Studio Acoustic Treatment (Thesis )

7/29/2019 Studio Acoustic Treatment (Thesis )

1/57

!! ! "#$%&'($)*!+,!-.$#/0'12!

!

"#$$%&%!#'!()*+,-.-%/!+,0!1#2-+$!12-%,2%/!

123##$!#'!45./6!")$.)5%!+,0!7,8-5#,*%,.!

!

!

3++4!56+0()$6(!7!89:;!6)!

!

?#!)2$(!@>@&'!)2&!'++4!4+.&(!+,!'&!&B@C+'&.!$#!+'.&'!)+!.&>C!D$)2!)2&!EC+D!

,'&F0*G!@'+/C&4!)2>)!+660'(!$#!(4>CC!C+(&.!(@>6&(H!5!C+)!+,!$#,+'4>)$+#!$(!.&'$%&.!,'+4!)2&!>#>C*($(!+,!)2&!#>)0'>C!'&(+#>#6&(I!2+D&%&'J!/*!&B6$)$#1!>CC!'++4!

4+.&(J!)2&!,'&F0$&(!)2>)!>'&!>#6&.!+'!'&.06&.!4+()!6>#!/&!(&H!=2&'&,+'&J!!@>')$60C>'!)'&>)4)!6>#!/&!(011&()&.H!K&%&')2&C&((J!#+!@>')$60C>'!)'&>)4)!$(!

(011&()&.!,+'!)2&!EC+D!,'&F0*!@'+/C&4G!D2$C&!4+'&!&B6C0($%&!'&(&>'62!(2+0C.!/&!

.+#&!+#!)2&!/>((!)'>@!(+C0)$+#H!:+'&+%&'J!)2&!'&%&'/&'>)$+#!)$4&!+,!#.!C60C>)&.J!,+'!,'&F0$&(!D2$62!'>#1&!,'+4!MN2O!)+!PQ2OJ!1$%$#1!>#!

>%&'>1&!+,!LHRS(&6(!>#.!THPP(&6(!'&(@&6)$%&C*H!=2&!.$,,&'&!+660'(!/&6>0(&!(+4&!

)'&>)4)!+#!)2&!D>CC(!+,!()0.$+!A!2>(!/&!>@@C$&.H!=2&!>/(+'@)$+#!6+&,,$6$)!+,!)2&!D>CC!4>)&'$>C!$(!6>C60C>)&.J!1$%$#1!>#!>%&'>1&!+,!THTRAURHAVWH:+'&+%&'J!)2&!

>/(+'@)$+#!+,!>#!>6+0()$6>C!)$C&!$(!6>C60C>)&.!0($#1!)2&!'&%&'/&'>)$+#!'++4!4&)2+.H!=2!)2&!#&D!'&%&'/&'>)$+#!)$4&!U#&>'C*!THR(&6(W!+,!()0.$+!A!$(!6>C60C>)&.!

U)2&+'&)$6>CC*W!>((04$#1!)2>)!)2&!>6+0()$6>C!)$C&!$(!@C>6&.!$#!)2&!()0.$+H!!

!

!

!"#$%&'()%*+,"%%-.+/-01$22+

!!"#$"%&"'()*++(


2/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

>!

X&6C>'>)$+#!+,!+D#!D+'Q!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


3/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

E!

9+#))(!

!

LH!?#)'+.06)$+#!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! @HR!

AH!;>6Q1'+0#.!=2&+'*!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! @HS!

AHL!3&%&'/&'>)$+#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! @HS!

AHA!X$,,'>6)$+#! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! @HY!

AHN!3&%&'/&'>)$+#!=$4&!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! @HY!

! AHNHL!MT.;!+,!.&6>*!! ! ! ! ! ! ! @HZ!

AHR!:&>(0'$#1!3&%&'/&'>)$+#!=$4&! ! ! ! ! ! @HZ!

! AHRHL!C(!,+'!:&>(0'$#1!3=!! ! ! ! ! ! @HZ!

! ! AHRHA!3&%&'/&'>)$+#!=$4&!5#>C*($(! ! ! ! ! @HLT

! AHS!5/(+'@)$+#!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! @HLL!

! ! AHSHL!:+0#)$#1!+,!4>)&'$>C!! ! ! ! ! ! @HLL!

! ! AHSHA![C>6&4)!>#.!)2$6Q#&((!+,!4>)&'$>C!!!! ! ! ! @HLA!

! AHM!:&>(0'$#1!=&62#$F0&(!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! AHMHL!3&%&'/&'>)$+#!92>4/&'!!! ! ! ! ! ! @HLA!

! ! AHMHA!?4@&.>#6&!=0/&!:&)2+.! ! ! ! ! ! @HLN!

! AHY!3++4!:+.&(! ! !

AHYHL!#.$#1!\>%&(!! ! ! ! ! ! ! @HLR!

AHYHA!=2&!C+D!,'&F0*!@'+/C&4! ! ! ! ! @HLS!

AHYHN!=2&!E6)$6>C!\+'Q!

! NHL!3++4!4+.&!5#>C*($(! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! @HLP!

! NHA!3&%&'/&'>)$+#!=$4&!5#>C*($(! ! ! ! ! ! @HAT!

! NHN!3++4!3&(+#>#6&(!7!-B@&'$4)!L! ! ! ! ! ! @HAL!

! NHR!3&%&'/&'>)$+#!=$4&!7!5/(+'@)$+#!7!-B@&'$4)!A!! ! ! @HAM!

! NHS!@2*!7!3&,&'&(! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! @HSA!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !


4/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

F!

! LH!?#)'+.06)$+#!

!

! G#H+0+B/6!.3%!+2#)/.-2+$!.5%+.*%,.!#'!%,2$#/%0!/I+2%/!J%2#*%/!*#5%!+,0!*#5%!

/-&,-'-2+,.!.3+,!-,!.3%!I+/.!H3-$%!*#5%!+,0!*#5%!I%#I$%!+5%!-,.%5%/.%0!-,!.3+.!'-%$0!+,0!.3%B!

J%2#*%!*#5%!+,0!*#5%!0%*+,0-,&!#,!H3+.!.3%B!$-/.%,!.#K!1#),0!I$+B/!+!/-&,-'-2+,.!5#$%!-,!

3)*+,!%8#$).-#,!H3-$%!-.!-,'$)%,2%/!+$*#/.!%8%5B.3-,&K!4,!%,2$#/%0!/I+2%!/3#)$0!3+8%!+!

#0!+2#)/.-2!'-%$0!'#5!/%8%5+$!5%+/#,/K!A3%!*#/.!-*I#5.+,.!5%+/#,!-/!.3+.!#0!+2#)/.-2/!

3%$I!I%#I$%L/!2#**),-2+.-#,K!C#5!-,/.+,2%6!+!J-&!2$+//5##*!,%%0/!.#!3+8%!#0!+2#)/.-2/!-,!

#50%5!.#!-,/)5%!/I%%23!-,.%$$-&-J-$-.B!+,0!/#!%8%5B#,%!2#)$0!),0%5/.+,0!%8%5B#,%!-,!.3%!

5##*!URTWH!!@#5%#8%56!.3%!+2#)/.-2/!#'!+)0-.#5-)*/6!J-&!2#,2%5.!3+$$/6!5%2#50-,&!/.)0-#/6!

2#,.5#$!5##*/!+,0!/#!'#5.36!+5%!8%5B!-*I#5.+,.!'#5!*)/-2+$!I%5'#5*+,2%6!$-/.%,-,&!+,0!

5%2#50-,&!USWH!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! M#./!#'!/)JD%2.-8%!+,0!#JD%2.-8%!I+5+*%.%5/!-,'$)%,2%!.3%!+2#)/.-2/!#'!+!5##*6!$-N%!

2$+5-.B6!/.5%,&.36!5%8%5J%5+.-#,6!-,.-*+2B!+,0!/#!'#5.3O!3#H%8%56!.3%!*#/.!-*I#5.+,.!I5#8%/!

.#!J%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!H3-$%!-.!-,'$)%,2%/!+2#)/.-2/!-,!.3%!*#/.!/-&,-'-2+,.!H+B!ULWH!@#5%#8%56!

.3%!,+.)5+$!5%/#,+,2%/!#'!+,!%,2$#/%0!/I+2%!-,'$)%,2%!.3%!$#H%5!'5%P)%,2-%/!-,!+!/-&,-'-2+,.!

H+BK!4$.3#)&36!/#*%!I%#I$%!0#!,#.!H+/.%!*#,%B!+,0!.-*%!-,!.3%!.5%+.*%,.!#'!.3%!5##*!

*#0%/!H3-$%!.3%B!J%$-%8%!.3+.!5##*!*#0%/!0#!,#.!-,'$)%,2%!*)23!.3%!/#),06!.3%!.5).3!-/!.3+.!5##*!*#0%/!2+,!-,'$)%,2%!.3%!/#),0!05+*+.-2+$$BK!! ! ! ! !

! Q,!.3-/!I+I%56!+,!),.5%+.%0!5%2#50-,&!/.)0-#!R/.)0-#!>S!-/!/.)0-%0!-,!#50%5!.#!+II$B!

/#*%!+2#)/.-2+$!.5%+.*%,.K!T,!.3%!'-5/.!I+5.!#'!.3%!I5#D%2.6!.3%!,+.)5+$!5%/#,+,2%/!#'!/.)0-#!

>!+5%!%UI$#5%0K!9)5%!/-,%!H+8%/6!25%+.%0!#,!+)0+2-.B6!+5%!&%,%5+.%0!'5#*!+,!#*,-V

0-5%2.-#,+$!/I%+N%5!-,!#50%5!.#!%U2-.%!.3%!,#5*+$!*#0%/!#'!.3%!5##*K!1%8%5+$!I#/-.-#,/!#'!

.3%!/I%+N%5!+,0!.3%!*-25#I3#,%!+5%!23#/%,!'#5!8+5-#)/!5%+/#,/K!C-5/.!#'!+$$6!-,!#50%5!.#!

%U2-.%!+$$!5##*!*#0%/!.3%!/I%+N%5!+,0!.3%!*-25#I3#,%!+5%!I$+2%0!-,.#!.H#!#II#/-.%!2#5,%5/K!Q,!#50%5!.#!%UI$#5%!.3%!J%3+8-#5!#'!I+5.-2)$+5!+U-+$!#5!.+,&%,.-+$!*#0%/6!0-''%5%,.!

I#/-.-#,/!+5%!23#/%,!+,0!*#5%#8%5!+!0-5%2.-#,+$!*-25#I3#,%!-/!)/%0!'#5!.3-/!5%+/#,K!A3%!

5%/)$./!I5#8%!.3+.!.3%!+,+$B/-/!#'!.3%!,#5*+$!*#0%/!,%%0/!8%5B!I+5.-2)$+5!/.)0B-,&!-,!#50%5!

.#!2#*%!)I!H-.3!I+5.-2)$+5!2#,2$)/-#,/K!(#H%8%56!)/-,&!.3%!2#5,%5!I#/-.-#,/!+,0!%U2-.-,&!+$$!

.3%!5##*!*#0%/6!2#,2$)/-#,/!+5%!0%5-8%0!+J#).!.3%!'5%P)%,2-%/!.3+.!+5%!%,3+,2%0!#5!

5%0)2%0!*#/.!+,0!.3)/!.5%+.*%,.!/#$).-#,/!+5%!/)&&%/.%0K!! ! ! !

! T,!.3%!/%2#,0!I+5.6!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!#'!1.)0-#!>!-/!%U+*-,%0K!C-$.%5%0!9-,N!+,0!


5/57


6/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

-./!%,%5&BK!4'.%5!/#*%!.-*%!H-$$!J%2#*%!2#*I$%.%$B!-,+)0-J$%K!A3%!.-*%!.3+.!5%P)-5%0!'#5!+!

/#),0!.#!J%2#*%!2#*I$%.%$B!-,+)0-J$%!0%I%,0/!#,!.3%!+*#),.!#'!.3%!+J/#5J%5/!!+,0!#,!

.3%-5!+J/#5I.-#,!I5#I%5.-%/6!H-.3-,!.3%!5##*!+,0!#,!.3%!*+&,-.)0%!#'!.3%!$#)0,%//!#'!.3%!

&%,%5+.%0!/#),0K!4!$-/.%,%56!+.!+!3BI#.3%.-2+$!I#/-.-#,!U!6!3%+5/!'-5/.$B!.3%!0-5%2.!/#),0!H+8%!RH3-23!-/!.3%!/#),0!.3+.!5%+23%/!.3%!$-/.%,%5/!%+5!H-.3#).!+,B!5%'$%2.-#,S!+,0!.3%,!+!

/)22%//-#,!#'!5%'$%2.-#,/K!A3%!/#),0!H-$$!2#,.-,)%!-./!.5-I!),.-$!-.!-/!.5+,/'#5*%0!-,.#!/#*%!

#.3%5!N-,0!#'!%,%5&B6!*#/.!#'!.3%!.-*%/!3%+.H!1#6!.3%!/#),0!H+8%!'#$$#H-,&!.3-/!I5#2%//!H-$$!

.3%,!0-%!0#H,!.#!-,+)0-J-$-.BUNWH!A#!/)*!)I6!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!-/!-,!'+2.!!.3%!I5#$#,&+.-#,!#'!

/#),0!+'.%5!+!/#),0!/#)52%!/.#I/!&%,%5+.-,&!.3%!/#),0K!W+$$+2%!"$%*%,.!1+J-,%!UAW!+,0!-./!

?!B%+5/!%UI%5-*%,.!-,.#!.3%!C#&&!45.!@)/%)*!-,.5#0)2%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!+,0!-$$)/.5+.%!+,!

%UI$+,+.-#,!-,!+!2-52)*/.+,.-+$!/2-%,.-'-2!H+BK!! ! ! !

Q,!5##*/!H-.3!+!$#.!#'!5%'$%2.-8%!/)5'+2%/!+,0!/*+$$!+J/#5I.-#,!8+$)%/6!.3%!/#),0!

0%2+B!I5#2%//!$+/./!*#5%!.3+,!-,!*#5%!+J/#5J%,.!5##*/!H3%5%!.3%!/#),0!0-%/!+H+B!

