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Study on Mango Leaf and Mangiferin
Chief Editor
Deng Jiagang
Coeditor
Qin Jieping Wang Qin
Editors
THE 1st INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SCREENING
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF AGRICULTURAL
RESIDUES AND THE STUDY ON MANGIFERIN
Hou Xiaotao Yang Ke Yan Li
Feng Xu Wang Zhiping Du Zhengcai
Liang Jianqin Zhou jiangyu Dai Hang
Hao Erwei Du Chengzhi Qin Lilan
He Cuiwei Li Zhenjuan Shi Xueli
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Sponsored by:
Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University
Management Committee of Guangxi Baise National Agricultural Sci-tech
Zone
Approval Administration:
The Peoples Government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Department of Science and Technology of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region
Organized by:
Faculty of Pharmacy,Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University
Guangxi Key Laboratory of pharmacodynamic studies of Traditional
Chinese Medicine
October 23-25,2009
Baise,Guangxi,Ch
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Editorial Committee
Chairman
Yang Yanyang Deng Jiagang
Vice-Chairman
Zhong Hengqin Tang QianliMembers of editorial Committee
Su Xiudong Lu Xiangyang Wang QinJiang Jichang Chen Yong Qin JiepingZheng Zuowen Qin Huazhen He GuibaiHuang Zhaoming Kuang Song Huang ChunxueNong Jinghai
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CONTENT
Preface......................................................................................................................................................1
Invited Lecture ........................................................................................................................................3The Strategic Significance and General Thoughts of the Medicinal Study On Agricultural
Residues....................................................................................................................................................3
Chemical Constituents with Unprecedented Skeletons from Alpinia katsumadai and Chukrasia
tabularis var. velutina ............................................................................................................................12
Study on Bioactive Compounds with Molecular Diversity from Toxic Plants in China .......................... 14
Pharmacology and Toxicology ..............................................................................................................15
Assessment of systemic interaction between swertia chirata extract and its bioactive constituents in
rabbits......................................................................................................................................................15
The extraction of mangiferin from mango leaves and its analgesic function............................................ 15
The Effect of Kampo Formulae on Bone Resorption in Vitro and in Vivo. I Active Constituents of
Tsu-kan-gan.............................................................................................................................................16
Mangiferin and hesperidin metabolites are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract of pigs after oral
ingestion of a Cyclopia genistoides (honeybush tea) extract .................................................................. 17
Pharmacokinetics of mangiferin in rat plasma after oral administration of a single dose of suanzaoren
decoction ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and four secoiridoid glycosides in rat plasma using liquid
chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic study of herbal
preparation...............................................................................................................................................19
UV/vis, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies to determine mangiferin pKa values..........................20
A review of the bioactivity of south african herbal Teas: rooibos (aspalathus linearis) and honeybush
(Cyclopia intermedia) ............................................................................................................................. 21
Activation of lymphocytes of normal and tumor bearing mice by mangiferin, a naturally occurring
glucosylxanthone.....................................................................................................................................21
An Anacardiaceae preparation reduces the expression of inflammation-related genes in murine
macrophages............................................................................................................................................22
Anthelminthic and antiallergic activities ofMangifera indica L. Stem bark components vimang and
mangiferin ............................................................................................................................................... 23
Anti-allergic properties of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and contribution of its
glucosylxanthone mangiferin .................................................................................................................. 24
Antidiabetic activity of a xanthone compound, mangiferin ...................................................................... 25
Antidiabetic activity of the rhizoma of anemarrhena asphodeloides and active components, mangiferin
and its glucoside......................................................................................................................................25
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Antiinflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects of Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae)
stem-bark aqueous extract.......................................................................................................................26
Antitumor, immunomodulatory and anti-HIV effect of mangiferin, a naturally occurring
glucosylxanthone.....................................................................................................................................27
Chemopreventive efficacy of mangiferin against benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in
experimental animals...............................................................................................................................27
-D-Glucoside suppresses tumor necrosis factor-induced activation of uclear transcription factor B but
potentiates apoptosis ............................................................................................................................... 28
Cytoprotective and antigenotoxic potential of Mangiferin, a glucosylxanthone against cadmium chloride
induced toxicity in HepG2 cells .............................................................................................................. 29
Cytoprotective effect of mangiferin on benzo(a) pyrene-induced lung carcinogenesis in swiss albino
mice.........................................................................................................................................................30
Differential oxidative stress in oligodendrocytes and neurons after excitotoxic insults and protection by
natural polyphenols ................................................................................................................................. 31
Dual mechanism of mangiferin protection against iron-induced damage to 2-deoxyribose and ascorbate
oxidation..................................................................................................................................................32
Effect of Mangifera indica L. extract (QF808) on protein and hepatic microsome peroxidation .............33
Effect of mangiferin on benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in experimental Swiss albino mice34
Efficacy of mangiferin on serum and heart tissue lipids in rats subjected to isoproterenol induced
cardiotoxicity...........................................................................................................................................34Effect of mangiferin on hyperglycemia and atherogenicity in streptozotocin diabetic rats ......................35
Effect of mangiferin on mitochondrial energy production in experimentally induced myocardial
infarcted rats............................................................................................................................................36
Effect of mangiferin on radiation-induced micronucleus formation in cultured human peripheral blood
lymphocytes ............................................................................................................................................ 37
Effect of mangiferin on the development of periodontal disease: involvement of lipoxin A4,
anti-chemotaxic action in leukocyte rolling ............................................................................................ 38
Effect of species variation and processing on phenolic composition and in vitro antioxidant activity ofaqueous extracts ofCyclopia spp. (Honeybush Tea) .............................................................................. 39
Effects of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L, and its active compound, mangiferin, on energy
state and lipid peroxidation of red blood cells.........................................................................................40
Effects of the mango components mangiferin and quercetin and the putative mangiferin metabolite
norathyriol on the transactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isoforms ....................41
Efficacy of mangiferin against Cryptosporidium parvum in a neonatal mouse model ............................. 42
Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang), a new natural product
with antioxidant activity..........................................................................................................................43
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Examination of the inhibitory effect of norathyriol in formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced
respiratory burst in rat neutrophils .......................................................................................................... 44
Expression profiles of genes involved in the mouse nuclear factor-kappa B signal transduction pathway
