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 Johanna Stachel Studying the Quark-Gluon Plasma in the Laboratory   historic remarks   accelerators and experiments   selection of a few key observables hadron production and statistical models high p t  characteristics  jet quenching  azimuthal correlations heavy quarks  quarkonia   conclusions and outlook

Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

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Page 1: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Studying the Quark­Gluon Plasma in the Laboratory 

  historic remarks   accelerators and experiments  selection of a few key observables 

hadron production and statistical modelshigh pt characteristics

 jet quenching  azimuthal correlationsheavy quarks quarkonia 

  conclusions and outlook

Page 2: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

 asymptotic freedom: D.J. Gross, F. Wilczek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1343                                 H.D. Politzer, Phys. Rev. Lett. 30 (1973) 1346

 asymptotic QCD and deconfined quarks and gluons at high T or density:   J.C. Collins, M.J. Perry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 34 (1975) 1353  N. Cabibbo, G. Parisi, Phys. Lett. B59 (1975) 67

  first perturbative corrections to ideal gas   by Baym, Chin 1976, Shuryak 1978   ....

  by 1980 new phase was called Quark­Gluon Plasma (QGP): excitations are  quark and gluon quasiparticles plus collective 'plasmon' modes  similar to usual QED plasma

   

Historic Remarks

Page 3: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Equation of State in Lattice QCD

(from F. Karsch, hep­lat/0106019)

ideal gas limit

energy density

temperaturefor 2 flavor (≅2+1): Tc = 173 ± 15 MeV

c = 0.7 GeV/fm3 

Page 4: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Accelerators where ultra­relativistic nuclei collide

1987­2000                since 2000   from 2007

Page 5: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

 

At a special seminar on 10 February, spokespersons from the experiments on CERN's Heavy Ion programme presented compelling evidence for the existence of a new state of matter in which quarks, instead of being bound up into more complex particles such as protons and neutrons, are liberated to roam freely.

    nothing know yet about properties of new state

Press Release Feb. 2000:  New State of Matter created at CERN

Page 6: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

heavy ion collider RHIC – dedicated machine

RHIC experiments: 2 large and 2 small

about 1.5 nb­1 for AuAu reached in 04 run

Page 7: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

STAR event display

in central AuAu collsionsat RHIC √s = 200 GeV

about 7500 hadronsproduced (BRAHMS)

about three times as much as at CERN SPS 

Page 8: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

RHIC results from first 3 years

results summarized in 4 large papers: Nuclear Physics A757 (2005) 

see: nucl­ex/0410003 (PHENIX) nucl­ex/0410020 (BRAHMS)nucl­ex/0410022 (PHOBOS)nucl­ex/0501009 (STAR)

and references therein

see also BNL press release April 18, 2005:RHIC Scientists Serve Up “Perfect “ LiquidNew state of matter more remarkable than predicted – raising many new questions

Page 9: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

initial energy density from transverse energy

from transverse energy rapidity density using Bjorken formula:dEt/dR2)         using Jacobian ddz=

SPS 158 A GeV/c Au­Au collisions: dEt/dGeV                                1 fm/c                       0 = 3 GeV/fm3

PHENIX & STAR central Au­Au collisions: dEt/dGeVnucl­ex/0407003 and nucl­ex/0409015conservatively:     1 fm/c                        0 = 5.5 GeV/fm3

                                      (factor 2 higher than at SPS top energy)  optimisticallyQs   = 0.14 fm/c       0 = 40 GeV/fm3

in any case this appears significantly above critical energy densityfrom lattice QCD of 0.7 GeV/fm3

Page 10: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

0           1           2           3            4            5rapidity

identified particles over large range in rapidity

nucl­ex/0403050BRAHMS

Gaussians of similar width:dominance of longitudinalexpansion

stat. model analysis requiresmid­rapidity data

similarly at SPS:between 5 differentexperiments a comprehensive data setof mid­y hadron yields