P)-2N$BK!A3%!'#5*%5!2+,!J%!0%/25-J%0!+/!+2#)/.-2+$$B!]!$-8%!]!5##*!H3-$%!.3%!$+..%5!]!0%+0!^K!

Q,!'+2.6!.3%!%''%2./!#'!.3%!%+5$-%5!+,0!.3%!$+.%5!I+5.!#'!.3%!0%2+B!I5#2%//!+5%!0-''%5%,.K!A3%!

'#5*%56!+$#,&!H-.3!+$$!.3%!-,-.-+$!5%'$%2.-#,/!+''%2./!.3%!-*I5%//-#,!#'!]$-8%,%//^!H3-$%!.3%!

$+.%56!+''%2./!.3%!/%,/+.-#,!#'!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!$%,&.3!URW!H!

Q,!&%,%5+$!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!2+,!*+N%!+!.#,%!')$$%5!H3-$%!#,!.3%!#.3%5!3+,0!2+,!+''%2.!

-,.%$$-&-J-$-.BK!A3%5%'#5%6!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!2+,!+''%2.!*)/-2!+,0!/I%%23!-,.#!8+5-#)/!H+B/K!C#5!

-,/.+,2%6!-*+&-,%!+!&)-.+5!I$+B%5!I$+B-,&!+!/#$#!/#,&!)/-,&!+!P)-2N!+5I%&&-#!-,!+!8%5B!

5%8%5J%5+,.!/I+2%K!Q.!H#)$0!J%!5%+$$B!0-''-2)$.!.#!0-/.-,&)-/3!.3%!/#),0!#'!%+23!,#.%!H3-$%!

.3%-5!/#),0!H-$$!$+/.!*)23!.-*%!+,0!.3)/!.3%B!H-$$!J%!*-U%0!H-.3!.3%!#.3%5!,#.%/K!4'.%5!+!

H3-$%!+!,#-/B!*)/-2!]3#0&%I#0&%^!H-$$!J%!25%+.%0K!Q,!.3%!/+*%!H+B6!-.!-/!8%5B!0-''-2)$.!.#!

0-/.-,&)-/3!%+23!&$#..+$!/.#I!#'!+!/I%+N%5!-,!/I+2%/!H-.3!J-&!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%/K!! !

A3%5%!+5%!,#!+J/#$).%!#JD%2.-8%!8+$)%/!'#5!+,!+2#)/.-2+$!]#0^!5##*!#5!+)0-.#5-)*!

H3-$%!-.!0%I%,0/!#,!H3+.!/#*%#,%!H+,./!.#!+23-%8%!-,!.3%!I+5.-2)$+5!5##*K!C#5!-,/.+,2%6!+!

23)523!*)/.!3+8%!J-&!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!8+$)%/!-,!#50%5!.#!&-8%!+!/)I%5,+.)5+$!+,0!&$#5-#)/!

/%,/%!H3-$%!+!5%2#50-,&!/.)0-#!*)/.!J%!+2#)/.-2+$$B!]0%+0^!/#!+/!,#.!.#!+''%2.!2$+5-.BK!

\%5+,%N!USW!0-0!+!#0!5%/%+523!#,!.3%!+2#)/.-2+$!I5#I%5.-%/!#'!8+5-#)/!3+$$/!#'!+$$!#8%5!.3%!

H#5$0K!@#5%#8%56!#I.-*)*!8+$)%/!3+8%!J%%,!/)&&%/.%0!'#5!/%8%5+$!5%/%+523%5/!'#5!8+5-#)/!

N-,0!#'!+)0-.#5-)*K!UMW!K!@#5%#8%56!5%8%5J!-/!,#.!.3%!#,$B!I+5+*%.%5!.3+.!+''%2./!.3%!


7/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

=!

+2#)/.-2!23+5+2.%5-/.-2/!#'!+!/I+2%K!1.5%,&.3R$#)0,%//SUYWJ2$+5-.B6!H+5*.36!-,.-*+2B!+,0!

/I+2-#)/,%//!+5%!/#*%!#.3%5!/)JD%2.-8%!I+5+*%.%5/!.3+.!-,'$)%,2%!.3%!P)+$-.B!#'!+!/#),0!ULW!

K!!

!

AHA!X$,,'>6)$+#!

4!/#),0!H+8%!.5+8%$/!-,!+!$-,%+5!H+B!+,0!'#$$#H/!+!/.5+-&3.!$-,%!),.-$!-.!*%%./!+,!

#J/.+2$%!#,!-./!H+BK!1#*%.-*%/6!+,!#J/.+2$%!2+,!23+,&%!.3%!0-5%2.-#,!#'!.3%!/#),0!H+8%!+,0!

25%+.%!-,!.3+.!H+B!.3%!%''%2.!#'!0-''5+2.-#,K!A3%!0-''5+2.-#,!%''%2.!2+,!+$.%5!.3%!+2#)/.-2!

23+5+2.%5-/.-2/!#'!+,!#JD%2.6!.3)/!/3#)$0!J%!.+N%,!-,.#!+22#),.!#,!.3%!2+$2)$+.-#,!#'!.3%!

+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!#'!+,!#JD%2.K!A3%!0-''5+2.-#,!%''%2.!-/!0%I%,0%,.!#,!.3%!+2#)/.-2+$!/-X%!

RH+8%$%,&.3S!#'!+,!#JD%2.K!

!

AHN!3&%&'/&'>)$+#!=$4&!

Q,!#50%5!.#!*%+/)5%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!H-.3!-,!+,!%,2$#/%0!/I+2%6!+,!#JD%2.-8%!I+5+*%.%5!

/3#)$0!J%!)/%06!.3%!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%!RZASK!1+J-,%!3+0!'-5/.!-,.5#0)2%0!.3-/!I+5+*%.%5!,%+5$B!/-,2%!Y;::!K!4!$#.!#'!+22%I.+J$%!0%'-,-.-#,/!3+8%!J%%,!)/%0!.#!0%/25-J%!ZAK!\%5+,%N!

USW!&+8%!+!/I%2-'-2!+,0!2$%+5!0%'-,-.-#,!_!](,"-"'&"'.$/01(2/%"(/3($4"(15%&"'(06(3"70183(/$(

$.9"3(60'(.(:058($01"($0(8"7.;(W!

3=_!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!6! _!`#$)*%!#'!.3%!5##*!R S!6!_!A#.+$!/)5'+2%!+J/#5I.-#,!#'!+!

5##*!-,!/+J-,/K!!

A3%!'#5*)$+!2+,!J%!.5+,/'#5*%0!.#!_!

!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!6! ! !!U/W!


8/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

a!

!-'!H%!+5%!)/-,&!*%.%5/!K!!

Q,!'+2.!+!*#5%!+22)5+.%!'#5*)$+!H#)$0!J%!_!

! ! 6! ! !!!U6W! !

4!-/!+,!+..%,)+.-#,!2#,/.+,.!#'!+-5!+,0! !.3%!,)*%5-2+$!8+$)%!#'!/#),0!8%$#2-.B!#'!+-5K!A3%!

.%5*!R4^!-/!,%&$-&-J$%!'#5!/*+$$!5##*/K!

A3%!`#$)*%! !'#5!+!5%2.+,&)$+5!5##*!-/!2+$2)$+.%0!JB!*)$.-I$B-,&!.3%!0-*%,/-#,/!#'!.3%!

5##*K!!

!

Q,!#50%5!2+$2)$+.%!.3%!+8%5+&%!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!#'!+!5##*!URSW6!]>^6!/#*%#,%!3+/!.#!

+00!+$$!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,./!#'!.3%!5##*!K!

! U.W!6! !H3%5%!#_LJAJNJR`!+,0! !a! !.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,./!+,0!+5%+/6!

5%/I%2.-8%$B6!#'!%+23!N-,0!#'!J#),0-,&!/)5'+2%K!

(#H%8%56!.3%5%!+5%!+!$#.!#'!+..%*I./!.#!*#0-'-%0!1+J-,%L/!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%!

'#5*)$+K!C#5!-,/.+,2%6!"+5$!CK!7B5-,&!0-0!+!5%/%+523!-,!.3%!+2#)/.-2/!#'!0%+0!5##*/!+,0!

/)&&%/.%0!+!,%H!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!'#5*)$+!.3+.!I5#8%0!.#!J%!*#5%!+22)5+.%!-,!.3%/%!2#,0-.-#,/!

UMLWH!!1#*%!#.3%5!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!'#5*)$+!*#0-'-2+.-#,/_!UZWJ!ULTWJ!ULLWJ!ULAW!

G%8%5.3%$%//6!+$$!.3#/%!'#5*)$+/!+,0!*#0-'-2+.-#,/!2+,!,#.!+$H+B/!I5%0-2.!.3%!

5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!H-.3!/)''-2-%,.!+22)5+2BK!A3%!1+J-,%L/!'#5*)$+!*+N%/!.3%!+//)*I.-#,!

.3+.!%,%5&B!-/!%8%,$B!0-/.5-J).%0!-,.#!.3%!/I+2%K!(#H%8%56!5%+$!2#,0-.-#,/!+5%!,#.!.3%!/+*%!+/!.3#/%!#'!+!0-'')/%!'-%$0K!7/I%2-+$$B!-,!5##*/!H-.3!),%8%,$B!0-/.5-J).%0!/#),0!+J/#5J%5/6!

.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!-/!*#/.!#'!.3%!.-*%/!#J/%58%0!.#!J%!$+5&%5!.3+,!.3%!'#5*)$+![!

2+$2)$+.%0!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!U13).

!

!


9/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

;!

AHNHL!!MT.;!+,!.&6>*!

A3%!$#)0%/.!25%/2%,0#!#'!+,!#523%/.5+!*)/-2!-/!+J#).!Y::0\!H3-$%!.3%!J+2N&5#),0!

$%8%$!#'!+!.BI-2+$!*)/-2!5##*!-/!F:!0\!+II5#U-*+.%$BK!A3)/6!.3%!)$+#!=$4&!

/$#&!ULMW!H+/!.3%!'-5/.!.3+.!*%+/)5%0!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!Y::!B%+5/!+K!(%!)/%0!

#5&+,!I-I%/!+/!+!/#),0!/#)52%!+,0!3%!*%+/)5%0!.3%!.-*%!.3+.!-/!5%P)-5%0!'#5!.3%!/#),0!.#!

J%2#*%!-,+)0-J$%!+'.%5!3%!/.#II%0!I$+B-,&!.3%!I-I%!JB!D)/.!)/-,&!/#*%#,%!.#!3%+5!.3%!

/#),0K!G#H+0+B/6!-,!#50%5!.#!*%+/)5%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!/#*%#,%!,%%0/!+!/#),0!/#)52%!

R%K&!/I%+N%56!I-/.#$S6!+!/-&,+$!R-*I)$/%!5%/I#,/%6!.#,%/6!,#-/%S6!+,!#*,-![!0-5%2.-#,+$!

*-25#I3#,%!+,0!+!5%2#50-,&!0%8-2%K!!!

!

AHRHL!!C(!,+'!4&>(0'$#1!'&%&'/&'>)$+#!)$4& !

! Q,!#50%5!.#!I5#0)2%!/#*%!+22)5+.%!5%/)$./!.3%!+II5#I5-+.%!/-&,+$!/3#)$0!J%!)/%0K!T,%!

*%.3#0!-/!.#!)/%!-*I)$/%!5%/I#,/%/!.3+.!3+8%!*)23!*#5%!%,%5&B!.3+,!.3%!J+2N&5#),0!

,#-/%K!4!I-/.#$6!+!J+$$##,!#5!%$%2.5-2+$!/I+5N/!2+,!J%!)/%0!+/!-*I)$/%!5%/I#,/%/K!4!$-*-.+.-#,!

#'!.3%!-*I)$/%!5%/I#,/%!*%.3#0!-/!.3+.!-.!-/!,#.!+22)5+.%!%,#)&3!'#5!'5%P)%,2-%/!J%$#H!>?:!

3X!H3-$%!.3%!,#-/%!$%8%$!-/!3-&3%5!'#5!$#H!'5%P)%,2-%/!K!4,#.3%5!*%.3#0!-/!.#!)/%!/-,%![!H+8%!

#5!5+,0#*!,#-/%!/#)52%/K!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! %&(_!4!/-,%!H+8%!#'!+!/I%2-'-2!'5%P)%,2B!-/!&-8-,&!%,%5&B!#,$B!#,!.3-/!


10/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

Y:!

I+5.-2)$+5!'5%P)%,2B!+,0!/#!-55%&)$+5!0%2+B!2)58%/!+5%!25%+.%0K!A3)/6!+,+$B/-/!I5#8%/!.#!J%!

8%5B!0-''-2)$.!+,0!,#.!/#!+22)5+.%K!A3%/%!'$)2.)+.-#,/!-,!+*I$-.)0%!+5%!I5#0)2%0!'5#*!.3%!

8+5-#)/!5%'$%2.-#,/!'5#*!.3%!H+$$/!+,0!#.3%5!/)5'+2%/K!9)5%!/-,%!H+8%/!+5%!*#5%!)/%')$!-,!

*%+/)5%*%,./!!#'!-,0-8-0)+$!5##*!*#0%/K!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! \>'/C&!)+#&(_!4!H+5J$%!.#,%!-/!+!'5%P)%,2B!*#0)$+.%0!.#,%!H3-23!/I5%+0/!-./!%,%5&B!

#8%5!+!'5%P)%,2B!J+,0!R.3%!%U+2.!J+,0H-0.3!%8%5B!.-*%!-/!/I%2-'-%0S!+,0!-,!.3+.!H+B!-.!

%$-*-,+.%/!/I+2%!+,0!.-*%!-,.%5'%5%,2%!I3%,#*%,+!.3+.!#22)5!H3%,!+!/-,&$%!.#,%!-/!)/%0!

ULPW!H!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ;>#.(!+,!3>#.+4!K+$(&!_!4!5+,0#*!,#-/%!/-&,+$!-./!%,%5&B!%P)+$$B!#8%5!+!,+55#H!

J+,0!H-.3-,!+!'-U%0!J+,0H-0.3!+,0!.3)/!+!/*##.3%5!0%2+B!2)58%!-/!25%+.%0K!A3%!.H#!*#/.!