are modulated by mangiferin...................................................................................................................45
Fe (III) improves antioxidant and cytoprotecting activities of mangiferin................................................46
Immunomodulatory activity of alcoholic extract of Mangifera indica L. in mice .................................... 46
Gastroprotective effect of mangiferin, a xanthonoid from Mangifera indica, against gastric injury
induced by ethanol and indomethacin in rodents .................................................................................... 47
In vitro effects of Mangifera indica and polyphenols derived on ABCB1/P-glycoprotein activity ..........48
Immunotherapeutic effects of mangiferin mediated by the inhibition of oxidative stress to activated
lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages............................................................................................49
In vitro effects of mangiferin on superoxide concentrations and expression of the inducible nitric oxidesynthase, tumournecrosis factor- and transforming growth factor- genes........................................... 50
In vitroeffects of the polyphenols resveratrol, mangiferin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on the
scuticociliate fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi............................................................................51
Mangiferin,a glucosylxanthone,protects against the radiation-induced micronuclei formation in the
cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes ....................................................................................... 51
In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity ofMangifera indica L. extract (VIMANG)....................52
Insulin secretion is stimulated by ethanol extract of anemarrhena asphodeloides in isolated islet of
healthy wistar and diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats ..................................................................................... 53
Interaction of Vimang (Mangifera indica L. extract) with Fe(III) improves its antioxidant and
cytoprotecting activity.............................................................................................................................54
Iron complexing activity of mangiferin,a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone,inhibits mitochondrial
lipid peroxidation induced by Fe2+-citrate...............................................................................................55
Isolation of a human intestinal bacterium that transforms mangiferin to norathyriol and inducibility of
the enzyme that cleaves a C-Glucosyl bond............................................................................................56
Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and its main polyphenol mangiferin prevent mitochondrial
oxidative stress in atherosclerosis-prone hypercholesterolemic mouse. ................................................. 57
Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and mangiferin modulate mouse humoral immune responses.....58
Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) inhibits 2-deoxyribose damage induced by Fe (III) plus ascorbate.59
Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) inhibits Fe2+-citrate-induced lipoperoxidation in isolated rat liver
mitochondria............................................................................................................................................60
Mangifera indica L. extract attenuates glutamate-induced neurotoxicity on rat cortical neurons. ...........61
Mangiferin ameliorates scopolamine-induced learning deficits in mice...................................................62
Mangiferin inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production in activated rat glial
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cells ......................................................................................................................................................... 63
Mangiferin Inhibits Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Reaction and Pruritus in Mice...............................64
Mangiferin protects against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity mediated by oxidative stress in N2a
cells ......................................................................................................................................................... 65Mangiferin protects human peripheral blood lymphocytes against -radiation-induced DNA strand
breaks: a fluorescence analysis of DNA unwinding assay...................................................................... 66
Mangiferin protects the streptozotocin-induced oxidative damage to cardiac and renal tissues in rats ....67
Mangiferin, a natural occurring glucosyl xanthone, increases susceptibility of rat liver mitochondria to
calcium-induced permeability transition ................................................................................................. 68
Mangiferin protects human peripheral blood lymphocytes against -radiationinduced DNA strand
breaks:a fluorescence analysis of DNA unwinding assay....................................................................... 69
Mechanism of Antioxidant Action of Pueraria Glycoside (PG)-1 (an Isoflavonoid) and Mangiferin (aXanthonoid).............................................................................................................................................70
Mechanism of cell death induced by an antioxidant extract of Cratoxylum cochinchinense (YCT) in
Jurkat T cells: the role of reactive oxygen species and calcium..............................................................71
Mechanism of protective action of mangiferin on suppression of inflammatory response and lysosomal
instability in rat model of myocardial infarction.....................................................................................71
Mechanisms of blood glucose-lowering effect of aqueous extract from stems of Kothala himbutu
(Salacia reticulata) in the mouse ............................................................................................................. 72
Modulation of P450 enzymes by Cuban natural products rich in polyphenolic compounds in rathepatocytes..............................................................................................................................................73
Modulation of rat macrophage function by the Mangifera indica L. extracts Vimang and mangiferin....74
Molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection by two natural antioxidant polyphenols................................ 75
New antidiabetic compounds, mangiferin and its glucoside ..................................................................... 75
New antioxidant C-glucosylxanthones from the stems of Arrabidaea samydoides .................................. 76
Neuroprotection by two polyphenols following excitotoxicity and experimental ischemia .....................76
Novel screening assay for antioxidant protection against peroxyl radical-induced loss of proteinfunction ................................................................................................................................................... 77
Pharmacokinetic study of free mangiferin in rats by microdialysis coupled with microbore
high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry.............................................78
Physiological and biochemical changes with special reference to mangiferin and oxidative enzymes
level in malformation resistant and susceptible cultivars of mango (Mangifera indica L.)....................79
Polyphenols with antiulcerogenic action from aqueous decoction of mango leaves (Mangifera indica L.)80
Potential hepatoprotective effects of new Cuban natural products in rat hepatocytes culture ..................81
Protection against septic shock and suppression of tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide production
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on macrophages and glia by a standard aqueous extract of Mangifera indica L. (VIMANG). Role of
mangiferin isolated from the extract ....................................................................................................... 82
Protective effect of Mangifera indica L. polyphenols on human T lymphocytes against
activation-induced cell death...................................................................................................................83
Protective effects of a standard extract ofMangifera indica L. (VIMANG) against mouse ear edemas
and its inhibition of eicosanoid production in J774 murine macrophages .............................................. 84
Protective effects ofMangifera indica L. extract (Vimang), and its major component mangiferin, on
iron-induced oxidative damage to rat serum and liver ............................................................................ 85
Protective effects of Mangifera indica L. extract, mangiferin and selected antioxidants against
TPA-induced biomolecules oxidation and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice ...........................86
Protective role of mangiferin against Benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in experimental
animals .................................................................................................................................................... 87
Studies on palauan medicinal herbs. II. Activation of mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 by Ongael,
leaves of Phaleria cumingii (Meisn.) F. Vill. and its acylglucosylsterols ............................................... 87
Radioprotection by mangiferin in DBAxC57BL mice: a preliminary study..............................................88
The suppressive effect of mangiferin with exercise on blood lipids in type 2 diabetes ............................ 88
Release of intermediate reactive hydrogen peroxide by macrophage cells activated by natural products 89
Role of mangiferin on biochemical alterations and antioxidant status in isoproterenol-induced
myocardial infarction in rats....................................................................................................................90
Salacia oblonga extract increases glucose transporter 4-mediated glucose uptake in L6 rat myotubes:Role of mangiferin .................................................................................................................................. 91