Page 11: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Analysis of yields of produced hadronic species in statistical model

 from AGS energy upwards all hadron yields in central collisions of heavy nuclei reflect grand canonical equilibration strangeness suppression known from pp and e+e­ is lifted

for a recent review: Braun­Munzinger, Stachel, Redlich,QGP3, R. Hwa, ed. (Singapore 2004) nucl­th/0304013

Fit at eachenergyprovidesvalues forT and b

Page 12: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

P. Braun­Munzinger, D. Magestro, K. Redlich, J. Stachel, Phys. Lett. B518 (2001) 41A. Andronic, P. Braun­Munzinger, K. Redich, J. Stachel, Nucl. Phys. A772 (2006) 167

chemical freeze­out at: T = 165 ± 5 MeV

Hadron yields at RHIC compared to statistical model

130 GeV data in excellent agreement with thermal model predictions

prel. 200 GeV data fully in linestill some experimental discrepancies

Page 13: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

P. Braun­Munzinger, J. Stachel,  J. Phys. G. 28 (2002) 1971 chem. freeze­out at constant total baryon density or energy density 0.5 GeV/fm3

Note: for B < 300 MeV, LQCD phase boundary coincideswith freeze­out curve

hadrochemical freeze­out points and the phase diagram

how is equilibrium achieved?why freeze­out at phase boundary?

Page 14: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

rapid hadrochemical equilibration at phase boundary

Lattice QCD calcs. F. Karsch et al.

 Known since years: two­body collisions are not sufficient to bring multi­strange baryons into equilibrium. The density of particles varies rapidly 

with T near the phase transition. Multi­particle collisions are strongly 

enhanced at high density and lead to chem. equilibrium very near to Tc.

P. Braun­Munzinger, J. Stachel, C. WetterichPhys. Lett. B596 (2004) 61nucl­th/0311005

Page 15: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

P. Braun­Munzinger, J. Stachel, C. WetterichPhys. Lett. B596 (2004) 61nucl­th/0311005

 rate of change of density due to multiparticle collisions n(T)nin   M     example: for small b,  reactions such as 

KKKNbar bring multi­strange baryons close to equilibrium. Equilibration time T­60 ! similarly for all other hadron species       All particles freeze out within a very narrow temperature window close to Tc. 

chemical freeze­out takes place at Tc

Page 16: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

PRL 91 (2003) 072305 and 241803

at high pt:  spectra suppressed in AuAu relative to pp

proton data scaled to AuAu with appropriate number of binary collisions

Page 17: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

D. d’Enterria

Suppression predicted due to energy loss of partons in hot matter  “jet quenching”

 all expts. see largesuppression in AuAu

0 lower than h±

 no suppression in dAurather Cronin enhancementmedium effect, not incoming partons

RAA=yield(AuAu)/Ncoll yield(pp)

● 

hadrons

leading particle

hadrons

leading particle

Page 18: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

H. Baier, Y.L. Dokshitzer, A.H. Mueller, S. Peigne, D. Schiff, Nucl. Phys. B483 (1997) 291 and 484 (1997) 265energy loss of high energy parton traversing color charged medium ­>     medium induced gluon radiationin high energy limit E  s 2L2/ (1 + O(1/N))

implemented in models in different ways: high initial densities dNg/dy=1100 (Vitev/Gyulassy)large opacities <n> = L/  3­4 (Levai et al.)transport coefficients q0=3.5 GeV/fm2 (BDMPS, Arleo)plasma temperature T = 400 MeV (G. Moore)medium induced ratiative energy loss dE/dx(expanding)=0.25 GeV/fm or dE/dx(static source)=14 GeV/fm (S.N.Wang)

Suppression predicted due to energy loss of partons in hot matter  “jet quenching”