I#I)$+5!-/!H3-.%!+,0!I-,N!!,#-/%K!\2$)&!#+$(&!2#,.+-,/!'5%P)%,2-%/!H-.3!%P)+$!-,.%,/-.-%/!

H3-$%!@$#Q!#+$(&!3+/!%P)+$!%,%5&B!I%5!#2.+8%K!Q,!'+2.6!I-,N!,#-/%!-/!+,#.3%5!8%5/-#,!#'!H3-.%!

,#-/%!.3+.!-/!2+$-J5+.%0!.#!3#H!.3%!3)*+,!%+5!I%52%-8%/!$#)0,%//!ULZWJ!UATWH!A#!+23-%8%!

.3-/6!+!)$+#!=$4&!5#>C*($(!!! Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%!-/!0-''%5%,.!'5#*!I#/-.-#,!.#!+,#.3%5!-,!+!5##*!+,0!.3%5%'#5%6!-.!-/!

8-.+$!.#!.+N%!/%8%5+$!*%+/)5%*%,./!#,!0-''%5%,.!I#/-.-#,/!-,!#50%5!.#!+23-%8%!#0!5%/)$./K!

A3%,!%+23!#,%!#'!.3%!5%/)$./!*)/.!J%!+,+$BX%0!-,!#50%5!.#!'-,0!.3%!+8%5+&%!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!

A-*%K!A3-/!I5#2%0)5%!I5#8%/!.#!J%!5%+$$B!.-*%!2#,/)*-,&!+,0!/#6!0-''%5%,.!*%.3#0/!3+8%!

J%%,!/)&&%/.%0!'5#*!.-*%!.#!.-*%K!1235#%0%5!3+/!/)&&%/.%0!+!*%.3#0!.3+.!.3%!+$$!.3%!0%2+B/!

2+,!J%!2#*J-,%0!+,0!+8%5+&%0!-,!+!/-,&$%!0%2+B!ULYWH!!

!

1#*%!/)&&%/.%0!8+$)%/!#'!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%/!'#5!5%2#50-,&!/.)0-#/!'#5!*)/-2!+,0!/I%%23!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!)>/C&!LZK!

!

!

!

!


11/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

YY!

AHS!5/(+'@)$+#!!

W3%,!/#),0!-/!&%,%5+.%0!'5#*!+!/#),0!/#)52%6!-.!-/!.5+8%$-,&!.35#)&3!.3%!+-5K!78%5B!

.-*%!.3+.!3-./!+!*+.%5-+$!RH+$$6!.-$%!%.2S6!/#*%!#'!-./!%,%5&B!-/!5%'$%2.%0!J+2N!+,0!/#*%!-/!

.5+,/'#5*%0!.#!3%+.!J%2+)/%!#'!.3%!'5-2.-#,+$!5%/-/.+,2%!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$K!C#5!8%5B!3-&3!

'5%P)%,2-%/6!.3%5%!-/!+$/#!/#*%!3%+.!$#//!J%2+)/%!#'!+-5!5%/-/.+,2%K!4/!.3%!/#),0!H+8%!-/!

.5+8%$-,&!.35#)&3!.3%!2#,25%.%!J$#2N/!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$6!+,#.3%5!I+5.!#'!-./!%,%5&B!-/!5%'$%2.%0!

J+2N!+&+-,!+,0!/#*%!#.3%5!-/!.5+,/'#5*%0!.#!3%+.!+&+-,K!A3-/!I5#2%0)5%!-/!-,&!#,!),.-$!-./!

%,%5&B!0-/+II%+5/K!A3%!.#.+$!+J/#5I.-#,!#'!+!5##*!2+,!J%!2+$2)$+.%0!)/-,&!'#5*)$+!U.WH!Q,!

'+2.6!-'!F:c!#'!.3%!%,%5&B!-/!+J/#5J%0!.3%,!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!H#)$0!J%!:KF:K!A3%!

+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!H#)$0!J%!YK:!H3%,!+$$!.3%!%,%5&B!-/!+J/#5J%0K!1)23!+,!%U+*I$%!2+,!

J%!#J/%58%0!-,!+,!+,%23#-2!23+*J%5!#5!.35#)&3!+,!#I%,!H-,0#HK!(#H%8%56!/#*%.-*%/!.3%!

+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!#'!+!*+.%5-+$!2+,!J%!*#5%!.3+,!YK:K!A3-/!I3%,#*%,#,!0#%/!,#.!*%+,!

.3+.!.3%!+J/#5I.-8%!#JD%2.!+J/#5J/!*#5%!.3+,!Y::c!#'!.3%!%,%5&BK!A3-/!3+II%,/6!'-5/.$B!

J%2+)/%!#'!.3%!.3-2N,%//!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$!R*+-,$B!+''%2./!.3%!$#H!'5%P)%,2-%/S!+,0!J%2+)/%!#'!

-./!%0&%/!.3+.!3+8%!+J/#5I.-8%!I5#I%5.-%/K!1#*%#,%!/3#)$0!.+N%!-,.#!+22#),.!.3%/%!.H#!

2+/%/!-,!#50%5!.#!+23-%8%!+22)5+.%!5%/)$./K!A3+.!*%+,/!.3+.!.3%!%,%5&B!.3+.!-/!+J/#5J%0!#,!

.3%!%0&%/!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$!3+/!.#!J%!2+$2)$+.%0!-'!-.!-/!I#//-J$%!+,0!.3%,!+00!-.!.#!'-,0!.3%!.#.+$!

/#),0!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.K!4,#.3%5!5%+/#,!.3+.!.3-/!*-&3.!3+II%,/!-/!.3%!%''%2./!#'!

0-''5+2.-#,!.3+.!#22)5!#,!.3%!2#5,%5/!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$K!!

!

AHSHL!:+0#)$#1! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! A3%!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!#'!+!*+.%5-+$!-/!23+,&-,&!H-.3!'5%P)%,2B!+,0!H-.3!+,&$%!#'!

-,2-0%,.K!@#5%#8%56!.3%!*#),.-,&!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$!-,'$)%,2%/!.3%!8+$)%!#'!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!

2#%''-2-%,.K!4!*+.%5-+$!2+,!J%!*#),.%0!-,!.H#!H+B/K!C-5/.$B6!+!*+.%5-+$!-/!*#),.%0!0-5%2.$B!

#,!.3%!H+$$!+,0!/%2#,0$B!-/!*#),.%0!,%+5!.3%!H+$$!3+8-,&!+!&+I!J%.H%%,!.3%!H+$$!+,0!.3%!

*+.%5-+$K!A3%!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!I5#8%/!.#!J%!0-''%5%,.6!H3%,!/#*%!+-5!/I+2%!%U-/./!

J%.H%%,!.3%!H+$$!+,0!.3%!*+.%5-+$!USSWH!C#5!-,/.+,2%6!'#5!I#5#)/!*+.%5-+$!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!-/!

/*+$$%5!H3%,!-/!*#),.%0!0-5%2.%0!#,!.3%!H+$$K!Q,!I+5.-2)$+56!.3-/!+-5!/I+2%!J%.H%%,!.3%!H+$$!

+,0!.3%!*+.%5-+$!-,25%+/%/!.3%!$#H![!'5%P)%,2B!+J/#5I.-#,K!! !

!


12/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

Y>!

AHSHA![C>6&4)!>#.!=2$6Q#&((!+,!4>)&'$>C!!

@#5%#8%56!.3%!I$+2%*%,.!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$!-/!+$/#!+!/-&,-'-2+,.!'+2.#5K!Q,!5%2.+,&)$+5!

5##*/6!.3%!J%/.!I$+2%!.#!*#),.!+,!+J/#5I.-8%!*+.%5-+$!-/!#,!.3%!2#5,%5/!-,!#50%5!+$$!.35%%!

*#0%/!R+U-+$6!.+,&%,.-+$6!#J$-P)%S!.#!J%!-,'$)%,2%0K! ! ! !

! 4,#.3%5!'+2.#5!.3+.!-,'$)%,2%/!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!-/!.3%!.3-2N,%//!#'!+!*+.%5-+$K!A3%!

.3-2N%5!-.!-/6!.3%!J-&&%5!+J/#5I.-#,!H-$$!3+8%6!'#5!$#H!'5%P)%,2-%/K!(#H%8%56!'#5!'5%P)%,2-%/!

?::3X!+,0!+J#8%6!#,$B!/*+$$!0-''%5%,2%/!+5%!#J/%58%0K!Q,!+00-.-#,6!.3%!+5%+!.3+.!.3%!

*+.%5-+$!-/!I$+2%0!-,'$)%,2%/!.3%!+I/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$K!d5%+.%5!+J/#5I.-#,!

-/!+23-%8%5!-,!/*+$$%5!+5%+/!USRWH!!`+5-#)/!N-,0!#'!*+.%5-+$/!+5%!)/%0!.#!-,25%+/%!.3%!

+J/#5I.-#,!H-.3!-,!+!/I+2%K!1#*%!#'!.3%*!+5%_!'-J5#)/!*+.%5-+$!R&$+//6H##0!%.2S6!&5+,)$+5!

*+.%5-+$6!I#5#)/!*+.%5-+$!+,0!/#!'#5.3!UNMWH!A3%B!2+,!J%!2+5I%./6!+2#)/.-2+$!.-$%/!#5!J+//!

.5+I/!'#5!$#H%5!'5%P)%,2-%/6!*+.%5-+$!.3+.!2#8%5/!.3%!H+$$!#5!%8%,!I%#I$%K!4!$-/.!#'!

+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,./!#'!0-''%5%,.!*+.%5-+$/!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!)>/C&!LSH!!!

!

AHM!:&>(0'$#1!)&62#$F0&(!

:&>(0'$#1!)2&!>/(+'@)$+#!+,!>#!+/b&6)!

!

AHMHL!3&%&'/&'>)$+#!92>4/&'!UASWJ!UAMW !

! A3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!23+*J%5!/3#)$0!J%!+!$+5&%!5##*6!H3#/%!H+$$/!/3#)$0!J%!+/!5-&-0!

+/!I#//-J$%!+,0!),-'#5*!-,!2#,/.5)2.-#,K!!A3%!+-*!-/!.#!+23-%8%!J-&!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%/!-,!

#50%5!.#!*%+/)5%!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!-,!.3%!*#/.!%''%2.-8%!+,0!+22)5+.%!H+BK!Q.!-/!2#,/.5)2.%0!-,!/)23!+!H+B!.#!25%+.%!+!0-'')/%!'-%$0!/#!.3+.!.#!3+8%!),-'#5*!0-/.5-J).-#,!#'!.3%!

%,%5&B!UALW!K!Q,!#50%5!.#!*%+/)5%!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!#'!+!I+5.-2)$+5!*+.%5-+$6!.3%!

5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!#'!.3%!%*I.B!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!5##*!/3#)$0!J%!2#*I+5%0!-,!.3%!/+*%!

'#5*)$+!H-.3!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!#'!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!5##*!+'.%5!.3%!*+.%5-+$!-/!

+0*-..%0K!A3)/6!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!#'!.3%!%*I.B!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!5##*!/3#)$0!J%!2+$2)$+.%0!'-5/.!

)/-,&!.3%!'#5*)$+_! 6!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! A3%,6!.3%!+J/#5I.-8%!#JD%2.!/3#)$0!J%!I$+2%0!-,!.3%!5##*!+,0!.3%!,%H!+J/#5I.-#,!-/!


13/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

YE!

2+$2)$+.%0_! 6!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! A3)/6!-,!#50%5!.#!'-,0!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!#'!.3%!#JD%2.!4!/3#)$0!J%_! ! !

K!A3-/!B-%$0/!.3%!%P)+.-#,_! !6!!! U&W! +,0!.3%!

+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!-/!4!0-8-0%0!H-.3!.3%!/)5'+2%!+5%+!#'!.3%!#JD%2._! !6! U,W!

Q.!3+/!J%%,!'#),0!%UI%5-*%,.+$$B6!.3+.!.3%!2+$2)$+.-#,!#'!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!

)/-,&!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!5##*!*%.3#0!2+,!J%!+II$-%0!#,$B!'#5!'5%P)%,2-%/!3-&3%5!.3+,!+!

I+5.-2)$+5!'5%P)%,2B!.3+.!-/!2+$2)$+.%0!'5#*!.3%!'#5*)$+_! 6! ! U1W!

@#5%#8%56!-,!#50%5!.#!+23-%8%!#0!5%/)$./!+,0!.3)/!.#!+II$B!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!

.3%#5B6!.3%!/#),0!'-%$0!-,!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!5##*!/3#)$0!J%!/)''-2-%,.$B!0-'')/%K!Q'!,#.6!

I+5.-2)$+5!*%.3#0/!/3#)$0!J%!)/%0!.#!25%+.%!.3%!0%/-5+J$%!'-%$0K!A3%!J%/.!H+B!.#!.%/.!+!

*+.%5-+$!-/!.#!I$+2%!-.!#,.#!.35%%!0-''%5%,.!H+$$/!I%5I%,0-2)$+5!.#!%+23!#.3%5K!(#H%8%56!-.!-/!

+$/#!#0!.#!.%/.!.3%!*+.%5-+$!JB!*#),.-,&!-.6!-,!.3%!/+*%!H+B!+/!-.!-/!+J#).!.#!J%!)/%0!-,!

I5+2.-2%K! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! 4!H%+N,%//!UNAW!#'!.3-/!*%.3#0!-/!.3+.!/#*%.-*%/!0-''5+2.-#,!%''%2./!#22)5!-,!.3%!

5%&-#,!H3%5%!.3%!/+*I$%!*+.%5-+$!-/!*#),.%06!*+-,$B!J%2+)/%!#'!.3%!/*+$$!/-X%!#'!.3%!

/+*I$%K!M#.!#'!5%/%+523!+J#).!.3%!]/+*I$%!/-X%^!*+..%5!-/!0#,%!+,0!+!$#&-2+$!/#$).-#,!.3+.!-/!

/)&&%/.%0!-/!.#!)/%!/%8%5+$!/*+$$!/+*I$%/!.3+.!+5%!/I+2%0!/#*%!H+8%$%,&.3/!+I+5.!UNNWJ!