Salacia oblonga improves cardiac fibrosis and inhibits postprandial hyperglycemia in obese Zucker rats92
Salacia oblonga root decreases cardiac hypertrophy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats: inhibition of cardiac
expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor............................................................................................93
Salacia reticulata and its polyphenolic constituents with lipase inhibitory and lipolytic activities have
mild antiobesity effects in rats.................................................................................................................94
Scavenger effect of a mango (Mangifera indica L.) food supplement's active ingredient on free radicals
produced by human polymorphonuclear cells and hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase chemiluminescencesystems .................................................................................................................................................... 95
Spectroscopic investigation of interaction between mangiferin and bovine serum albumin ....................95
Swertia chirayita mediated modulation of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interferon-,
and tumor necrosis factor- in arthritic mice .......................................................................................... 96
The inhibitory effects of mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone, in bowel carcinogenesis of
male F344 rats ......................................................................................................................................... 97
The variation in cytoplasmic distribution of mouse peritoneal macrophage during phagocytosis
modulated by mangiferin, an immunomodulator.................................................................................... 98
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Timosaponin AIII, a saponin isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides, ameliorates learning and
memory deficits in mice..........................................................................................................................99
Two proteins, Mn2+, and low molecular cofactor are required for C-glucosyl-cleavage of mangiferin .100
Utilization of mango peels as a source of pectin and polyphenolics.......................................................101Vascular effects of theMangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) ............................................................... 102
Vimang (Mangifera indica L. extract) induces permeability transition in isolated mitochondria, closely
reproducing the effect of mangiferin, Vimang's main component ........................................................ 103
Xanthone derivatives: new insights in biological activities .................................................................... 104
Xanthone glycosides from herbs of Polygala hongkongensis Hemsl and their antioxidant activities ....104
Pharmacokinetics of mangiferin in rat plasma after oral administration of a single dose of Suanzaoren
decoction ............................................................................................................................................... 105
Synthesis of mangiferin derivates and study their potent PTP1B inhibitory activity.............................. 105
Pharmacokinetics of mangiferin in rat plasma after oral administration of a single dose of Suanzaoren
decoction ............................................................................................................................................... 106
Effect of Mangifer in on telomerase activity and cell cycle in K562 cells..............................................107
Effect of Mangiferin on the Content of PGE2 in Two Different Inflammation Models..........................107
The Effect of Mangifer in on Telomerase Activity and Apoptosis in Leukem ic K562 Cells ................ 108
The Antitussive and Expectorant Effects of Mangifera Leaves Extract..................................................108
Preliminary Studies on the Mode of Action of Mangifer in against Phytophthora infestans..................109
Experimental Study on Anti-bacterial, Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of the Mixture of
Mangiferin and Berberine ..................................................................................................................... 109
An Experimental Study of Anti-stress Effects of Mangiferin in Mice....................................................110
Preliminary study on effects of mangiferin on immunologic function in mice.......................................110
Effects of mangiferin of TNF- and MPO in rats with myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury............111
Experimental Study on Hypoglycemic Effect of the Mixture of Mangiferin and Berberine .................. 111
Effect of mangiferin on myocardial ischemia induced by isoproteronol in mice....................................112
Apoptotic mechanism of leukemic K562 cells induced by mangiferin................................................... 112
Inhibitory effect of mangiferin on duck hepatitisB virus (DHBV) DNA in vivo....................................113
Comparison Tests of the Efficacy of Mango Leaf Decoction, Demangiferin Mango Leaf Decoction and
Mangiferin Anti-tussive and Expectorant Drugs...................................................................................113
Study on Antibacterial Action of Extract of Leaves ofMangifera indica in Vitro.................................114
Inhibiting effect in vitro of extract ofMangifera indica L.leaf on some pathogenic bacteria and NDV
replication..............................................................................................................................................114
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The Ultramicro-structure Change of Lipid Superoxided Rat Brain Tissue and Protect of Mangiferin on
the Tissues.............................................................................................................................................115
Inhibitory effect of mangiferin on the proliferation of K562 leukemia cells .......................................... 116
Effect of mangiferin on the expression of-cateninand p120ctn in hepatic tissues of rats with livercancer .................................................................................................................................................... 117
Effects of enzyme and morphological change of mangiferin on experimental liver damage in rats....... 117
The proliferation inhibition effect and apoptosis induction of mangiferin on BEL-7404 human
hepatocellular carcinoma cell................................................................................................................118
Effect of mangiferin on P120ctn phosphorylation and hepatocellular carcinoma cell biology...............118
Experimental study on effect of mangiferin delaying caducity...............................................................119
Effects of Mangifer in on induction of apoptosis and in tracellular Ca2+ concentration in
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma CNE2 Cells .............................................................................................. 119
CML cell line K562 cell apoptosis induced by Mangiferin .................................................................... 120
Pharmacodynamic studie s on Mangiferin .............................................................................................. 120
Experimental study on the pharmacology of Mangiferin monosodium salt............................................121
Preparation of mengiferin monosodium salt and comparison in pharmacological effects with mengiferin121
Protective effect of Mangiferin dropping pills on chronic liver injury in rats.........................................122
Effects of Mangiferin on cell cycle status and cyclin A,cyclin B1 expression of K562 cells.................123
Effects of Mangiferin on myocardial ischemia induced by pituitrin in mice..........................................123
Effects of Mangiferin on Gastric Ulcers in Rats ..................................................................................... 124
Effect of Mangiferin on the arachidonic acid metabolites in rat ............................................................. 124
Cardioprotective Effects of Mangiferin on Myocardial in Schemia Reperfusion Injury in Rats............125
Effect of Mangiferin on lymphocyte proliferation in immunosuppressed mice......................................125
The effects of Mangiferin on human platelet aggregation and secretion of CD62P ............................... 126
Effect of Mangifer on Serum E-cadherin, carcinoembryonic antigen and monoamine oxidase activity
and cell cycle in live tumor rats.............................................................................................................127
The Impact of Mangiferin on Releasing of Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis from Guinea-Pig
Lung Tissue...........................................................................................................................................127
Effects of on Mangiferin HBsAg and HBeAg Excreted by 2215 Cell....................................................128
The Effect of Mangiferin on hTERT-mRNA Expression and Telomerase Activity in K562 Cells........ 128
Protective effect of Mangiferin on Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice.............................................129
Pharmacodynamic Study of Total Glycosides Tablet of Mango Leaves ................................................ 129
The influence of mangiferin on the body temperature of rabbit in endotoxin-induced fever .................130
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The study on mangiferin protective role of lipid peroxidation damage of brain tissues in rats ..............130
The antidepressant effect of mangiferin on the behavioral despair mice ................................................ 131
Effects of Mangiferin on lipid peroxidation metabolism of blood in rats...............................................131
Antlviral activity of mangiferin against herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro.........................................132