Page 19: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

suppression of hadron yields at high pt in central AuAu collisions

AuAu compared to pp scaled with number of binary collisions

in central collisions hadron yields suppressedbut not photons!                                        

indicative of jet quenching due to partonenergy loss due to high gluon density

Page 20: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Role of scattering in parton energy loss

inspired by success of soft­color­interaction model for diffractive DIS at HERA (Ingelman et al., PLB366 (1996) 371, Hoyer at al., PRD71 (2005) 074020)

 soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions and before hadronization

 color exchange between partons and small momentum transfer describes rapidity gaps, leading baryons, diffractive jets, high pt J/', 

apply this approach to parton traversing QGP, modelled by medium of space and time dependent high gluon density

 parton from hard scattering scatters with gluons of QGP, successive scatterings can lead to significant energy loss

 independent hadronziation of two ends of string due to QGP implemented in PYTHIA 

         K. Zapp, G. Ingelman, J. Rathsman, J. Stachel, PLB637 (2006) 179

Page 21: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

the SCI Jet Quenching Model for QGP

Page 22: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

The SCI Jet Quenching Model: Parameters

if parton from hard interaction encounters a QGP gluon within a certainradius it will scatter with probablity 0.5 (0.75) if it is a quark (gluon) scattering cross section

  eff= 1.9 mb

Page 23: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Number of scatterings and energy loss per scattering

energy loss most efficient forintermediate pt

75

2

Page 24: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

SCI jet quenching model and data as function of centrality

data: PHENIX, PRL91 (2003)  072301

for most central collisions model

accounts for half of exp. effect

Page 25: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

data show linear dependence of RAA as function of fraction of geo. cross section

nominal cross section

cross section chosen to reproduce most central data

Centrality dependence of jet quenching

difficult to reproducein model

Page 26: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

RAA at lower beam energies

√s dependence of RAA consistent w/ parton Eloss models (ΔEloss~ dN/dy) + Bjorken expansion:

RAA ~ 1 @ √s~20 GeV (dNg/dy~400)RAA ~ 0.3 @ √s~62 GeV (dNg/dy~650)RAA ~ 0.2 @ √s~200 GeV (dNg/dy~1100)

“Jet quenching” model+ 1­D longitudinal plasma expansionQu Wang & X.N.Wang  (nucl­th/0410049) 

[D.d'Enterria , Hard Probes'04 Proceedings]

Page 27: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

2000­350018­23190­400710­8500.2    LHC

800­12006­714­20380­4000.6RHIC

200­3501.4­21.5­2.5210­2400.8   SPS0[ ]fmτ [ ]T MeV [ ]tot fmτ3[ / ]GeV fmε /gdN dy

•Consistent estimate with   hydrodynamic analysis 

 jet quenching indicative of gluon rapidity density

I. Vitev, JPG 30 (2004)  S791SPS RHIC LHC

Page 28: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

trigger particle: 4­6 GeV/c correlated with all others with pt=2­4 GeV/c

STAR: PRL 91 (2003) 072304

Azimuthal correlations of high pt particles­ disappearance of away­side peak

  very similar effect seen already at √s = 17.2 GeV

CERES/NA45 PRL92 (2004) 032301

Page 29: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Azimuthal correlations in SCI jet quenching model

away­side peak is suppressed, but not nearlyas much as in data

general problem of model: to reproduce thiseffect need huge cross section of opacity

Page 30: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel TB Feb.1,2005

mean pt in cone opposite to leading trigger particle

STAR nucl­ex/0504011

√s     = 200 GeV Au+Au results:

NN Closed symbols ⇔ 4 < pTtrig < 6 GeV/c 

Open symbols  ⇔ 6 < pTtrig < 10 GeV/c {

{Assoc. particles:  0.15 < pT < 4 GeV/c

for central collisionsmean pt on opposite sidelooks nearly thermalized

Page 31: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Heavy quark distributions from inclusive electron spectra

model all contributions from hadron decays and photon conversions using data as inputsubtraction: leaves D and B semi­leptonic decays

surprize: suppression very similar to pionsprediction (Dokshitzer, Kharzeev) less 

energy loss for heavy quarks (dead cone eff. for radiation)

Page 32: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

STAR and PHENIX findings agree – using basically same method

STAR Preliminary

with EMCal even higher pt reach

Page 33: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

SCI jet quenching for heavy quarks

charm contribution indeedsuppressed as much as pionsbut adding beauty data are

not reproduced

compute in model the measured quantity  (K. Zapp)

standard

    to match pion data

Page 34: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

Heavy Quark Energy Loss: theory vs. data

radiative only(c+b) e→

radiative + collisional (c+b) e→

radiative + collisional c e→

Where is the contribution from 

beauty?Join discussion session on 

parton energy loss tonight!!!