UNRWJ!UNSWJ!USLWH!!

!

AHMHA!?4@&.>#6&!)0/&!4&)2+.!

(#H%8%56!-,!#50%5!.#!*%+/)5%!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!#'!+!/+*I$%!#'!+!I+5.-2)$+5!

*+.%5-+$!.3%!-*I%0+,2%!.)J%!*%.3#0!H+/!/)&&%/.%0UPWK!A3-/!-/!+!I-I%!H-.3!5-&-0!H+$$/6!

H3-23!-./!#,%!%,0!-/!)/)+$$B!2#8%5%0!H-.3!+!3-&3!+J/#5J%,.!*+.%5-+$!+,0!#,!.3%!#.3%5!%,0!

.3%!/+*I$%!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$!-/!*#),.%0!-,!.3%!/+*%!H+B!.3+.!-.!-/!H+,.%0!.#!J%!-,!I5+2.-2%K!

W3%,!+!/#),0!H+8%!-/!&%,%5+.%06!+!/.+,0-,&!H+8%!-/!'#5*%0!-,!'5#,.!#'!.3%!/+*I$%!+,0!+!

*#8+J$%!I5#J%!*-25#I3#,%!-/!*%+/)5-,&!.3%!/#),0!I5%//)5%K!A3%!-*I%0+,2%!.)J%!*%.3#0!

-/!)/%$%//!'#5!*+.%5-+$!H-.3!+2#)/.-2+$!I5#I%5.-%0!0%I%,0%,.!#,!.3%!/+*I$%!/-X%K!1#6!


14/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

YF!

8-J5+.-,&!I+,%$/!2+,!,#.!J%!*%+/)5%0!J).!#,$B!'$+.!/+*I$%/!RI#5#)/!*+.%5-+$/6!.3-,!'#-$/6!

I%5'#5+.%0!I+,%$/!%K.K2S!!

!

AHY!3++4!:+.&(!

AHYHL!#.$#1!D>%&(!

4!/#),0!H+8%!-,!+!$+5&%!%,2$#/%0!/I+2%!R5##*S!+2./!-,!+!/-*-$+5!H+B!$-N%!-,!+!/*+$$!

%,2$#/%0!/I+2%!R2$#/%0!.)J%SUAAW!K!Q,!+!.)J%!R,#,!X%5#!-,.%,/-.BS!6!+!/#),0!H+8%!-/!.5+8%$-,&!

.#H+50/!.3%!.)J%!+,0!-.!-/!5%'$%2.%0!J+2N!+,0!'#5.3!),.-$!-./!%,%5&B!0-/+II%+5/K!1#6!#).H+50!

+,0!J+2NH+50!.5+8%$-,&!H+8%/!+5%!25%+.%0!JB!.3%/%!5%'$%2.-#,/!H3-23!+5%!2#*J-,%0!

.#&%.3%5!R+00!-,!*+&,-.)0%S!+,0!I5#0)2%!+!/.+,0-,&!H+8%K!Q,!+!5##*6!+!/#),0!H+8%!-/!

.5+8%$-,&!J%.H%%,!.H#!#II#/-.%!H+$$/!+,0!J%.H%%,!I+5+$$%$!/)5'+2%/6!25%+.-,&!/.+,0-,&!

H+8%/!+.!.3%!,+.)5+$!'5%P)%,2-%/!#'!.3%!5##*!#5!.3%-5!*)$.-I$%/K!42.)+$$B!%+23!/.+,0-,&!

H+8%6!-/!+!5##*!*#0%6!H3-23!.3+.!*%+,/6!+!I+5.-2)$+5!,#5*+$!*#0%!'5%P)%,2BK!4!5%/#,+,2%!

'5%P)%,2B!0%I%,0/!#,!.3%!5##*!0-*%,/-#,/!+,0!.3%!/3+I%!#'!.3%!5##*!+,0!+$/#!#,!.3%!

I3B/-2+$!I5#I%5.-%/!#'!-./!J#),0+5BK!A3%!,#5*+$!*#0%/!-,!+!5%2.+,&)$+5!5##*6!+5%!2+$$%0!

%-&%,!'5%P)%,2-%/!+,0!.3%B!2+,!J%!2+$2)$+.%0!JB!.3%!'#5*)$+!UANW!_!

!6! ! ! U2W!

H3%5%!!!

6_!/I%%0!#'!/#),0!REFF*e/S6!CBJC*JCO_!5##*!0-*%,/-#,/!6! #BJ#*J#O!_!I#/-.-8%!-,.%&%5/!

TJLJAJN`!!

42.)+$$B6!.3%!,)*J%5/!#'!#BJ#*J#O!-,0-2+.%!.3%!,)*J%5!#'!.3%!H+$$/!.3+.!+5%!

5%/I#,/-J$%!'#5!.3%!I+5.-2)$+5!%-&%,!'5%P)%,2B!+,0!+$/#!.3%!,)*J%5!#'!.3%!2#,.5-J).%0!

5%'$%2.-#,/!K!1#6!.3%!,#5*+$!*#0%/!#'!8-J5+.-#,!0%I%,0/!#,!.3%!5%'$%2.-#,/!'5#*!+$$!.35%%!

I+-5/!#'!H+$$/K!4,!-,.%5%/.-,&!.%23,-P)%!'#5!2#,.5#$$-,&!.3%!.-*J5%!)/-,&!.3%!5%/#,+,2%!

'5%P)%,2-%/!-/!I5#I#/%0!JB!A+N+')*-!(-N-23-!!+,0!@+/+.#!@-B#/3-B!UAPWH! !


15/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

Y?!

4U-+$!@#0%/!UARW_!A3%!4U-+$!,#5*+$!*#0%/!+5%!25%+.%0!'5#*!/#),0!H+8%/!.3+.!+5%!.5+8%$-,&!

J%.H%%,!.H#!I+5+$$%$!H+$$/K!A3%5%!+5%!.35%%!&5#)I/!#'!+U-+$!'5%P)%,2-%/!.3+.!%+23!#,%!

0%I%,0/!#,!+!/I%2-'-2!0-*%,/-#,K!1#6!.3%5%!-/!#,%!'),0+*%,.+$!+U-+$!'5%P)%,2B!'#5!.3%!

/.+,0-,&!H+8%!+25#//!.3%!5##*!M%,&.3!6!#,%!+25#//!.3%!5##*!H-0.3!+,0!#,%!+25#//!.3%!5##*!3%-&3.K!7+23!'),0+*%,.+$!'5%P)%,2B!3+/!-./!#H,!.5+-,!#'!3+5*#,-2!*#0%/K!4U-+$!*#0%/!

I5#8%!.#!J%!#'!+!/-&,-'-2+,.!-*I#5.+,2%!H3-$%!.3%B!+''%2.!.3%!+2#)/.-2/!#'!.3%!%,2$#/)5%!

/-&,-'-2+,.$BK!!

A+,&%,.-+$!@#0%/_!A3%B!+5%!*+0%!)I!#'!F!H+8%/!.5+8%$-,&!I+5+$$%$!.#!.H#!+U-/!+,0!5%'$%2.!

'5#*!'#)5!H+$$/K!1#6!.35%%!I+-5/!#'!5##*!0-*%,/-#,/!+5%!5%/I#,/-J$%!'#5!.3%!'),0+*%,.+$!

'5%P)%,2-%/!+,0!.3%-5!3+5*#,-2!/%5-%/!RM%,&.3!f!W-0.36!M%,&.3!f!(%-&3.6!W-0.3!f!(%-&3.SK!

4$.3#)&3!.+,&%,.-+$!*#0%/!3+8%!#,$B!3+8%!.3%!%,%5&B!#'!.3%!+U-+$!*#0%/!6!.3%B!+5%!/.-$$!#'!

/-&,-'-2+,.!-*I#5.+,2%K!

TJ$-P)%!@#0%/_!!!A3%B!+5%!.3%!H%+N%5!*#0%/!H3-$%!.3%B!3+8%!#,$B!3+$'!.3%!%,%5&B!#'!.3%!

.+,&%,.-+$!*#0%/!+,0!P)+5.%5!.3%!%,%5&B!#'!.3%!+U-+$!#,%/K!A3%B!+5%!'#5*%0!JB!%-&3.!

.5+8%$-,&!H+8%/!'5#*!+$$!/-U!H+$$/!#'!+!5##*K!!

A3%!'-5/.!/.+,0-,&!H+8%!#'!%+23!*#0%!'5%P)%,2B!H-$$!5%+23!+!*+U-*)*!I5%//)5%!#,!

J#.3!%,0/6!#,!.3%!H+$$/!R+,.-,#0%S!6!+,0!H-$$!J%!X%5#!R,#0%S!+.!.3%!2%,.%5K!A3-/!3#H%8%56!-/!

,#.!+J/#$).%$B!.5)%!-,!5%+$-.BK!A3-/!-/!J%2+)/%!H+$$/!+5%!,#.!+J/#$).%$B!5-&-0!+,0!+$/#!#.3%5!

*#0%!'5%P)%,2-%/!#'!#.3%5!I+5+$$%$!/)5'+2%/!*+B!2#,.5-J).%!#,!.3%!'5%P)%,2B!'#5*+.-#,K!!

! Q,!#50%5!.#!%/.-*+.%!.3%!,#5*+$!*#0%/!#'!8-J5+.-#,!/#*%#,%!/3#)$0!'-5/.!2+$2)$+.%!

.3%!%-&%,!'5%P)%,2-%/!)/-,&!,+'40C>!U2W!+,0!.3%,!.+N%!/#*%!*%+/)5%*%,./!#,!.3%!$#H!

'5%P)%,2B!5%&-#,K!9)5%!/-&,!H+8%/!*)/.!J%!)/%0!+/!+!/#),0!/#)52%!'#5!.3%!*%+/)5%*%,./!

J%2+)/%!I+5.-2)$+5!5%/#,+,.!'5%P)%,2-%/!*)/.!J%!%U2-.%0K!!

!

AHYHA!=2&!Ec+D!]'&F0*!['+/C&4G!

Z##*!5%/#,+,2%/!*+-,$B!+''%2.!$#H!'5%P)%,2B!H+8%/!'5#*!,%+5$B!E::3X!+,0!J%$#HK!M#H!

'5%P)%,2B!H+8%/!3+8%!J-&!$%,&.3/!+,0!*#/.!#'!.3%!.-*%/!J-&&%5!.3%!5##*!0-*%,/-#,/K!Q,!

#50%5!.#!2+$2)$+.%!.3%!$%,&.3!#'!+!'5%P)%,2B!/#*%#,%!/3#)$0!)/%!.3%!'#5*)$+!6_d,!6!'#5!6!_!

NRR4e(!/I%%0!#'!/#),0K!1#6!'#5!-,/.+,2%6!+!


16/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

Y

'5%P)%,2B!H+8%/!#'!$+5&%!H+8%$%,&.3/!.%,0!.#!J)-$0!)I!-,!2%5.+-,!+5%+/!+,0!-,!+00-.-#,!.3%!

0-/.+,2%!J%.H%%,!.H#!$#H!'5%P)%,2B!*#0%/!-/!J-&&%5K!!

:+.>C!X($)*!f!4/!.3%!'5%P)%,2B!-,25%+/%/6!.3%!*#0+$!0%,/-.B!-/!-,25%+/%0K!1#6!'#5!

3-&3%5!'5%P)%,2-%/6!.3%5%!+5%!,#5*+$!*#0%/!+$*#/.!+.!%+23!'5%P)%,2B!H3-$%!'#5!$#H%5!

'5%P)%,2-%/!.3%5%!+5%!*)23!$%//K!A3%5%!+5%!,%+5$B!a!*#0+$!'5%P)%,2-%/!-,!.3%!5+,&%!#'!:!.#!

Y::3X!R,%8%5!:6!)/)+$$B!,%+5$B!F?3XS!+,0!+II5#U-*+.%$B!?:::!'5#*!F?3X!.#!YN3XK!! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Q,!

%,2$#/%0!/I+2%/6!.3%!/%I+5+.-#,!J%.H%%,!.H#!+0D+2%,.!*#0%/!-/!J-&&%5!-,!$#H%5!'5%P)%,2-%/!

.3+,!-,!3-&3%5K!A3%5%'#5%6!I%+N/!+,0!0-I/!+5%!25%+.%0!-,!.3%!'5%P)%,2B!5%/I#,/%!+/!.3%!

*#0+$!0%,/-.B!-/!$#H%56!H3-23!*%+,/!.3+.!/#*%!'5%P)%,2-%/!H-$$!J%!%,3+,2%0!+,0!/#*%!

#.3%5/!,#.K!C#5!%U+*I$%6!-'!+!*)/-2+$!,#.%!'+$$/!-,.#!+!&+I!J%.H%%,!H-0%$B!/%I+5+.%0!*#0%/!

H-$$!J%!H%+N%5!.3+,!#.3%5/K!A3%!5%/)$.!-/!J+0!+2#)/.-2!/#),0!P)+$-.B!-,!.3%!$#H!'5%P)%,2B!

5+,&%!+,0!/I%2-+$!.5%+.*%,.!)/)+$$B!-/!,%%0%0K!! ! ! ! ! !

! AH#!+II5#U-*+.-#,/!+5%!/)&&%/.%0!JB!d-$'#50!+,0!\#,%$$#!UAZWJUNTWJUNLW!.3+.!

0%'-,%!.3+.!0-/.+,2%!J%.H%%,!.H#!+0D+2%,.!*#0%!'5%P)%,2-%/!!.3+.!I5#8%/!.#!2+)/%!I5#J$%*/!

.#!.3%!/#),0K!A3%!'#5*%5!J%$-%8%/!.3+.!+,!+U-+$!*#0%!/3#)$0!,#.!J%!/%I+5+.%0!*#5%!.3+,!

>:3X!'5#*!.3%!,%U.!+U-+$!*#0%!J%2+)/%!-.!H-$$!J##/.!.3%!I+5.-2)$+5!'5%P)%,2B!H-.3!*#5%!