Effect of Mangiferin on the Arachidonic Acid Metabolizing Enzymes in Rat Neutrophils ...................132
Antiviral effect of mangiferin and Isomangiferin on herpes simplex virus................................. 133
Chemical Study and Analytical methods ..........................................................................................134
Characterization and quantitative determination of the impurity in prepared mangiferin extracted from
Mangifera indica L. leaves....................................................................................................................134
A new C-glycosyl xanthone isolated fromDavallia solida ....................................................................151
Characterization and quantitation of polyphenolic compounds in bark, kernel, leaves, and peel ofmango (Mangifera indica L.) ................................................................................................................ 151
An investigation of the stem bark ofBersama abyssinica ......................................................................152
Biosynthesis of mangiferin in anemarrhena asphodewides: intact incorporation of C6-C3precursor into
xanthone................................................................................................................................................152
Antiosteoporotic chemical constituents from Er-Xian Decoction,a traditional Chinese herbal formula 153
Antioxidant C-Glucosylxanthones from the Leaves ofArrabidaea patellifer........................................154
A Xanthone C-glycoside fromIris Nigricans .........................................................................................154
Benzophenone glycosides from Gnidia involucrate ...............................................................................155
Capillary electrophoresis analysis of mangiferin extracted from Mangifera indica L. bark and Mangifera
persiciformis C.Y. Wu et T.L. Ming leaves .......................................................................................... 155
Characterizaton of antioxidant and antiglycation properties and isolation of active ingredients from
traditional Chinese medicines ............................................................................................................... 156
Chemical constituents fromMahkota dewa ............................................................................................156
Characterization of polyphenols in mango puree concentrate by HPLC with diode array and mass
spectrometric detection ......................................................................................................................... 157Characterization of the mangiferin-human serum albumin complex by spectroscopic and molecular
modeling approaches.............................................................................................................................157
Chemical and chemotaxonomical studies of ferns. LXXXVII. constiuents oftrichomanes reniforme ..158
Chemical constituents ofGentianaceae XIX: CNS-depressant effects of swertiamarin ......................... 158
Determination of gentiopicroside, mangiferin, palmatine, berberine, baicalin, wogonin and glycyrrhizin
in the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Sann-Joong-Kuey-Jian-Tang by high- performance
liquid chromatography .......................................................................................................................... 159
Determination of the residue of organochlorine pesticides in mango leaves using GC-MS-SIM...........159
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Determination of mangiferin, jateorrhizine, palmatine, berberine, cinnamic Acid, and cinnamaldehyde
in the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Zi-Shen Pill by high-performance liquid
chromatography.....................................................................................................................................160
Differentiation of Swertia Mussotii Franch from Artemisiae Capillaris Herba by capillary
electrophoresis with electrochemical detection.....................................................................................160
Evaluation of spectrophotometric methods for screening of green rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and
green honeybush (Cyclopia genistoides) extracts for high levels of Bio-active compounds ................161
Flavonoid and xanthone patterns in bearded Iris species and the pathway of chemical evolution in the
genus ..................................................................................................................................................... 162
Glucuronide triterpene saponins fromBersama engleriana....................................................................163
High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of
mangiferin in plasma of rats having taken the traditional Chinese medicinal preparation Zi-Shen pill 164
High-performance liquid chromatography as a tool for the chemical standardisation of triphala-an
ayurvedic formulation ........................................................................................................................... 164
Isolation of isomangiferin from honeybush (Cyclopia subternata) using high-speed counter-current
chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography ........................................................... 165
Isolation of Mangiferin and Isomangiferin from Leaf Material ofHibiscus liliastrum (Malvaceae) .....166
Isolation of mangiferin fromBombax malabaricum and structure revision of shamimin.......................166
Mangiferin and isomangiferin in someHypericum species .................................................................... 167
Mangiferin Identified in a Screening Study Guided by Neuraminidase Inhibitory Activity................... 167
Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric study and analysis of xanthone and secoiridoid
glycoside composition of Swertia chirata, a potent antidiabetic ........................................................... 168
Mangeiferin from the root bark of salaczaretzculata...............................................................................169
Miscibility Characterization in Relation to Phase Morphology of Poly (ether sulfone)/Poly (vinyl
pyrrolidone) Blends Containing a Phytochemical................................................................................. 170
New Steroidal Sapomins from the Rhizomes ofAnemarrhena asphodeoides Bunge (Liliaceae) ..........170
On-line purity monitoring in high-speed counter-current chromatography Application ofHSCCC-HPLC-DAD for the preparation of 5-HMF, neomangiferin and mangiferin fromAnemarrhena
asphodeloides Bunge.............................................................................................................................171
Phenolic compounds fromHypericum perforatum .................................................................................172
Phenolic metabolites from honeybush tea (cyclopia subternata) ............................................................ 172
Polyphenol constituents from salacia species: quantitative analysis of mangiferin with a-glucosidase and
aldose reductase inhibitory activities .................................................................................................... 173
Preparative isolation and purification of four compounds from the chinese medicinal herb rhizoma
anemarrhenae by high-speed counter-current chromatography ............................................................ 174
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Chemical constituents in the leaves ofMangifera persiciformis C.Y. Wu et Y.L. Ming .......................174
Quality evaluation of rhizoma belamcandae (belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.) by using
high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and mass spectrometry.175
Synthesis of mangiferin...........................................................................................................................175Rapid Identification of Polyphenol C-Glycosides from Swertia franchetianaby HPLC-ESI-MS-MS.. 176
Secoiridoids and Xanthones from Gentianella nitida..............................................................................176
Simultaneous determination of bioactive xanthone glycosides and norlignans from ethanolic extract of
Anemarrhena asphodeloides by liquid chromatography.......................................................................177
Simultaneous determination of phenols in Radix Polygalae by high performance liquid chromatography:
quality assurance of herbs from different regions and seasons ............................................................. 178
Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and four secoiridoid glycosides in rat plasma using liquid
chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic study of herbalpreparation.............................................................................................................................................179
Structures of New Friedelane-Type Triterpenes and Eudesmane-Type Sesquiterpene and Aldose
Reductase Inhibitors from Salacia chinensis.........................................................................................180
Studies on the constituents from the fruits of Phaleria macrocarpa ........................................................ 180
Synthesis of mangiferin derivates and study their potent PTP1B inhibitory activity.............................. 181
The Major Phenolic Compounds in the Leaves ofCyclopia Species (Honeybush Tea).........................181
Temperature and solvent dependent NMR studies on mangiferin and complete NMR spectralassignments of its acyl and methyl derivatives ..................................................................................... 182
Use of NIRS for quantification of mangiferin and hesperidin contents of dried green honey bush
(Cyclopia genistoides) plant material................................................................................................. 182
Using LC/MS/MS to determine matrine, oxymatrine, ferulic acid, mangiferin, and glycyrrhizin in the
Chinese medicinal preparations Shiau-feng-saan and Dang-guei-nian-tong-tang ................................ 183
Variation of active constituents of an important Tibet folk medicine Swertia mussotii Franch.