STAR Preliminary

  talk P. Djawotho, STAR, Hard Probes 2006 conference

Page 35: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Charmonia as QGP signature

 T. Matsui and H. Satz (PLB178 (1986) 416) predict J/ suppression in       QGP due to Debye screening

 significant suppression seen in central PbPb at top SPS energy (NA50)in line with QGP expectations

 but: at hadronization of QGP J/ can form again from deconfined quarksin particular, if number of cc pairs is large (colliders) ­ N

J/  N

cc2

(P. Braun­Munzinger and J. Stachel, PLB490 (2000) 196)statistical hadronization, charmed hadrons can equilibrate chemically  

similar to production of multi­strange baryons, (BraunMunzinger, Stachel, Wetterich, nucl­th/0311005, Phys. Lett. B596 (2004) 61.)

typical  reaction: DDbar + ⇒ J/expect J/suppression at low beam energy (SPS) and 

                enhancement at high energy (LHC)

Page 36: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Quarkonia Production through Statistical Hadronization

  Assume: all charm quarks are produced in initial hard scatteringnumber not changed in QGP 

  Hadronization at Tc following  grand canonical statistical model used for hadrons with light valence quarks (fugacity to fix number of charm quarks, canonical correction factors at low beam energies)

P. Braun­Munzinger, J. Stachel, Phys. Lett. B490 (2000) 196  and Nucl. Phys. A690 (2001) 119A. Andronic, P. Braun­Munzinger, K. Redlich, J. Stachel, Nucl. Phys. A715 (2003) 529c andPhys. Lett. B571 (2003) 36M. Gorenstein et al., hep­ph/0202173; A. Kostyuk et al., Phys. Lett. B531 (2001) 225; R. Rapp and L. Grandchamp, hep­ph/0305143 and 0306077

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 Johanna Stachel

RHIC data on J/ Production

scaling with number of collisions participant scaling

   data: Phenix central arms and Phenix muon arms  

Page 38: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Comparison of model predictions to RHIC data

predictions  Andronic, Braun­Munzinger,, Redlich, Stachel, Phys. Lett. B571 (2003) 36using NNLO pQCD results for open charm cross section

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 Johanna Stachel

New results:  take into account the corona effect

Npart(b) =Ncore(b) + Ncorona(b) 

Nuclear density distribution: “core” up to RA + Xc     ”corona” outside

dNch/d/Npart(b) = dNch/d/Ncore(b)+ dNchpp/d/Ncorona(b)

Collisions in corona region as in pp,   core: medium, e.g. QGP

relevance recently pointed out by    Klaus Werner hep­ph/0603064            

fraction of nucleons (participants) in corona: Npart=30 ↔ 55%   Npart = 350 ↔ 10%

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 Johanna Stachel

Statistical charm hadronization and RHIC data 

pp charm cross section FONLLCacciari et al., hep­ph/0502203cc = 256+400

­146  bmeasured PHENIX cross section at upper edge of pQCD calc,  STAR factor 2 higherneed experimental clarification

  Fall­off of data with centrality very moderate  prediction based on just Debye screening much lower for central coll.

Page 41: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Statistical charm hadronization and RHIC data vs rapidity

pp charm cross section FONLLCacciari et al., hep­ph/0502203cc = 256+400

­146  b

data very well reproduced

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 Johanna Stachel

does charm quark recombination in QGP play a role?

study ccbar  gg in expandingand cooling QGP

cross section via detailed balance from calculations ofgg ccbarby Glück, Owens, Reya, PRD 17 (1978) 2324

order of 0.1 mb

annihilation rate/volume:drcc/d = nc

2 < ccbar gg v>integrate over T evolution until Tc

annihilation appears irrelevanteven if cross section would be

factor 10 bigger

Page 43: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Energy dependence of Quarkonia Production in Statistical Hadronization Model

This predicted centralitydependence is unique for

the statistical hadronizationmodel.