I#H%5K!A3%!$+..%5!/)&&%/./!.3+.!+!J+,0H-0.3!#'!?c!/#*%#,%!/3#)$0!N%%I!'#5!+$$!N-,0!#'!

*#0%/R+U-+$6!.+,&%,.-+$6!#J$-P)%S!-,!#50%5!.#!+8#-0!2#$#5+.-#,K!@#5%#8%56!2#$#5+.-#,!#22)5/!

H3%,!.H#!*#0%/!]/3+5%^!.3%!/+*%!'5%P)%,2B!+,0!.3%!)/)+$!5%/)$.!'#5!.3+.!'5%P)%,2B!-/!.#!J%!

#8%5%*I3+/-X%0K!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! A3%!I3B/-2+$!'#5*!#'!.3%!+2#)/.-2+$!/#),0!'-%$0!#'!.3%!5##*!*#0%/!-/!5%I5%/%,.%0!+/!

+!]/%.!#'!%$%*%,.+5B!2)58-$-,%+5!0)2./ H!4$.3#)&3!.3%/%!]0)2./^!3+8%!0-''%5%,.!$%,&.3/6!.3%B!

+$/#!3+8%!.3%!/+*%!,#*-,+$!'5%P)%,2B!J%2+)/%!#'!.3%-5!'$+5%!0-''%5%,2%/!.3+.!*+N%!.3%*!

5%/#,+.%!-,!.3+.!'5%P)%,2B!JB!23+,&-,&!.3%-5!I3+/%!8%$#2-.B!UAYW!K!!

!

!

!

!


17/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

Y=!

AHYHN!=2&!E4&(!9C&'6Q!:>BD&CC!/0$C.$#1!>)!h$#1i(!/0$C.$#1(!>)!-.$#/0'12i(!"#$%&'($)*K!1.)0-#!>!-/!+!/*+$$!5##*!

RNHLS4!B!AHLP4!B!NHTA4S!.3+.!#,$B!/#*%!'-5/.!.5%+.*%,.!#,!.3%!H+$$/!3+/!J%%,!+II$-%0K!

A3%!]$#H!'5%P)%,2B!I5#J$%*^!-/!/.-$$!I5%/%,.!+,0!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!8+$)%/!+5%!/.-$$!3-&3K!

Z##*!5%/#,+,2%/!-,'$)%,2%!.3%!$#H%/.!'5%P)%,2-%/!/#*%.-*%/!-,!+!/-&,-'-2+,.!H+BO!

.3%5%'#5%6!/#*%!/I%2-+$!.5%+.*%,.!-/!8-.+$!.#!J%!+II$-%0K!@#5%#8%56!),.5%+.%0!5##*/!&-8%!J-&!

5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%/!.3+.!I5#8%!.#!J%!J+0!'#5!5%2#50-,&!I)5I#/%/K!1#6!/I%2-+$!.5%+.*%,.!

/3#)$0!J%!+II$-%0!.3%5%6!+/!H%$$K!(#H%8%56!.3%5%!+5%!,#!#I.-*)*!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!8+$)%/!

5%+$$B!H3-$%!-.!0%I%,0/!#,!H3+.!/#*%#,%!H+,./!.#!3%+5K!(#H%8%56!-,!#50%5!.#!+23-%8%!

/I%%23!-,.%$$-&-J-$-.B6!+,0!-,/)5%!2$%+5!5%2#50-,&/!/*+$$!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%/!/3#)$0!J%!

+23-%8%0K!(+8-,&!-,!*-,0!.3%!/)&&%/.%0!8+$)%/!.3+.!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!.3%!.3%#5B!/%2.-#,6!

ZAK!A3)/6!5##*!5%/#,+,2%/!+5%!-,&!

.#!J%!%UI$#5%0!+,0!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%/!+5%!-,&!.#!J%!2+$2)$+.%0!-,!#50%5!.#!/)&&%/.!/#*%!

/I%2-'-2!.5%+.*%,.K!!@#5%#8%56!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,./!#'!/#*%!+2#)/.-2+$!.-$%/!.3+.!+5%!

+8+-$+J$%!+5%!-,&!.#!J%!2+$2)$+.%0!)/-,&!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!5##*!*%.3#0K! !

! 1*+$$!),.5%+.%0!1.)0-#/6!'+2%!.3%!]$#H!'5%P)%,2B!I5#J$%*^!*+-,$B!J%2+)/%!#'!.3%-5!

/-X%!+,0!+$H+B/!,%%0!/#*%!/I%2-+$!.5%+.*%,.K!1#*%!'5%P)%,2-%/!+5%!%,3+,2%0!*#5%!.3+,!

#.3%5/!J%2+)/%!#'!.3%!5##*!5%/#,+,2%/!.3+.!+5%!25%+.%0!'5#*!.3%!5%'$%2.-#,/!#'!.3%!H+8%/!

J%.H%%,!.3%!I+5+$$%$!H+$$/K!Z##*!5%/#,+,2%/!*+-,$B!+''%2.!$#H!'5%P)%,2-%/!+,0!.3)/!/I%2-+$!

.5%+.*%,.!R$-N%!I$+2-,&!J+//!.5+I/!#,!.3%!H+$$/S!'#5!.3%!$#H%5!'5%P)%,2-%/!-/!,%%0%0K!!!

! Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%!-/!.3%!*#/.!-*I#5.+,.!'+2.#5!.3+.!-,'$)%,2%/!.3%!+2#)/.-2!


18/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

Ya!

23+5+2.%5-/.-2/!#'!+!5##*K!!Q.!-/!+!I5-#5-.B!.#!-*I5#8%!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%/!#'!+!5##*!-,!

#50%5!.#!-*I5#8%!-./!+2#)/.-2/K!!

! @%+/)5%*%,./!+5%!.+N%,!#,!1.)0-#Y6!1.)0-#!>6!.3%!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!Z##*!+,0!.3%!

4,%23#-2!"3+*J%5!)/-,&!+,!#*,-!0-5%2.-#,+$!+,0!+!0-5%2.-#,+$!*-25#I3#,%6!+,!#*,-!

0-5%2.-#,+$!/I%+N%56!+!0-&-.+$!5%2#50%5!+,0!+!$+I.#IK!1.)0-#!Y!-/!)/%0!-,!#50%5!.#!2#*I+5%!-./!

5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%/!H-.3!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%/!#'!/.)0-#!>!-,!#50%5!.#!2+$2)$+.%!.3%!

+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$!.3+.!2#8%5/!.3%!H+$$/!#'!/.)0-#!>K!A3%!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!

Z##*!-/!)/%0!-,!#50%5!.#!'-,0!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,./!#'!.3%!+8+-$+J$%!.-$%/!+,0!.3%!

+,%23#-2!23+*J%5!.#!'-,0!.3%!'5%P)%,2B!5%/I#,/%!#'!.3%!/I%+N%5K!! ! !

! 9)5%!/-,%!H+8%/!+,0!'-$.%5%0!I-,N!+,0!H3-.%!,#-/%!H-.3!+!J+,0H-0.3!#'!ac!-/!)/%0!

'#5!.3%!*%+/)5%*%,./K!1-,%!H+8%/!+5%!)/%0!'#5!.3%!5##*!*#0%!%UI$#5+.-#,!J%2+)/%!.3%!

%U2-.+.-#,!#'!I+5.-2)$+5!'5%P)%,2-%/!-/!,%%0%0!+,0!I-,N!+,0!H3-.%!,#-/%!'#5!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!

A-*%!*%+/)5%*%,./K!! !

! 4$$!.3%!+,+$B/-/!-/!0#,%!#,!@+.$+J!)/-,&!.3%!]'#)5-%5^!+,0!.3%!]$%8%$/^!

/25-I./U5@@.$B!5WH!!

!

NHL!3++4!:+.&!5#>C*($(!

! Q,!#50%5!.#!25%+.%!.3%!'5%P)%,2B!/I%2.5)*!#'!.3%!5%2#50-,&!/-&,+$6!.3%!'#)5-%5!/25-I.!

-/!)/%0!#,!*+.$+JU5@@.$B!5WH!W3-$%!.3%5%!+5%!+!$#.!#'!5%2#50-,&/6!+,!+..%*I.!-/!*+0%!.#!

+,+$BX%!+!&5#)I!#'!/-&,+$/!/-*)$.+,%#)/$B!+,0!,#.!%+23!/-&,+$!/%I+5+.%$BK!A3-/!+..%*I.!-/!

-$$)/.5+.-,&!#,!.3%!,$10'&!),0%5,%+.3K!


19/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

Y;!

(

( A'"B5"17;(C1.:;3/3(!#"7$'5%(01(D.$:.&(E(F'05#(.1.:;3/3(


20/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

>:!

( A'"B5"17;(!#"7$'5%(01(D.$:.&(E(!"#.'.$"(C1.:;3/3(

!

!\).6!.3%!5%/)$./!I5#8%!.#!J%!,#.!/#!+22)5+.%!H3-$%!.3%5%!-/!+!$#.!#'!3+5*#,-2!0-/.#5.-#,!+,0!

0-/.#5.-#,!'5#*!%8%5B!I5%8-#)/!/-&,+$!.3+.!+''%2./!.3%!,%U.!#,%K!A3%!5%/)$./!#'!.3%!&5#)I!

+,+$B/-/!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!)>/C&!MK!A3)/6!-,!#50%5!.#!+8#-0!0-/.#5.-#,!+,0!+23-%8%!J%..%5!

5%/)$./!%+23!/-&,+$!/3#)$0!J%!-/#$+.%0!+,0!%U+*-,%0!/%I+5+.%$BK!A3%!5%/)$./!#'!.3-/!N-,0!#'!

+,+$B/-/!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!)>/C&!NK!A3%5%!-/!+!/-&,-'-2+,.!0-''%5%,2%!J%.H%%,!.3%!*%.3#0/!

+,0!-.!-/!#J8-#)/!.3+.!-,!.3%!&5#)I!+,+$B/-/!.3%!5%/)$./!3+8%!),5%+/#,+J$%!8+5-+.-#,/!'5#*!3X!

.#!3XK!!!

!

!

!

!

!


21/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

>Y!

NHA!3&%&'/&'>)$+#!=$4&!5#>C*($(!

! Q,!#50%5!.#!'-,0!.3%!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%!#'!+!/#),06!.3%!]$%8%$/ !*+.$+J!/25-I.!-/!)/%0K!

A3-/!/25-I.!25%+.%/!+!I$#.!#'!.-*%!8/!+*I$-.)0%!H3%5%!.3%!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%!2+,!J%!0%.%5*-,%0K!!

!

4!/.5+-&3.!$-,%!*)/.!J%!05+H,!-,!.3%!)II%5!$-,%RVFFK>0\S!-,!#50%5!.#!*+5N!.3%!I#-,.!H3%,!.3%!/#),0!/.+5./!.#!0%2+B!+,0!+!$-,%!#,!.3%!J#..#*!RV=EK


22/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

>>!

!

NHN!3++4!3&(+#>#6&(!7!-B@&'$4)!L!!

A3%!+-*!#'!.3-/!I+5.!#'!.3%!I5#D%2.!-/!.#!%UI$#5%!.3%!5%/#,+,.!'5%P)%,2-%/!#'!.3%!5##*!

+,0!.3%!]$#H!'5%P)%,2B!I5#J$%*^!H3-23!-/!8%5B!2#**#,!-,!/*+$$!%,2$#/%0!/I+2%/K!Q,!#50%5!

.#!'-,0!#).!H3-23!'5%P)%,2-%/!+5%!J##/.%0!*#/.!J%2+)/%!#'!.3%!5##*!5%/#,+,2%/!+!/I%2-+$!

*%+/)5%*%,.!+,0!+,+$B/-/!I5#2%0)5%!*)/.!J%!'#$$#H%0K!!

C-5/.!+,0!'#5%*#/.6!.3%!5##*!0-*%,/-#,/!+5%!*%+/)5%0!+,0!.3%!`#$)*%!#'!.3%!5##*!

-/!2+$2)$+.%0K!4/!$#,&!+/6!.3%!/.)0-#!3+/!/*+$$!0-*%,/-#,/6!.3%!*%+/)5%*%,.!-/!%+/B!.#!J%!

+23-%8%0!JB!)/-,&!D)/.!+!/-,&$%!5)$%5K!A3%!5%/)$./!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!)>/C&!LH!A3%!

*%+/)5%*%,.!*+B!,#.!J%!Y::c!+22)5+.%6!*+-,$B!J%2+)/%!#'!/#*%!-55%&)$+5!I+5./!#,!.3%!

H+$$/!,%+5!.3%!0##5!+,0!.3%!H-,0#HK!A3)/6!.3-/!-,+22)5+2B!/3#)$0!J%!.+N%,!-,.#!+22#),.K

! A3%!5##*!I5#8%/!.#!J%!/-&,-'-2+,.$B!/*+$$6!+,0!.3%5%'#5%!J-&!/I+2-,&!+*#,&!.3%!

+0D#-,-,&!*#0%/!-/!%UI%2.%0K!A3%!2#,/%P)%,2%/!#'!.3%!$+5&%!/I+2-,&!+*#,&!.3%!*#0%/!+5%!

.3+.!/#*%!'5%P)%,2-%/!+5%!%,3+,2%0!*#5%!.3+,!#.3%5/!+,0!.3)/!+,!+2#)/.-2+$$B!^J+0^!/#),0!

'-%$0!-/!25%+.%0K!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Q,!

#50%5!.#!'-,0!H3+.!-/!.3%!'5%P)%,2B!5+,&%!.3+.!*)/.!J%!%U+*-,%06!.3%!25#//#8%5!'5%P)%,2B!

*)/.!J%!2+$2)$+.%0K!Q,!'+2.!.3%!25#//#8%5!'5%P)%,2B6!-/!+!I+5.-2)$+5!'5%P)%,2B!.3+.!-/!

0%I%,0%,.!#,!.3%!5##*!0-*%,/-#,/!+,0!*+5N/!.3%!/3-'.!'5#*!.3%!3-&3%5!H%$$V!!/%I+5+.%0!

'5%P)%,2-%/!.#!.3%!$#H%5!#8%5$+II-,&!'5%P)%,2B!*#0%/K!Q.!-/!H#5.3!*%,.-#,-,&!.3+.!.3-/!