(Gentianaceae) between artificially Cultivated and naturally distributed.............................................183
UV/vis,
1
H and 13CNMR spectroscopic studies to determine mangiferin pKa values ...........................184Quality standard research on Mangiferin crude drug..............................................................................184
Xanthones from Swertia punctata ........................................................................................................... 185
Study on the extracting method of mangiferin inAnemarrhena asphodeloides Bge and Comparison of
content of mangiferin in hair, skin and meat ofAnemarrhena asphodeloides Bge...............................185
Study of extraction and stability of yellow pigment from mango leaves................................................186
Extraction and identification of total flavone from mango leaves .......................................................... 186
Extraction and identification of mangiferin fromMangifera indica leaves............................................187
Extraction of total flavanone from mango leaves by ultrasonic wave.....................................................187
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Optimized procedures for quercetin extraction from Mangifera indica Linn. leaf based on orthogonal
design .................................................................................................................................................... 188
Determination of mangiferin and homomangiferin in almond leaves by HPLC.....................................188
Determination of gallic acid in mango leaves by HPLC.........................................................................189Study on the content of mangiferin in mangifera indica L. from different areas....................................189
Determination of mangiferin and homomangiferin in manggo leaves by HPLC....................................190
Determination of impurity of homomangiferin in raw medicine of mangiferin by HPLC ..................... 190
Comparison of HPLC fingerprint among different tissues ofMangifera indica L. ................................191
Comparison research on the content of mangiferin between manggo leaf and manggo branch .............191
Determination of gallic acid in the leaves of 4 genera ofMangifera indica L. by RP-HPLC ................192
Determination of mangiferin, neomangiferin inRhizoma anemarrhenae from different producing area192
Comparison of mangiferin content in different cultivars of mango leaves ............................................. 193
Determination of mangiferin of the aerial parts in Gentiana manshurica Kitagawa ..............................193
Determination of mangiferin in dejecta of rabbit by RP-HPLC..............................................................194
Determination of mangiferin in Qingqiliangying injection by RP-HPLC...............................................194
Determination of the contents of mangiferin and berberine hydrochloride in the Zishen Pills by
RP-HPLC .............................................................................................................................................. 195
Determination of mangiferin in rhizoma anemarrhenae from different habitats by HPLC-UV.............195Determination of mangiferin in rhizoma anemarrhenae from different habitats by HPLC....................196
Determination of mangiferin and sarsasapogenin in rhizoma anemarrhenae and stir-baked rhizoma
anemarrhenae before sprinking salt solution by HPLC........................................................................196
Determination of mangiferin and neomangiferin in rhizoma anemarrhenae and its preparation by HPLC197
Determination of mangiferin and neomangiferin in rhizoma anemarrhenae by HPLC..........................197
Determination of chimonin and forsythiaside inKangbingdu oral liquid by RP-HPLC.........................198
Determination of Mangiferin in Mango peel by RP-HPLC .................................................................... 198
IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MANGIFERIN IN MANGO PEEL, A HPLC
METHOD WAS ESTABLISHED, AND A HANBON LICHYOPHERC18(4.6250MM,5M) COLUMN WAS USED.THE
MOBILE PHASE WAS METHANOL-0.3%H3PO4(32:68) AND THE FLOW RATE WAS1ML/MIN.THE UV DETECTION
WAVELENGTH WAS 258NM ,THE LINEAR RANGES OF MANGIFERIN WERE IN THE RANGE OF 0.4~0.8UG WITH
EQUATION OF Y=1.065+2.035X, R=0.9999(N=5) THE AVERAGE RECOVERY OF MANGIFERIN WAS 97.8 WITH
RSD OF 1.85 .THIS METHOD IS SIMPLE ACCURATE REPRODUCIBLE.IT WAS FOUND THAT THE MANGO PEEL IN
BAI-SE,NANNING, AND TIAN-YANG COUNTY HAVE THE HIGHEST CONTENT OF MANGIFERIN........................... 198
RP-HPLC determination of mangiferin in the leafs ofFolium Mangiferae sampled in different months
and regions ............................................................................................................................................ 199
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Determination of the contents of mangiferin in the roots and stems ofRhizoma Anemarrhenal at
different harvest dates ........................................................................................................................... 199
Determination of mangiferin and neomangiferin inRhizoma Anemarhenalusing RP-HPLC................200
Determination of Mangiferin and Polysaccharide inRhizoma Anemarrhenalfrom Different Origin.... 200Quantitative determination of four effective components in Swertia delavayiby HPLC....................... 201
Determination of mangiferin in Liyan tablets by HPLC ......................................................................... 201
Determination of mangiferin in Zhibai Dihuang Pill by HPLC.............................................................. 202
Dertermination content of mangiferin and sarsasapogenine in Rhizoma Anemarrhenae from different
areas.......................................................................................................................................................202
Separation of mangiferin by high performance capillary electrophoresis............................................... 203
HPLC determination of mangiferin content in commercialRhizoma Anemarrhenae.............................203Comparison of Mangifern in Contents in Different Parts of Mango Tree .............................................. 204
The physiological and biochemical change induced by mangiferin accumulation in Mango tree.......... 204
Optimization of Extraction Technology for Total Saponin in Mango Leaf............................................ 205
Rapid determination of mangiferin and neomangiferin inAnemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. By capillary
zone eectrophoresis with UV detection.................................................................................................205
Isolation and Identification of Oleanolic acid and Magiferin from Swertia punicea hemsl....................206
Changes of mangiferin and neomangiferin contents in Rhizoma Anemarrhenae before and after
processing.............................................................................................................................................. 206
Dynamic Study of Contents of mangiferin in XiLingAnemarrhena asphodeloides Bge.......................207
Study on the Factors Affecting the Mangiferin Contents in Mango Leaves ........................................... 207
Structure modification of mangiferin......................................................................................................208
Identification and determination of four metabolites of mangiferin in rat urine.....................................208
Stability of mangiferin and factors affecting the stability.......................................................................209
Isolation and structure modification of mangiferin fromAnemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. .................209
Determination of mangiferin in Zhimu Compounding Granules by HPLC............................................210
High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of mangiferin, ikviritin and
dihydroquercetin in rat plasma and urine .............................................................................................. 210
Pharmacokinetic study of free mangiferin in rats by microdialysis coupled with microbore
high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem masss pectrometry...........................................211
High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of mangiferin in rat plasma and
urine.......................................................................................................................................................212
Identification of major xanthones and steroidal saponins in rat urine by liquid
chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry technology following
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oral administration ofRhizoma Anemarrhenae decoction .................................................................... 213
Purification and analysis by high performance liquid chromatography of Mangiferin........................... 214
Pulse radiolysis studies of mangiferin: A C-glycosyl xanthone isolated fromMangifera indica...........214
Technology and Application...............................................................................................................215
Summarize of mangiferin products.........................................................................................................215
30 Cases of acute upper Respiratory infection treated with mangiferin tablets ...................................... 218
Optimization of mangiferin extraction process by orthogonal design from Zhimu................................ 218
Preparation of mangiferin monosodium salt ........................................................................................... 219
Solubility enhancement of mangiferin by HP--CD inclusion technic...................................................219
Studies on the effects of mango leaf electuary upon influenza............................................................... 220
Study on mangiferin extraction by air-blasting method..........................................................................220
Study of extraction of Mango Leaf total glucosides tablets....................................................................221
Study on processing technology of mangiferin pills ............................................................................... 221
Study on thin-film coating process for mangiferin tablet........................................................................222
Study on ultrasonic extraction technics of mangiferin inAnemarrhena asphodeloides Bge..................222
Index.......................................................................................................................................................223
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Preface
The civilization and evolution of society, if getting more progress, always depend on the
invention or discovery of new substance, new ways, new knowledge and new theories. We,as
a positive enterprising and vigorous team devoting to medicine research, have been engaged
in the study of mango leaves and mangiferin as the scholars from different countries do. We
do hope to discover some new medical values from mango leaves and mangiferin so as to
contribute to humans health. We are dramatically inspired, after long-term endeavors, by
many encouraging reports released from all over the world. For the convenience of
communication and discussion, we have collected all these achievements to form the corpusof the study of mango leaves and mangiferin.
The corpus is divided into six parts preface,invited lecture,pharmacodynamics and
toxicology, chemical study and analytical methods,technology and application, index.Total
291 papers are collected both including submitted papers from pharmacodynamic actions
study of castoff crops and the first international symposium on mangiferin and published
reports in all kinds of magazines. 337 researchers and experts of the research papers are from
29 countries; the contents of the papers involve the extracting technology, separation,purification, the chemical structure modification, toxicity, pharmacodynamic action,
mechanism, and clinical research on Mango leaves and Mangiferin. The latest research report
is the toxicity study of mangiferin made by professor Deng Jiagang and his partner from
Guangxi, P.R.China. Generally speaking, the corpus is a great summary of long-period study,
which truly reflects present research process on mangiferin. The major purpose we edit the
corpus is to provide a platform for the experts and researchers to discuss and exchange their
achievements in the study on mangiferin.
