or the ending (suffix) ofa base morpheme. Note: An affix usuallyis a morpheme that cannot stand alone.

Examples: -ful, -ly, -ity, -ness. A few

exceptions are able, like, and less.


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base: a morpheme that gives a word itsmeaning. The base morpheme cat givesthe word cats its meaning: a particulartype of animal.

prefix: an affix that comes before a basemorpheme. The in in the word inspect is aprefix.

suffix: an affix that comes after a basemorpheme. The s in cats is a suffix.


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English PrefixesExamples of Negative Prefixes:

un- non- dis- a-

Examples of size and degree prefixes:

mini- sub- over- super-


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English Suffixes

Class preservingsuffixation:

-er lecturer-ian librarian

-ist scientist

-let piglet

Class changing suffixation:

Verb Noun

perform performanceAdjective Adverb

nice nicely

Adjective

Nounactive activity


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Affixes(based on the function)

Inflections vs. DerivationsInflections vs. Derivations


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Definition Derivational

morpheme: deriving

(creating) a new wordwith a new meaning.

Inflectionalmorpheme: changing

the form of a wordbecause of the rulesof syntax.


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INFLECTIONAL

MORPHEME This morpheme can only be a suffix. The s in cats is an

inflectional morpheme. An inflectional morpheme createsa change in the function of the word.

Example: the d in invited indicates past tense. English hasonly seven inflectional morphemes: -s (plural) and -s(possessive) are noun inflections; -s ( 3rd-personsingular), -ed ( past tense), -en (past participle), and -ing (present participle) are verb inflections; -er (comparative)and -est (superlative) are adjective and adverb

inflections.


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DERIVATIONAL

MORPHEME This type of morpheme changes the

meaning of the word or the part of

speech or both. Derivationalmorphemes often create new words.

Example: the prefix and derivationalmorpheme un added to invited changes

the meaning of the word.


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English Inflectional Morphemes

Nouns

s plural

s possessive

Verbss third person singular present

ed past tense

en past participle

ing progressive

Adjectives

er comparative

est superlative


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Some examples of English

Derivational Morpheme -ic : Noun Adj ; alcohol alcoholic

-ance : Verb Noun ; clear clearance

-ly : Adj

Adv ; exact

exactly -ity : Adj Noun ; active activity

-able : Verb Adj ; read readable

-ship : Noun Noun ; friend friendship

re- : Verb Verb ; cover recover in- : Adj Adj ; definite indefinite


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Describe the italic affixes:

1) impossible

2) terrorized

3) terrorize

4) desks

5) dislike

6) humanity

7) fastest

1) Derivational prefix

2) Inflectional suffix

3) Derivational suffix


5) Derivational prefix

6) Derivational suffix



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Allomorphs

Different phonetic forms orvariations of a morpheme.

Example: The final morphemes in thefollowing words are pronounceddifferently, but they all indicate

plurality: dogs, cats, and horses.


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Word Structure

Complex words consist of a root and one ormore affixes.

The root morpheme:

i contributes the most to the wordsmeaning,

ii belongs to a lexical category. An affix:

i does not belong to a lexical category,ii is always a bound morpheme.


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Word Structure

N V

V Aff Adj Aff

teach er modern ize


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Word Structure A base is the form to which an affix

is added.

It can be the root:black en

Or, it can be a larger unit:

blacken ed


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Word StructureV

Base for -edp V

Root and basep Adj Aff Afffor -en

black en ed


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Thats All For TodayThats All For TodayThats All For TodayThats All For Today

See You Next WeekSee You Next Week

Documents

Morphology Grup