J#),0+5B!-/!,#.!.#.+$$B!/.5-2.!+,0!0#%/!,#.!*%+,!.3+.!%8%5B!*#0%!J%$#H!.3+.!'5%P)%,2B!

H#)$0!3+8%!+!I5#J$%*K!Q.!-/!*#5%!$-N%!+!I#-,.!.3+.!*+5N/!.3%!1A4ZA!#'!.3%!.5+,/-.-#,K!!

g/-,&!'#5*)$+!U2Wf!!,6_RLR2OK!!

A3%!8+$)%!#'!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!.3+.!-/!)/%0!'#5!.3%!2+$2)$+.-#,!-/!.+N%,!'5#*!.3%!5%/)$./!

#'!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!%UI%5-*%,./!.3+.!H-$$!J%!0-/2)//%0!+,+$B.-2+$$B!#,!.3%!

5%8%5J%5+.-#,!+,+$B/-/!23+I.%5K!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! @+.$+J!-/!)/%0!'#5!.3%!5##*!*#0%!2+$2)$+.-#,/!-,!#50%5!.#!+8#-0!.3%!.-*%!2#,/)*-,&!

JB!3+,0!2+$2)$+.-#,/K!A3%!*+.$+J!(6'$@)!L!)/%/!,+'40C>!&!.#!2+$2)$+.%!.3%!%-&%,!'5%P)%,2-%/!

'#5!,h:6Y6>6E6FK!A3%!4U-+$6!A+,&%,.-+$!+,0!TJ$-P)%!*#0%/!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!'-5/.!JB!)/-,&!


23/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

>E!

0-''%5%,.!+55+B/!'#5!%+23!N-,0!#'!*#0%!2#*J-,+.-#,/!0%I%,0-,&!#,!.3%!5##*!0-*%,/-#,/!

+,0!.3%,6!+5%!I$+2%0!+$$!.#&%.3%5!-,!+/2%,0-,&!#50%5K!Q.!-/!8-.+$!.#!)/%!.3-/!N-,0!#'!#50%5!H3-$%!

H%!H+,.!.#!'-,0!.3%!/I+2-,&!+*#,&!.3%!*#0%!'5%P)%,2-%/K!A3%!5%/)$./!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!

)>/C&!AK!A3%!1235#%0%5!'5%P)%,2B!/3#H/!+II5#U-*+.%$B!.3%!3-&3%5!'5%P)%,2B!.3+.!/3#)$0!J%!-,.%5%/.%0!-,K!Q,!I5+2.-2%6!'5%P)%,2-%/!'5#*!>::3X!+,0!J%$#H!H-$$!J%!#,$B!%UI$#5%0!-,!*#5%!

0%.+-$!'#5!+!2#)I$%!#'!5%+/#,/K!C-5/.$B!J%2+)/%!-,!.3%/%!'5%P)%,2-%/!.3%!%''%2.!#'!#8%5$+II-,&!

-/!*#5%!'5%P)%,.!+,0!.3)/!.3-/!5+,&%!-/!*#5%!/-&,-'-2+,.!+,0!+$/#!J%2+)/%!.3%!%UI$#5+.-#,!

+,0!.3%!+,+$B/-/!#'!.3%!5##*!*#0%/!+5%!.-*%!2#,/)*-,&!I5#2%0)5%/!+,0!,%%0!+!*#5%!

%UI$-2-.$B!5%/%+523!K!!1#6!I+5.-2)$+5!*#0%/!.3+.!+5%!%UI%2.%0!.#!2+)/%!I5#J$%*/!#,!.3%!

+2#)/.-2/!#'!.3%!5##*!H-$$!J%!%UI$#5%0!6!'5#*!?E3X!.#!Y=a3XK!A3%!.3%#5B!/)&&%/./!'#5!+$$!

5##*!*#0%/!.#!3+8%!+!J+,0H-0.3!#'!+.!$%+/.!?c!#'!.3%-5!'5%P)%,2B!+I+5.K!A3)/6!$##N-,&!+.!

)>/C&!AJ!.3%!/%I+5+.-#,!#'!*#/.!.3%!+0D+2%,.!5##*!*#0%/!+5%!*#5%!.3+,!.3-/!25-.-2+$!

J+,0H-0.3K!C#5!%U+*I$%6!.3%!?c!#'!=a3X!-/!EK;a3X!J).!.3%5%!-/!+!0-/.+,2%!#'!>>3X!'5#*!?/C&!NK!Q,!#50%5!.#!3+8%!+22)5+.%!5%/)$./6!%+23!

'5%P)%,2B!*#0%!*)/.!J%!-/#$+.%0!#,!.3%!'5%P)%,2B!I$#.K!Q'!,#.6!0-/.#5.-#,!#22)5/!#,!.3%!

/-&,+$!+,0!.3)/!-,+22)5+.%!5%/)$./!*+B!J%!0%5-8%0K!g#!)>/C&!M!6!/#*%!-,+22)5+.%!5%/)$./!+5%!

-$$)/.5+.%0K!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

M##N-,&!+.!.3%!5%/)$./!#,!)>/C&!N!'#5!.3-/!5%2#50-,&6!0-''%5%,.!0%2-J%$!$%8%$/!

2#55%/I#,0!.#!0-''%5%,.!'5%P)%,2-%/K!(#H%8%56!H3-$%!.3%!'5%P)%,2B!5%/I#,/%!#'!.3%!/I%+N%5!

-/!,#.!N,#H,6!,#!I+5.-2)$+5!0-/2)//-#,!2+,!J%!2#**%,2%0K!A3)/6!#,%!*#5%!5%2#50-,&!

I5#2%0)5%!*)/.!J%!0#,%K!Q,!#50%5!.#!'-,0!.3%!'5%P)%,2B!5%/I#,/%!#'!.3%!/I%+N%5!.3%!


24/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

>F!

+,%23#-2!23+*J%5!/3#)$0!J%!)/%0!H3%5%!.3%5%!+5%!,#!5%'$%2.-#,/6!H3+./#%8%56!+,0!.3)/!.3%!

5%/#,+,.!'5%P)%,2-%/!+5%!,#.!+''%2.!#)5!5%/)$./!+/!.3%B!+5%!,#.!%U-/.K!A3%!/+*%!/-&,+$/!#,!.3%!

/+*%!+*I$-.)0%!+,0!.3%!/+*%!%P)-I*%,.!+5%!)/%0!'#5!J#.3!5##*!*#0%!*%+/)5%*%,./!+,0!

+,%23#-2!23+*J%5!*%+/)5%*%,./K!A3%!5%/)$./!'#5!.3%!/I%+N%5L/!'5%P)%,2B!5%/I#,/%!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!)>/C&!N!+/!H%$$K!A3%!*+U-*)*!0-''%5%,2%!+*#,&!.3%!$#H%/.!+,0!.3%!3-&3%5!

'5%P)%,2-%/!.3+.!+5%!%U+*-,%0!-/!+II5#U-*+.%$B!P!.&6$/&C(K!A3-/!0-''%5%,2%!/3#)$0!J%!.+N%,!

-,.#!+22#),.!#,!.3%!+,+$B/-/!#'!.3%!5##*!*#0%/K! 4/!.3%!/I%+N%5L/!'5%P)%,2B!5%/I#,/%!3+/!

J%%,!%/.-*+.%06!.3%!5##*!*#0%!+,+$B/-/!2+,!/.+5.K!4$$!0-''%5%,.!5%2#50-,&/!'#5!.3%!0-''%5%,.!

I#/-.-#,/!+5%!2-.%0!#,!,$10'&(!LJAJNJRJSJM!+,0!.3%,!%+23!'5%P)%,2B!&5#)I!-/!0-/2)//%0!

/%I+5+.%$BK!!

]$10'&!L!H+/!0%/25-J%0!-,!.3%!+J#8%!$-,%/K!T,!,$10'&!A!+!*-25#I3#,%!-/!I$+2%0!-,!.3%!

*-00$%!#'!.3%!5##*!+/!H%$$6!J).!.3%!/I%+N%5!-/!I$+2%0!+.!#,%!2#5,%5!#'!.3%!5##*K!W3%,!.3%!

/#),0!/#)52%!-/!$#2+.%0!#,!+!2#5,%56!3+/!.3%!+J-$-.B!.#!%U2-.%!+$$!5##*!*#0%/K!1#6!+!*#5%!

2#*I$%U!+,+$B/-/!H#)$0!J%!%UI%2.%0!'#5!'&6+'.$#1!SK!T,!,$10'&!N6!.3%!/I%+N%5!-/!I$+2%0!#,!

#,%!2#5,%5!+,0!.3%!*-25#I3#,%!#,!-./!0-+,+$!2#5,%5!-,!#50%5!.#!%U2-.%!+,0!2+I.)5%!+$$!.3%!

5##*!*#0%/K!A3-/!-/!.3%!*#/.!%''%2.-8%!H+B!.#!-,8%/.-&+.%!.3%!5##*!5%/#,+,2%/!+,0!0%2-0%!

H3%5%!/#*%!.5%+.*%,.!/3#)$0!J%!+II$-%0K!T,!,$10'&!R6!.3%!/I%+N%5!-/!I$+2%0!#,!.3%!2#5,%5!

+&+-,!+,0!.3%!*-25#I3#,%!#,!.3%!'-5/.!I+5+$$%$!H+$$!+25#//!.3%!H-0.3!#'!.3%!5##*K!T,!,$10'&!

S!>#.!MJ!.3%!/I%+N%5!-/!I$+2%0!#,!.3%!J#..#*!H+$$!+/!-,!'&6+'.$#1!R!+,0!.3%!*-25#I3#,%!#,!

.3%!#II#/-.%!H+$$!+.!*-00$%!3%-&3.!+,0!#,!.3%!'$##56!5%/I%2.-8%$BK!T,!.3%!H+$$6!+,!+,.-,#0%!

%U-/./!'#5!.3%!'-5/.!/.+,0-,&!H+8%!!R+25#//!.3%!M%,&.3S!+,0!H3%,!.3%!*-25#I3#,%!-/!I$+2%0!

#,!.3%!'$##5!+,!+,.-,#0%!%U-/./!'#5!.3%!'-5/.!/.+,0-,&!H+8%!+25#//!.3%!3%-&3.K!(#H%8%56!

/.+,0-,&!H+8%/!#'!.3%!/%2#,0!+,0!.3-50!5%'$%2.-#,/!*)/.!J%!%UI$#5%0!H3-$%!.3%B!2#,.5-J).%!

#,!.3%!0-/.5-J).-#,!+/!H%$$K!!

!

\2$62!,'&F0$&(!>'&!&B6$)&.!$#!+'.&'!)+!/&!&B@C+'&.j!!

A3%!'-5/.!.H#!>B$>C!*#0%/!+5%!+.!SRHM2O!+,0!SMHZkO!+,0!5%/I#,/-J$%!'#5!.3%/%!*#0%/!+5%!

.3%!I+5+$$%$!H+$$/!+25#//!.3%!M%,&.3!+,0!+25#//!.3%!3%-&3.!5%/I%2.-8%$BK!A3%-5!*)$.-I$%/!

H3-23!+5%!-,!'+2.!.3%!+U-+$!*#0%/!'#5!.3%!/%2#,0!5%'$%2.-#,/6!#22)5!+.!LTZHA2O!+,0!LLNHZ2O6!

.3)/6!'5%P)%,2-%/!'5#*!SN2O!)+!SY2O!+,0!'5#*!LTP2O!)+!LLS2O!+5%!23#/%,!.#!J%!%UI$#5%0K!


25/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

>?!

4,!#.3%5!>B$>C!*#0%!-,8#$8-,&!.3%!H-0.3!#'!.3%!5##*!-/!+.!YPHZkO!R.3%!J-&&%5!8+$)%!'#5!.3%!

H-0.3!+U-+$!*#0%!#22)5/!J%2+)/%!#'!.3%!/*+$$!0-/.+,2%!#'!.3%!H-0.3!0-*%,/-#,S6!+,0!.3%!

0%5-8+.-8%!#'!.3%!/%2#,0!5%'$%2.-#,!+.!LSYHP2OK!A3)/!'5%P)%,2-%/!'5#*!YM2O!)+!PT2O!+,0!

'5#*!LSM2O!)+!LSZ2O!H-$$!J%!%UI$#5%0K!@#5%#8%56!/#*%!#.3%5!'5%P)%,2-%/!H-$$!J%!-,8%/.-&+.%0!H3%5%!)>#1)$>C!>#.!+/C$F0&!*#0%/!+5%!2#,.5-J).%0!*#/.K!A3%5%!+5%!.H#!

)>#1)$>C!*#0%/!+.!ZM2O!>#.!ZYJN2O6!/#!'5%P)%,2-%/!'5#*!ZR2O!)+!ZP2O!+5%!+,+$BX%0K!

A3%5%!+5%!+$/#!+/C$F0&!*#0%/!+.!LRMHA2O!+,0!LRPHM2O!+,0!+.!LYMHA2O!+,0!LYMHR2O!/#!

'5%P)%,2-%/!#,!.3+.!5+,&%!+5%!%UI$#5%0K!

! W3-$%!$#./!#'!I+5+*%.%5/!-,'$)%,2%!.3%!*#0%/!J%3+8-#56!-.!-/!,#.!%+/B!.#!0%5-8%!8%5B!

I+5.-2)$+5!2#,2$)/-#,/K!A3)/6!+!2#*I+5-/#,!*%.3#0!#'!0-/2)//-#,!+*#,&!.3%!0-''%5%,.!

5%2#50-,&/!-/!'#$$#H%0K!!

! 1.)0B-,&!.3%!'-5/.!.H#!+U-+$!*#0%/!#,!?FK

-/!+!J##/.!#,!.3%!'5%P)%,2-%/!J%.H%%,!?E!+,0!?=!3X!#,!+$$!5%2#50-,&!I#/-.-#,/!%U2%I.!#'!

5%2#50-,&!I#/-.-#,!=K!A3%#5%.-2+$$B6!.3%!M%,&.3!0-*%,/-#,!-/!5%/I#,/-J$%!'#5!.3%!'-5/.!+U-+$!