Thanks to both the chief editors high attention to this fields and all editors hard work,
the corpus could be published successfully within two months. Whats more, various circles
of society also provide huge supports and financial aids for academic conference. We are
sincerely grateful to Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical Univerisity, Baise National
Agricultural SCI-TECH Zone, Guangxi Science and Technology Department and National
Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).
Though we require every editor to compile the corpus as perfectly and quickly as
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possible, it is also inevitable to appear some mistakes or deficiencies due to limited time, our
professional knowledge and limited English levels. Please instantly contact us if you find any
mistakes or your research papers are not published in the corpus. We are sincerely thankful to
those who give valuable advice on the corpus.
As an ancient Chinese poet said, Although the way stretched endless ahead, we will
search with my will unbending. When the conference draws to a close, when honorable
guests leave the beautiful Zhuang Autonomous region, the cooperation between us is just
beginning. We will firm our study direction to further research on mango leaves and
mangiferin, especially their application research. We sincerely hope this piece of green leaf
carrying our aborative contribution can bring the health and happiness to human.
The Organizing Committee
October 2009
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Invited Lecture
The Strategic Significance and General Thoughts of the Medicinal StudyOn Agricultural Residues
Jiagang Deng
Being engaged in the research of Chinese herbs for many years and based on the
thoughts of sustainable development of the natural resources of Chinese herbs over a long
period of time, the author, since the end of March 2009, in many public occasions delivers
the three no-mainstream strategic considerations about the problem of sustainabledevelopment of the natural resources of Chinese herbs, which means that we should study
chemical substances as new resources of Chinese herbs, carry on the medicinal study of
agricultural residues and restructure the internationalization ideas of Chinese medicine and
restrict the non-medical consume of Chinese herbs so as to realize sustainable development
of the natural resources of Chinese herbs. In this paper, the author from the macro level tries
to discuss the reasons and approaches to carry on the medicinal study on agricultural residues
1. The strategic significance of the medicinal study on agricultural residuesThe so-called agricultural residues are not the parts of crops for economic object planted
by farmers including growers of vegetable, fruit, flower, herbs, etc., which are not agricultural
products and not be used for medicinal purpose or other valuable commercial action in
traditional production business. For example, vegetable growers plant tomatoes, and the fruit
of tomatoes is their main economic object, and the stem and leaves of tomatoes are not their
main economic object. The fruit grower plants mangoes, melons and bananas, and the fruit of
mangoes, melons and bananas are their economic objects, and the mango leaves prunedamong the growing and the stem and leaves after the fruit of melon and banana are picked, are
not their main economic object. We call such kinds of materials of minor economic object as
agricultural residues. In past production activity, most of the agricultural residues are
discarded because they are not the main economic objects. What we will do is to apply
modern science and technology to research the medicinal value of the agricultural residues to
find their new values. We can understand the strategic significance of this research from its
impacts on medicine, ecology and society.
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(1) The medicinal study on the agricultural residues is an important way to support
sustainable development of the natural resources of Chinese herbs.
The natural resources of Chinese herbs are the basis of Chinese medicine (Traditional
Chinese Medicine). The existence and development of Chinese medicine depends largely on
the sustainable development of the natural resources of Chinese herbs. Development and
utilization of the natural resources of Chinese herbs enjoys a long history in our country, and
there are 12,772 kinds of Chinese medical materials totally according to statistics, in which
11,118 kinds are plant sources, 1,574 kinds are animal sources, and 80 kinds are mineral
sources. These figures show that not only our natural Chinese medicinal resources are
extremely rich, but also we are largely dependent on herbals. Especially in todays world, with
the rapid development of society, the conflict between the needs of society and natural
Chinese herbal resources becomes more and more prominent. There are many factors to affect
the natural Chinese herbal resources, and the following four factors are particularly important.
The first factor is that the application of Chinese herbs increases rapidly in population.
Domestically, China's population was about 450 million at the founding of PRC, about 600
million at the sixties of last century, 1.16 billion at the fourth national census and 1.295 billion
for the fifth national census. Meanwhile, along with the constant deepening of China's open
policy, the radius of Chinese medicine is increased, and more and more people are using
traditional Chinese medicine around the world, including more than 48 million overseas
Chinese. In 2008, the amount of export of Chinese herbs exports were 1.3 billion US dollars
and 163 countries traded with China in Chinese herbs, of which 154 are importing countries.
Although the modern society doesnt use Chinese herbs just as simple as the ancient times,
and chemical drugs have a large proportion of the application, the consumption of Chinese
herbs is still at an increasing level because of the big figure of population.
The second factor is non-medical consumption of Chinese herbs, which is the main
factor increasing contradiction between the supply and demand of Chinese herbal resources.
The purpose of the contemporary application of Chinese herbs has far exceeded the scope of
treatment of the disease, and because of the incorrect publicity and the commercial interests, a
myriad of different Chinese herbal industry are forming, such as health care, beauty, and
medicated food. This huge consumer market competes with the Chinese medical market for
the limited resources of Chinese herbs.
The third factor is the expanding of the natural plant extract market. With the global
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enthusiasm for natural medicines, and the rapid development of high and new technologies in
plant chemistry, modern pharmaceutical industry, the research for finding new drug
compounds or pro-drugs from the natural herbal is in the ascendant, and has gradually formed
an industrial scale. Data shows that the consumption of plant extracts is about 10% of the total
herbals. On the one hand, this is a development of drug research, but on the other hand, it is
also a cruel plunder for Chinese herbal resources. For example, extraction rate of puerarin in
pueraria is 3.58% (microwave-assisted), Mogroside V only 0.5% in fresh fruit, and Total
Ginkgo Flavone-Glycoides only 0.15% in Ginkgo leaf, and the rest are discarded. It is true
that, looking for new drug through the study of natural plant active ingredients is a very good
idea, and in this regard bulbocapnine (1928-1936 Zhao Chenggu), ephedrine (1887 Nagai
Nagayoshi) etc. are successful examples. However, the situation are changed now, a large
number of manufacturing enterprises have mushroomed in various places, and is it a fortunate
or disaster for sustainable development of the natural resources of Chinese herbs?
The fourth factor is the combination of a number of factors, such as the changes of the
natural environment and species, disorderly excavation and the international implementation
of laws and regulations to protect animals and plants, which aggravates the situation of
shortage of the Chinese herbal resources. In recent years, a large area of economic forestland
cultivation was carried out, resulted in the damage and destruction of native plant resources to
a huge degree. After many years collecting for industrial production, the wild species
resources decline sharply, such as Shinyleaf Pricklyash Root and Liquorice Root, etc.
For these mentioned reasons, many experts and scholars think deeply from macro to
micro perspectives on how to meet the growing demand of the people and the international
market for Chinese herbs, and to bring forth numerous ideas in favor of the sustainable
development of the natural resources of Chinese herbs. Precisely at this time, we have
proposed to carry out the idea of the medicinal study on agricultural residues, and the purpose
of the study is to provide new prospects and approaches to the research of Chinese herbs, as
well as increase additional resources of Chinese herbs.