Its observation would not onlyimply that recombination isat work, but be a fingerprint

of deconfinement.

Upsilon at LHC expected tolook like J/ at RHIC 

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 Johanna Stachel

Simulation of di­electron mass spectrum 1 month Pb­Pb at ALICE

Page 45: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

  hadron yields in chemical equilibrium, due to very rapid increase in   densities close to Tc drive multi­particle collisions system to equilibrium

  high pt hadrons suppressed in central AuAu collisionsmedium effect, since not seen in dAujet quenching in hot medium expectedmodelling with high parton density etc. successful but still schematic

 azimuthal correlations of high pt particles: disappearance of away­side peak for central AuAu collisions          when pt high enoughlower partner pt: away­side peak broadened, momenta thermalized

 also heavy quarks show significant jet quenchingrole of scattering vs radiative energy loss

 charmonia: role of statistical recombination important, accounts well for new RHIC data

 

Observations  after 3 years running at RHIC

we are on our way characterizing the QGP, new era with LHC 

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 Johanna Stachel

Backup slides

Page 47: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

top AGS energy AuAu top SPS energy PbPb

Hadrochemistry at fixed target energies

A. Andronic, P. Braun­Munzinger, K. Redich, J. Stachel, Nucl. Phys. A772 (2006) 167

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 Johanna Stachel

  jet production in deuteron ­ Au collisions

not suppressed butrather enhanced due to initial parton scattering

(Cronin effect)

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 Johanna Stachel

talk A. Dion, PHENIX,  Hard Probes 2006 Conference

Page 50: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Peter Braun­Munzinger

Comparison of charm data with pQCD

measured values much larger than pQCD predictions

Page 51: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

Charm total cross section

∀σ=1.4±0.2±0.4 mb in minimum bias d+Au collisions at √sNN=200 GeV

∀σ=1.26±0.09±0.23 mb in minimum bias Au+Au collisions at √sNN=200 GeV

∀σ=1.33±0.06±0.18 mb in 0­12% Au+Au collisions at √sNN=200 GeV

• Charm total cross section obeys Nbin scaling from d+Au to Au+Au within error bars• Supports conjecture that charm is exclusively produced in initial scattering• However, the total charm cross section is ~5× larger than NLO (and FONLL) predictions!!!

  talk P. Djawotho, STAR, Hard Probes 2006 conference

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pQCD calculations for p+p vs. data

• All suppression predictions use the most recent pQCD calculations as starting point (p+p reference).

• Where does bottom start to dominate?– Relative contribution of charm 

and bottom?– Large uncertainty in the 

crossing point• From ~3 to 10 GeV/c

• From shape: significant b contribution at high­pT?

STAR Preliminary

  talk P. Djawotho, STAR, Hard Probes 2006 conference

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 Johanna Stachel

Page 54: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

J/ Suppression in QGP

Page 55: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Npart dependence at LHC ­ SHM prediction

Page 56: Studying the QuarkGluon Plasma in the Laboratorytheosec/sino-german-workshop06/talks/wed/Stachel.pdf · soft color interactions between partons after perturbative hard interactions

 Johanna Stachel

Has the Quark­Gluon Plasma been seen ?

  Observations that led to the CERN press release fully confirmed at RHIC (where measured)

  additional features observed at RHIC; start to probe the properties of this medium  (liquid, not ideal gas, large cross sections, low viscosity)

  no direkt proof but      i) observations cannot be explained assuming a hadronic medium    ii) critical parameters well exceeded   iii) many of the expected and predicted features start to show up 

  more data to come from high luminosity running at RHIC and with some detector upgrades (in particular involving heavy quarks, photons, di­leptons)

  LHC from 2007: exceed Tc by factor 5 or so, qualitatively new features expected