*#0%!+,0!.3%!3%-&3.!'#5!.3%!/%2#,0K!A3%!J##/.!/3#)$0!5%+23!+!*+U-*)*!.3%,6!#,!.3%!>!%,0/!

#'!%+23!0-*%,/-#,!H3-$%!.3%5%!-/!+,!+,.-,#0%!+,0!+!*-,-*)*!#,!.3%!2%,.%5!H3%5%!.3%5%!-/!+!

,#0%!'#5!.3%!'-5/.!*#0%K!(#H%8%56!.3-/!I5#8%/!.#!J%!0-''%5%,.!-,!I5+2.-2%K!T,!5%2#50-,&!

I#/-.-#,!?!'#5!%U+*I$%6!H3%5%!.3%!*-25#I3#,%!-/!I$+2%0!%U+2.$B!-,!.3%!2%,.%56!#!J##/.!#'!a!.#!

Y>!0\!#22)5/!+$.3#)&3!.3%5%!-/!+!,#0%!#'!%+23!0-*%,/-#,K!A3%5%'#5%6!.3%!2#,2$)/-#,!.3+.!2+,!

J%!0%5-8%0!'5#*!.3-/!-/!.3+.!#.3%5!*#0%/6!%-.3%5!+U-+$!#5!.+,&%,.-+$!+,0!#J$-P)%!2#,.5-J).%!.#!

.3%!J##/.!+,0!/#!I+5.-2)$+5!2#,2$)/-#,/!+5%!0-''-2)$.!.#!J%!0-/2)//%0K!A3%!'+2.!.3+.6!+!,#,!

0-5%2.-#,+$!*-25#I3#,%!-/!)/%0!*+N%!.3-,&/!*#5%!2#*I$-2+.%0!H3-$%!5%/#,+,2%/!'5#*!%8%5B!

0-5%2.-#,!+5%!2+I.)5%0K!T,!)>/C&!SJ!.H#!5%2#50-,&/!)/-,&!+!0-5%2.-#,+$!*-25#I3#,%!+5%!

-$$)/.5+.%0K!A3%5%!-/!+!/*+$$!J##/.!'#5!5%2#50-,&!I#/-.-#,!F!+/!H%$$6!J).!#,!.3%!#.3%5!3+,0!

.3%5%!-/!+!5%0)2.-#,!'#5!5%2#50-,&!I#/-.-#,!;K!A3%/%!8+5-+.-#,/!I5#8%!.3+.!.3%!0-5%2.-#,+$!

*-25#I3#,%!0#%/!,#.!2+I.)5%!%8%5B!5%/#,+,2%!.3+.!2#,.5-J).%/!#,!.3%!J##/.!J).!0#%/!,#.!

&-8%!)/!+0%P)+.%!-,'#5*+.-#,!+J#).!H3-23!*#0%/!+5%!2#,.5-J).%!*#/.!#,!.3%!J##/./!+,0!.3%!

2+,2%$$+.-#,/K!!

!

!

!


26/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

>

!

!

!

1 0 0 54.6hz

0 0 1 56.9hz

Rec4 Rec5 Rec6 Rec7 Rec8 Rec9

53hz 10.5dB 8dB 8dB -1dB 8dB 3dB

54hz 9dB 8dB 8dB -1dB 9dB 3dB

55hz 9.5dB 8.5dB 8.5dB 0.5dB 9.5dB 3.5dB

56hz 13dB 9dB 11dB 1dB 12dB 5dB


Directional microphone measurements

Rec4 Rec9

53hz 2dB - 5.5dB

54hz 3dB - 4dB

55hz 3.5dB - 4dB

56hz 6dB - 2dB

57hz 7dB - 3.5dB

!

Q,!#50%5!.#!0%5-8%!/#*%!)/%')$!2#,2$)/-#,/!'5#*!.3%!5##*!*#0%!+,+$B/-/!%UI%5-*%,.6!

+!,%H!5%2#50-,&!-/!.+N%,!+,0!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!)>/C&!YK!A3%!/I%+N%5!-/!I$+2%0!#,!+!2#5,%5!#'!.3%!

5##*!-,!#50%5!.#!%U2-.%!+$$!.3%!5##*!*#0%/!+,0!+,!#*,-V0-5%2.-#,+$!*-25#I3#,%!-/!I$+2%0!

#,!.3%!#II#/-.%!2#5,%5!+.!*-00$%!3%-&3.!R$-N%!#,!5%2#50-,&!I#/-.-#,!0\S!H3-$%!.3%!J-&&%5!H%+N%,-,&!+.!=?3X!R!V?0\SK!A3)/6!-'!

/#*%#,%!I$+B/!.3%!/%P)%,2%!#'!,#.%/! !U)>/C&!PW!J!-.!H#)$0!J%!$-N%!/#*%#,%!-/!

23+,&-,&!.3%!&+-,!#'!%+23!,#.%!JB!*#5%!.3+,!Y:!0\K!!

Q,!#50%5!.#!#8%52#*%!.3-/!$#H!'5%P)%,2B!I5#J$%*!+,0!5%0)2%!.3%!5%/I#,/%!

8+5-+.-#,/6!.3%!I$+2%*%,.!#'!J+//!.5+I/!I5#8%/!.#!J%!+,!%''%2.-8%!/#$).-#,K!Q,!'+2.6!+!J+//!.5+I!

5%0)2%/!.3%!5%'$%2.-#,/!#'!/#*%!'5%P)%,2-%/!+,0!.3)/!.3%/%!J##/./!+,0!2+,2%$$+.-#,/!+5%!

5%0)2%0K!1#6!+/!/#*%!I#H%5!#'!.3%!/.+,0-,&!H+8%/!H-$$!J%!+J/#5J%0!-,/.%+0!#'!J%%,!

5%'$%2.%0!+!*#5%!'$+..%,-,&!5##*!'5%P)%,2B!5%/I#,/%!H-$$!J%!25%+.%0K!!Q,!.3-/!#22+/-#,6!+!

5%/#,+.-,&!+J/#5J%5!.3+.!0+*I/!+!,+55#H!J+,0!#,!.3%!'5%P)%,2B!5+,&%!+,0!I+5.-2)$+5$B!

J%.H%%,!F;3X!+,0!


27/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

>=!

+,0!*#5%#8%5!/#*%!#.3%5!,+55#H!'5%P)%,2B!&5#)I/!'5#*!YYY3X!.#!YY?3X!.#!YEY3X6!

YEa3X!.#!Y?Y3X!+,0!Y=?3X!.#!Ya:3X!6!H#)$0!J%!)/%')$K!!

!

NHR!3&%&'/&'>)$+#!=$4&!7!5/(+'@)$+#!7!-B@&'$4)!A!

A3%!)$.-*+.%!+-*!#'!.3-/!I+5.!#'!.3%!I5#D%2.!-/!.3%!+2#)/.-2+$!.5%+.*%,.!#'!/.)0-#!>!+.!

j+*%/!"$%52N!@+UH%$$!J)-$0-,&K!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%!-/!.3%!*#/.!/-&,-'-2+,.!'+2.#5!.3+.!

-,'$)%,2%/!.3%!+2#)/.-2!23+5+2.%5-/.-2/!#'!+!/I+2%K!A3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%!#'!1.)0-#!>!-/!

-,&!.#!J%!2+$2)$+.%0!+,0!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,./!#'!/#*%!.-$%/!+5%!-,&!.#!J%!%/.-*+.%0K!Q,!

#50%5!.#!'-,0!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%6!.3%!2$+//-2+$!*%.3#0!-/!'#$$#H%0!H3%5%!%+23!/#),0!

0%2+B!#'!.3%!0-''%5%,.!I#/-.-#,/!-/!+,+$BX%0!/%I+5+.%$B!+,0!.3%,!.3%!8+$)%/!#'!.3%!

5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%/!+5%!+8%5+&%0K!!@%+/)5%*%,./!+5%!.+N%,!#,!1.)0-#!Y!+,0!1.)0-#!>!)/-,&!

+,!#*,-V0-5%2.-#,+$!*-25#I3#,%!+,0!+!/I%+N%5K!9-,N!+,0!W3-.%!G#-/%!-/!&%,%5+.%0!'5#*!.3%!

/I%+N%5!+,0!+!*-25#I3#,%!-/!I$+2%0!#,!E!0-''%5%,.!I#/-.-#,/K!!A3%!/-&,+$/!+5%!+,+$BX%0!#,!

@+.$+J!+,0!.3%!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%!-/!2+$2)$+.%0!'5#*!.3%!I$#./K!A3%!5%/)$./!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!

#,!)>/C&!P!+,0!)>/C&!ZH!W3-$%!J#.3!5##*/!+5%!,#.!0-'')/%!'-%$0/6!*#5%!.3+,!#,%!

*%+/)5%*%,.!/3#)$0!J%!.+N%,!-,!#50%5!.#!-,/)5%!+22)5+.%!5%/)$./K!@#5%#8%56!.H#!N-,0!#'!

G#-/%!/-&,+$/!+5%!)/%0!-,!#50%5!.#!2#*I+5%!.3%*!+,0!'-,0!#).!H3-23!#,%!#'!.3%*!.)5,/!#).!

.#!J%!*#5%!)/%')$!'#5!.3+.!I)5I#/%K!


28/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

>a!

*+.%5-+$6!'-5/.!.3%!+5%+!#'!%+23!H+$$!/3#)$0!J%!2+$2)$+.%0K!! ! !

! (#H%8%56!.3%5%!+5%!/#*%!#.3%5!#JD%2./!H-.3-,!.3%!5##*!.3+.!.3%-5!+5%+!*)/.!J%!

2+$2)$+.%0!+/!H%$$!+,0!/)J.5+2.%0!'5#*!.3%!.#.+$!+5%+!#'!%+23!H+$$K!! ! !

! A3%5%!-/!+!LHLRBLHLR4!H-,0#H6!2#**),-2+.-,&!H-.3!.3%!2#,.5#$!5##*6!#,!H+$$>6!+!AHLYBLHLT4!0##5!#,!H+$$Y!+,0!+!THRLBTHRP4!-,0##5!8%,.!/B/.%*!#,!H+$$YLK!!A3%!5%/)$./!

+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!)>/C&!LNK!Q,!#50%5!.#!'-,0!.3%!+5%+!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$6!.3%!+5%+!#'!.3%!#JD%2./!

+5%!/)J.5+2.%0!'5#*!.3%!.#.+$!+5%+!#'!%+23!H+$$_!!

\>CCAU4>)&'$>CW!_!\>CCA!7!\$#.+D!_!PHALR ! ! ! ! !

\>CCLU4>)&'$>CW!_!\>CCL!7!X++'!_!RHLZM! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!

\>CCLiU4>)&'$>CW_!\>CCLi!7!^)_!MHRLS ! ! ! ! ! !

! A3)/6!+00-,&!+$$!.3%!+5%+/_!

\>CCAU4>)&'$>CWl\>CCLU4>)&'$>CWl\>CCAil\>CCLiU4>)&'$>CWl9&$C$#1!_!NSHATS !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A3%!

+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$!2+,!J%!2+$2)$+.%0!'5#*!'#5*)$+/!U&W!+,0!U,WH!A3%!

5%/)$./!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!)>/C&!LRH!!

A3%!.#.+$!+5%+!#'!1.)0-#!>!-/!F?K;>= K!T,!)>/C&!LT!.3%!.#.+$!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!#'!/.)0-#!

Y!+,0!/.)0-#!>!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0K!!

3&%&'/&'>)$+#!3++4!:&>(0'&4)(!

A3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!5##*!#'!j"@!J)-$0-,&6!-/!2#,/.5)2.%0!-,!/)23!+!H+B6!/#!.3+.!+!#0!

0-'')/%!'-%$0!-/!25%+.%0K!A3%!5##*!-/!J-&!%,#)&3!.#!+23-%8%!J-&!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%/!R'5#*!>!

.#!YY!/%2#,0/!+II5#U-*+.%$BS!.3+.!-/!8%5B!/-&,-'-2+,.!'#5!.3%!+2#)/.-2!*%+/)5%*%,./K!7+23!

#'!.3%!H+$$/!#'!.3%!5##*!3+/!0-''%5%,.!0-*%,/-#,/!/#!.3+.!,#!#,%!#'!.3%!H+$$/!-/!I+5+$$%$!.#!

+,#.3%5K!Q,!.3+.!H+B6!.3%!J+2N!+,0!'#5.3!5%'$%2.-#,/!J%.H%%,!.H#!H+$$/!+5%!+8#-0%0!+,0!.3)/!

'$)..%5!%23#!-/!05+*+.-2+$$B!5%0)2%0K!(#H%8%56!.3%!-55%&)$+5!/3+I%!#'!.3%!5##*!*+N%/!/#*%!

2+$2)$+.-#,/!*#5%!0-''-2)$.!.3#)&3K!!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! C-5/.!+,0!'#5%*#/.6!.3%! #$)*%!#'!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!5##*!-/!2+$2)$+.%0K!W3-$%!.3%!

5##*!-/!#'!+,!-55%&)$+5!/3+I%6!.3%!`#$)*%!2+,,#.!J%!2+$2)$+.%0!D)/.!JB!*)$.-I$B-,&!.3%!+5%+!

H-.3!.3%!3%-&3.!#'!.3%!5##*6!$-N%!-.!3+II%,/!-,!5%2.+,&)$+5!5##*/K!Q,!.3+.!2+/%6!/#*%!

&%#*%.5-2+$!2+$2)$+.-#,/!3+8%!.#!J%!0#,%K!T,!5@@.$B!;J!.3%!2+$2)$+.-#,!#'!.3%!`#$)*%!#'!


29/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

>;!

.3%!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!Z##*!-/!2-.%0K!!A3%!0-*%,/-#,/!#'!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!5##*!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!

#,!)>/C&!LMK!!

4,#.3%5!I+5+*%.%5!.3+.!/3#)$0!J%!%/.-*+.%0!-/!.3%!$#H%/.!'5%P)%,2B!H3%5%!.3%!

+J/#5I.-#,!2+$2)$+.-#,/!H#)$0!J%!+22)5+.%K!!g/-,&!'#5*)$+!U1W!.3+.!'5%P)%,2B!-/! K!