(2) The medicinal study on agricultural residues benefits the environment protection and
promotes eco-agricultural development.
The industry of Chinese herbal medicine is a resource-dependent industry. The
demanding of Chinese herbs is growing, while the natural resources is decreasing, and the
former will not be changed, so the only way is to change the latter in this contradiction.
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Over the past 10 years, in order to solve this problem, with the implementation of
modernization of Chinese herbal medicine, the state increased investment, build up several
production bases of Chinese herbs, and a number of large pharmaceutical companies also
chose suitable places of origin to establish their own production bases which are mainly
related with their own products. Wanxi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd invested a huge fund to build
planting bases, each with an annual production of over 200 tons Chinese herbs across the
country, such as Common Yam Rhizome base in Wuzhi County, Henan Province; Aahesive
Rehmannia Root Tuber base in Wen County, Henan Province; Indian Buead and the root bark
of the peony bases in Jinzhai County and Tongling County, Anhui Province and Oriental
Waterplantain Tuber base in Jianou County, Fujian Province. Sanjiu Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd
has established 13 GAP planting bases of Upright Ladybell Root, Mongolian snakegourd,
Indigowoad Root, Balloonflower Root, Ginseng, Safflower, Different Leaves Pseudostellaria
Root Tuber, Thinleaf Milkwort Root, Rose, Aucklandia Lappa, Chinese Thorowax Root,
Mongolian Milkvetch Root, Baikal Skullcap Root, etc. in Hebei, Anhui, Guizhou, Neimeng,
Shandong Province etc.. Currently the number of planting bases of Chinese herbs is more than
1000 in our nation. Standards of the 500 bases are close to the national GAP certification
standards. Planting area of Chinese herbs is about 21 million mu.
A large-scale planting of Chinese herbs formed a new agriculture, and eased the
contradiction between supply and demand of Chinese herbs to a certain extent. However,
because China's land resources are extremely scarce and Chinese herbs planting takes up a
large number of agricultural crops lands, the shortage of land resources is exacerbated. Thus,
explore new herbal resources to find new uses or likely replace the existing species is an
urgent and arduous task. We propose to carry out the medicinal study on agricultural residues,
which is a measure to provide additional resources of medicinal plants without occupation of
land resources. Moreover, a large number of waste products of crops are generated in
agricultural production, and in the past, most of them were incinerated, or dumped in the
fields and in the river directly, which caused serious environmental pollution. For example,
annual production of sugar cane is about 50 million tons in Guangxi, and annual production of
sugar cane leaves is about 7.5 million tons, except a small amount of leaves for cattle feeding,
the vast majority is incinerated in situ. Again Guangxi is one of the largest provinces for
mango cultivation, and just Baise Youjiang Valley alone, therere nearly 400,000 mu of land
for mango growing, which results in over 200,000 tons mango leaves from pruning each year.
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Tomato leaves, watermelon leaves and other staple crops are probably the same case. The
burning of these waste products produces exhaust gas into the air, which results in decreased
air quality and affects the ecological environment. Only the effective usage of these waste
products can change this situation.
(3) The medicinal study on agricultural residues promotes the development of circular
economy and builds a harmonious society.
The so-called circular economy is an efficient use and recycling of resources as the core
of economic growth mode. From the perspective of resource utilization, the traditional
economy is extensive and one-time, continuously turning the resources into the waste to
achieve quantitative economic growth, while the circular economy promotes a kind of
harmonious economic model with the environment, which organizes the economic activities
into a feedback process of "resources - products - renewable resources". Reduce, reuse and
recycle, is the "3R principle" of circular economy, in which recycling is divided into
primary-level recycling and secondary recycling, and the medicinal study on agricultural
residues proposed by us belongs to the secondary recycling, that is, "turning waste resources
into raw material of other products " which is turning the waste products of crops into the raw
materials of drugs or health products.
To promote the development of circular economy in China, the National Development
and Reform Commission and the State Environmental Protection Administration take a
number of measures, which refers to "vigorously carrying out comprehensive utilization of
resources, maximizing the use of resources, reducing the final disposal of waste, conducting
comprehensive utilization of agricultural wastes generated in the process of production. In
fact, according to the strategy of sustainable development since the 90s, developed countries
are developing a circular economy, establishing recycling-based society as an important way
and measure to implement sustainable development strategy. A number of pilot projects also
conducted in the development of circular economy in China, but most of them are
industrial-related projects, and especially none of them is related to turning the waste products
of crops into medicinal resources in agriculture. In line with national development strategy of
circular economy needs, the study on agricultural residues will enjoy broad application
prospects.
On the other hand, through modern science and technology, carrying out the study on
agricultural residues to find the value and turn waste into treasure will not only solve the
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problem of the environmental pollution caused by the original approach to dealing with such
issues, but also increase the added value of crops for farmers to provide more employment
opportunities, giving the local farmers new ways to shake off poverty and be on a road to
prosperity. It can be said that this research project is necessary and feasible with remarkable
economic and social benefits. Study of the mango leaf is a typical example. The early
seventies of last century, Guangxi TCM University carried out the drug action research of
mango leaves, and successfully developed "mango anti-cough tablets" with mango leaves as
the main raw material. After nearly three decades of continuous development, there are four
pharmaceutical companies and one hospital produce this kind of drug and the other hospital
preparations with mango leaves as raw material nationally, and annual sales revenue has been
more than 60 million Yuan. At least more than 10,000 tons of mango leaves are needed per
year, and farmers in areas such as Baise have brought millions in revenue. This research is
even more significant that it strongly extends and expands the industrial chain of mango
cultivation, and becomes a bridge between the convergence of agriculture and industry, the
fruit industry and pharmaceutical industry.
2. The general thoughts of the medicinal study on agricultural residues
We propose to carry out the medicinal study on agricultural residues with the overall
objective, i.e. to screen the functional ingredients of anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor,
anti-aging, lowering blood glucose and blood cholesterol etc. from mango leaves, sugar cane
leaves, watermelon leaves, tomato leaves and some other staple crops, and to study the
corresponding efficacy evaluation, to prove mechanism of action targets, to establish the
active ingredient database of agricultural residues, to strive to find available medicinal
resources from agricultural residues to solve problem of the increasing depletion of Chinese
herbal resources and environmental pollution of waste products. To achieve this objective, we
must focus on the four following measures at this stage and for a long period in the future.
(1) To carry out the academic discussion of the medicinal study on agricultural residues to
seek consensus and policy support
The study on agricultural residues as new medicinal resources has a great significance in
theory, but many difficulties in practice. First of all, it is the problem of understanding and
policy. While most scholars and government officials have the attitude of appreciation, but
people are still unfamiliar with it as a newborn of the medical academics; and it is impossible
to show convincing efficiency except for the study of mango leaves because the basis of
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preliminary studies of other agricultural residues is still very weak, and even literature are
hard to find. This requires strong support of the academic community, and carrying out hard
work to publicize and demonstrate the feasibility of the academic advocates by a variety of
ways, not only form a consensus in the academic community, but more importantly urge the
Government to give support to this project. Only being included in the national development
of circular economy and ecological agriculture, will the protection of the sustainable
development strategy of Chinese herbal resources be possible to carry out to achieve its
intended objective.
(2) Construction of the technology platform for the medicinal study on agricultural residues
Technology platform is the basis of scientific research. Especially with regard to
multidisciplinary research, there must be a technology integration platform which can
guarantee that research goals. To carry out the medicinal study of waste products of crops, is a
complicated systematic project, and from the disciplinary point of view, it is related to
agriculture and medicine; From the industrial classification point of view, it is related to the
primary industry of agriculture and the pharmaceutical industry of secondary industry, which
breaks new ground for the future and links the two industries; From the perspective of science
and technology it is related to modern biological information processing technology, plant
chemistry (medicine chemical) technology, pharmaceutical technology, quality control and
instrument analysis techniques, modern efficacy screening technology, food engineering, and
so on. Therefore, research institutions with good basic conditions should be chosen. For
example, in Guangxi, we can choose Baise National Agricultural Science and Technology
Park and the Guangxi Research Center of Pharmacological Screening of Chinese Herbs.
The former is a state-level agricultural science and technology research platform, and the
latter is the provincial research science and technology platform of Chinese medicine. Such a
functional Ingredients screening technology platform of agricultural residues, in which the
research system, research team, technical equipments, operating mechanism, etc. should be
designed based on the requirements of the international advanced level, and adequate
financial support for scientific research should be provided in order to ensure the smooth
development of research projects to strive to achieve model results within a short period of
time.
(3) To carry out civil investigations of the application of agricultural residues to develop
long-term research programs
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Although the study was recently proposed, but its object is crops which is closely related
to peoples daily life, and the usage of crops are gradually accumulated and developed during
the long agrarian times of the human society, and the theory " Medicinal and Edible" of
Chinese herbs is built on this understanding of production and lifestyles. Therefore, there
must have rich experiences applying crops waste to fight the disease in civil society, and this
experiences maybe exist individually and scattered. These experiences will provide scientific
research clues. The study of Mango leaves was derived from the Chinese herbal medicine
movement at the early seventies of last century. In that movement, in their medical survey
researchers found that local farmers have the habits of drinking the boiled water of mango
leaves to treat cough, cholera illness in Bose and other places. According to this line of
thought provided by civilian applications, the researchers conducted a series of study of
mango leaves, resulting in the "mango anti-cough tablets, originally created in Guangxi.
Therefore, we can say that civil application experiences of crops waste are sources to conduct
this study for us. We build technology platforms and undertake a full investigation of the
application of waste products of crops, including documents and on-site investigation. Based
on the first-hand information, we develop the study plan and identify the short-term and
long-term research objectives, tasks, specific targets and specific content, implementation
steps, the progress and funding to ensure that research directions and goals are stable and
feasible to avoid giving up halfway.
(4) To form the research alliance of the medicinal study on agricultural residues
Agriculture is the foundation of human society, even the most developed countries are
also inseparable from the crops (just in different cropping patterns), and it is inevitable to
produce agricultural residues. Take mango for an example, there are nearly 70 countries
planting mango worldwide; and watermelon, tomato, etc. are also staple crops worldwide. In
our country watermelons are planted from east to west and from south to north. In other
words, the medicinal study on agricultural residues can and should become a worldwide
international cooperation projects. In fact, during the systematic study of literature of
mangiferin we found that the research of the mango leaves and mangiferin started earlier than
China in the Western countries, especially deeply in basic research, but our work is more
focus on applied research, and has made a lot of results especially in the clinical application
and product development. The experts and scholars from various countries have their own
advantages and characteristics in this area, so they should be combined to form a research
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alliance and set up two platforms: a platform for academic exchanges and another platform
for technical support, so as to collaborate on common interest in a crop waste to establish a
unified executable research program and share the work in accordance with their respective
scientific and technological advantages. In this way, we will expect to make a landmark
contribution to the field of medicinal study on agricultural residues in a short period of time.
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Chemical Constituents with Unprecedented Skeletons from Alpinia
katsumadaiand Chukrasia tabularis var. velutina
Ling-Yi Kong
Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University,
24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected]
The seeds of Alpinia katsumadai Hayata (Zingiberaceae) have been used in traditional Chinese
medicine (TCM) as an antiemetic agent and for the treatment of stomach disorders, and was coded in
Chinese Pharmacopeia as an aromatic stomachic. From the petroleum ether extract of the seeds ofA.
katsumadai (20 Kg), a pair of unique sesquiterpenechalcone conjugates with unprecedented skeletons (1,
2)and two novel monoterpenechalcone conjugates (3, 4) was isolated, and the structure of 1, 2, 4 were
confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
The stem bark of Chukrasia tabularis has been traditionally used as astringent, antidiarrheal, and
anti-influenza agents in China. From the air-dried stem bark of C. tabularis var. velutina (10 Kg), nine
novel phragmalin type limonoids were isolated. Three 16-norphragmalin limonoids, chukvelutins A-C (5-7),
possess unprecedented skeletons featured with a characteristic ketal moiety between the phragmalin
skeleton and a biosynthetically extended isobutyryl group at C-15. Six C-15-acyl phragmalin type
limonoids, chukvelutilides A-F (8-13), are the first class of C-15-acyl phragmalin type limonoids with
16/30 -lactone ring confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Study on Bioactive Compounds with Molecular Diversity from Toxic Plants
in China
Shi-Shan Yu
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal
Medicine, Ministry of Education; IMM, CAMS & PUMC, 100050, Beijing
Natural products play a dominant role in the discovery of leads for the development of drugs for the
treatment of human diseases. In China, much of nature sources remain to be explored, particular the toxic
plants, which leave no doubt that a host of novel, bioactive chemotypes await discovery. There are morethan 900 species of toxic plants in our country. The bioactivities of extracts of over 150 toxic plants were
investigated in our group. It was found that more than 20 toxic plants showed vasodilator activities and
anti-tumor activities, of which 7 toxic plants were further studied by bioassay-guided technique. From the 7
toxic plants, more than 250 compounds were isolated, including 9 new skeleton compounds and more than
80 novel compounds, of which more than 50 compounds exhibited significant bioactivities to different
targets. It lays a foundation for study on innovative drugs and elucidation of the bioactive substances of
toxic plants.
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Pharmacology and Toxicology
Assessment of systemic interaction between swertia chirata extract and its
bioactive constituents in rabbits
Satyendra Suryawanshi1, R. K. Asthana2 and R. C. Gupta1*
1 Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
2 Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
The plant Swertia chirata (Gentianaceae) is known for its multifarious medicinal value in the Indian
system of medicine (Ayurveda). Its methanol extracts having antidiabetic activity contains mangiferin,
amarogentin, amaroswerin, sweroside and swertiamarin as active constituents. The pharmacokinetics of
mangiferin and amarogentin have been carried out after intravenous administration of pure standards and
extract from S. chirata (CT) in rabbits to assess systemic interaction. The remaining three components were
also monitored in plasma for pharmacokinetic estimation based on the ratio analysis method. Mangiferin
was characterized by a relative low clearance (~0.14L/h/kg) and a lesser volume of dis