A3)/6!.3%#5%.-2+$$B6!'#5!'5%P)%,2-%/!J%$#H!.3+.!I+5.-2)$+5!'5%P)%,2B!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!

2#%''-2-%,./!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$!/3#)$0!,#.!J%!.+N%,!-,!+22#),.K!! ! !

! 1%2#,0$B6!*%+/)5%*%,./!#,!.3%!%*I.B!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!5##*!+,0!+.!/%8%5+$!I#/-.-#,/!

+5%!.+N%,!)/-,&!'-$.%5%0!I-,N!,#-/%K!A3%!H+8!'-$%/!+5%!+,+$BX%0!#,!@+.$+J!+,0!.3%!

Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%/!+5%!2+$2)$+.%0!+,0!2+,!J%!/%%,!#,!)>/C&!LAH!!A3%!$#H%5!.3%!'5%P)%,2B!

.3+.!-/!&%,%5+.%0!.3%!3-&3%5!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%K!\-&!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%/!+5%!+23-%8%0!+.!

+$$!I#/-.-#,/!H-.3!#,$B!/*+$$!0%8-+.-#,/K!A3%!+8%5+&%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!-/!2+$2)$+.%0!+,0!

-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!.3%!/+*%!.+J$%K!Q,!#50%5!.#!.%/.!+,!+2#)/.-2+$!.-$%!+,0!%/.-*+.%!-./!+J/#5I.-8%!

I5#I%5.-%/6!.3%!/+*%!*%+/)5%*%,./!+5%!.+N%,!H-.3!.3%!*+.%5-+$!I$+2%0!#,!.3%!*-00$%!#'!#,%!

#'!.3%!H+$$/K!A3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%/!#'!.3%!*%+/)5%*%,./!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!)>/C&!LA!+/!

H%$$K!TJ8-#)/$B6!.3%!+J/#5I.-8%!23+5+2.%5-/.-2/!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$!+5%!/.5#,&!%,#)&3!.#!5%0)2%!

.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!,%+5$B!?:cK! ! ! ! ! ! !

! (+8-,&!.3%!`#$)*%!#'!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!5##*! hEk:K K!g/-,&!'#5*)$+!U&W!+,0!U,W6!

.3%!/#),0!+J/#5I.-#,!-,!/+J-,/!+,0!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!+5%!2+$2)$+.%0!+,0!-$$)/.5+.%0!

#,!)>/C&!LYK!4$$!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,./!3+8%!8+$)%/!*#5%!.3+,!YK:K!A3-/!#'!2#)5/%6!0#%/!

,#.!*%+,!.3+.!.3%B!+J/#5J!*#5%!.3+,!Y::cK!A3%/%!-,25%+/%0!8+$)%/!I5#J+J$B!#22)5!

J%2+)/%!#'!.3%!.3-2N,%//!#'!.3%!.-$%K!A3%!A-$%!-/!ALHS64!.3-2NK!A3%!.3-2N,%//!#'!.3%!.-$%!3+/!

J%%,!,%&$%2.%0!'5#*!.3%!2+$2)$+.-#,/6!/#!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.!-/!2+$2)$+.%0!H-.3#).!-.K!

\).6!.3-/!.3-2N,%//!-,25%+/%/!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$!/#!+!'#5*)$+!3+/!.#!J%!'#),0!-,!

#50%5!.#!2+$2)$+.%!+!,%H!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,.K!A3%!.3-2N,%//!#'!.3%!*+.%5-+$!-,'$)%,2%/!.H#!

.3-,&/K!C-5/.$B6!-.!-,25%+/%/!.3%!0-/.+,2%!J%.H%%,!.3%!H+$$!+,0!.3%!*+.%5-+$!+,0!.3)/!.3%!

+J/#5I.-#,!H-$$!J%!-,25%+/%06!I+5.-2)$+5$B!'#5!.3%!$#H%5!'5%P)%,2-%/R.3%#5%.-2+$$BS6!+,0!

/%2#,0$B6!.3%!'+2.!.3+.!H##0!2#8%5/!.3%!I%5-*%.%5!#'!.3%!.-$%!3+8-,&!>YK?*!.3-2N,%//!H-$$!

-,25%+/%!+J/#5I.-#,6!%/I%2-+$$B!'#5!.3%!3-&3%5!'5%P)%,2-%/K!A3%!+5%+!#'!.3-/!I%5-*%.%5!-/!

2+$2)$+.%0K![&'$4&)&'=$C&5'&>h:K=?a !K!400-,&!.3%!45%+!#'!.3%!I%5-*%.%5!+,0!.3%!+5%+!#'!

.3%!*+.%5-+$!#'!.3%!.-$%6!.3%!.#.+$!+5%+!-/!YKF=E> K!A3)/6!)/-,&!.3-/!8+$)%!+/!.3%!8+$)%!#'!.3%!


30/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

E:!

+5%+!#'!.3%!.-$%6!.3%!,%H!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,./!>i!+5%!2+$2)$+.%0!+,0!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!)>/C&!LY!

+/!H%$$K!A3)/6!.3%!2#55%2.!+J/#5I.-#,!2#%''-2-%,./!+5%!.3#/%!.3+.!.3%!+5%+!#'!.3%!I%5-*%.%5!-/!

.+N%,!-,.#!+22#),.!-,!.3%!2+$2)$+.-#,/K!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! Q'!.3%!+2#)/.-2+$!.-$%!-/!I$+2%0!#,!()0.$+!AJ!.3%!,%H!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%!H-$$!J%!/*+$$%5K!A3%!,%H!ZA!-/!2+$2)$+.%0!+,0!.3%!5%/)$./!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!#,!)>/C&!LPH!A3%!'#5*)$+!

.3+.!2+$2)$+.%/!.3%!,%H!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!-/!_! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

_!A#.+$!4J/#5I.-#,!#'!/.)0-#!>!H-.3#).!.3%!.-$%!! ! ! ! ! !

_!4J/#5I.-#,!#'!42#)/.-2+$!A-$%! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

_!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%!#'!1.)0-#>!H-.3!+2#)/.-2+$!.-$%! ! ! ! !

_!Z%8%5J%5+.-#,!A-*%!#'!1.)0-#!>!H-.3#).!+2#)/.-2+$!.-$%! ! ! !

! 1#$8-,&!.3%!+J#8%!%P)+.-#,6!.3%!,%H!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!-/!2+$2)$+.%0K!! !

A3%!G%H!ZA/!I5#8%!.#!J%!*)23!J%..%5!'#5!5%2#50-,&!/.)0-#L/!I)5I#/%/O!3#H%8%56!

*#5%!*%+/)5%*%,./!*)/.!J%!.+N%,!.#!-,/)5%!.3%!+22)5+2B!#'!.3%!2+$2)$+.-#,/K!A3+.!

),'#5.),+.%$B!H-$$!,#.!J%!I+5.!#'!.3-/!I5#D%2.!J).!-.!-/!#'!/-&,-'-2+,.!-*I#5.+,2%!/#!/#*%#,%!

/3#)$0!.+N%!.3-/!-,!+22#),.!-,!').)5%!H#5N/K!@#5%!A-$%/!+5%!+8+-$+J$%!#,!j"@!J)-$0-,&!.3+.!

2+,!3%$I!'#5!')5.3%5!.5%+.*%,.!+,0!5%0)2%!+!J-.!*#5%!.3%!ZA!#'!1.)0-#!>K!!! ! !

! ! !

NHS!K @#5%!+2#)/.-2+$!.-$%!/3#)$0!J%!.%/.%0!#,!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!5##*K!@#5%!.3+,!#,%!.-$%!2+,!J%!I$+2%0!-,!.3%!5##*!+,0!'-,0!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!#'!*#5%!.3+,!#,%!.-$%K!@#5%#8%56!

*%+/)5%*%,./!JB!N%%I-,&!0-''%5%,.!0-/.+,2%/!J%.H%%,!.3%!H+$$!+,0!.3%!.-$%!2+,!J%!

.+N%,!H3-$%!.3%!+-5!/I+2%!23+,&%/!.3%!+J/#5I.-#,!#'!.3%!5##*K!!

EK 9$+2%!.3%!+2#)2.-2+$!.-$%/!#,!/.)0-#!>!+,0!'-,0!.3%!,%H!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%/K!


31/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

EY!

FK @#5%!%U2$)/-8%!5%/%+523!#,!5##*!5%/#,+,2%/K!"+$2)$+.%!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!#'!%+23!*#0%K!@+N%!*#5%!I+5.-2)$+5!2#,2$)/-#,/K!

?K 1)&&%/.-#,/!#'!J+//!.5+I/6!+,0!.%/.!I+5.-2)$+5!*+.%5-+$!.3+.!2+,!J%!)/%0!+/!J+//!.5+I/K!!!

RH!]$10'&(!>#.!=>/C&(!

3&6+'.$#1!@+($)$+#(!,+'!'++4!'&(+#>#6&(!&B@&'$4)!L!

!

!


32/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

E>!

!

!

!

=>/C&!L!

Length 3.15 m

Width 2.18 m

Height 3.02 m

Volume L*W*H = 20.73

!

=>/C&!A!


33/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

EE!

3++4!:+.&(!6>C60C>)$+#!

Modes

Eigen

frequencies

1 0 0 54.6hz Axial

0 0 1 56.9hz Axial

0 1 0 78.9hz Axial

1 0 1 78.9hz Tangential

1 1 0 96hz Tangential


2 0 0 109.2hz Axial

1 1 1 111.5hz Oblique

0 0 2 113.9hz Axial



2 1 0 134.7hz Tangential0 1 2 138.5hz Tangential



0 2 0 157.8hz Axial


3 0 0 163.8hz Axial



0 0 3 170.9hz Axial


1 2 1 176.2hz Oblique2 1 2 176.4hz Oblique










4 0 0 218.4hz Axial

2 2 2 223.1hz Oblique4 0 1 225.7hz Tangential


0 0 4 227.8hz Axial



0 3 0 236.6hz Axial

!

=>/C&!N!


34/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

EF!

3++4!:+.&!5#>C*($(!

REC4 REC5 REC6 REC7 REC8 REC9 Sp_FrRes

53hz 62.5 60 60 51 60 55 52

54hz 61 60 60 51 61 55 52

55hz 62 61 61 53 62 56 52.5

56hz 65 61 63 53 64 57 52

57hz 65 65 65 54 65 60 53

76hz 50 50 51 55 55 62 55

77hz 50 50 53 56 57 65 55

78hz 48 49 60 60 57 67 55.5

79hz 48 50 61 61.5 59.5 67.5 55.5

80hz 48 50 65 64 60 70 56

94hz 50 53 63 52 44 57 57.5

95hz 52 50 63 51 44 57 57.5

96hz 51 47 65 53 45 58 57.5

97hz 53 45 66 53 45 57.5 58

98hz 52 46 65 54 46 58 58

108hz 65 69 53 63 59 65 59

109hz 69 69 60 65 60 68 59

110hz 69 68 62 66 62 66 59

111hz 64 63 65 62 62 65 59112hz 65 62 64 59 63 64 59.5

113hz 67 66 68 65 65 66 59.5

114hz 70 69 68 69 68 68 59.5

115hz 69 68 64 68 65 64 59.5

145hz 57 48 65 58 54.5 50 60

146hz 56 46 67 57.5 54 50 60

147hz 56 45 68 59 54 51 60

148hz 57 45 70 58 54 53 60.5

149hz 59 46 73 56 57 53 61

156hz 71 62 54 72.5 64 67 60157hz 72 66 64 72 65 72 60.5

158hz 71 64 65 71 64 72 60.5

159hz 70 60 62 66.5 60 68 61

175hz 58 53 65 64 60 74 60

176hz 56 56 64 63 58 74 60

177hz 55 58 60 59.5 55 74 60

178hz 58 58 57 58 52 73 60

!


35/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

E?!

=>/C&!R!

?#,C0&!+,!,'&F0*!'&(@+#(&!+#!3++4!:+.&(!

Rec4 Rec5 Rec6 Rec7 Rec8 Rec9

53hz 10.5dB 8dB 8dB -1dB 8dB 3dB

54hz 9dB 8dB 8dB -1dB 9dB 3dB

55hz 9.5dB 8.5dB 8.5dB 0.5dB 9.5dB 3.5dB



76hz -5dB -5dB -4dB 0dB 0dB 7dB

77hz -5dB -5dB -2dB 1dB 2dB 10dB

78hz - 7.5dB -6.5dB 4.5dB 4.5dB 2.5dB 11.5dB

79hz -7.5dB -5.5dB 5.5dB 6dB 4dB 12dB80hz -8dB -6dB 9dB 8dB 4dB 14dB

94hz -7.5dB -4.5dB 5.5dB -5.5dB -13.5dB -0.5dB

95hz -5.5dB -7.5dB 5.5dB -6.5dB -13.5dB -0.5dB

96hz -6.5dB

-

10.5dB 7.5dB -4.5dB -12.5dB 0.5dB

97hz -5dB -13dB 8dB -5dB -13dB -0.5dB

98hz -6dB -12dB 7dB -4dB -12dB 0dB

108hz 6dB 10dB -6dB 4dB 0dB 6dB




112hz 5.5dB 2.5dB 4.5dB -0.5dB 3.5dB 4.5dB

113hz 7.5dB 6.5dB 8.5dB 5.5dB 5.5dB 6.5dB

114hz 9.5dB 8.5dB 8.5dB 9.5dB 8.5dB 8.5dB

115hz 8.5dB 7.5dB 5.5dB 8.5dB 5.5dB 4.5dB

145hz -3dB -12dB 5dB -2dB -5.5dB -10dB

146hz -4dB -14dB 7dB -2.5dB -6dB -10dB

147hz -4dB -15dB 8dB -1dB -6dB -9dB

148hz -3.5dB

-

15.5dB 9.5dB -2.5dB -6.5dB -7.5dB149hz -2dB -15dB 12dB -5dB -4dB -8dB

156hz 11dB 2dB -6dB 12.5dB 4dB 7db

157hz 11.5dB 5.5dB 3.5dB 11.5dB 4.5dB 11.5dB

158hz 10.5dB 3.5dB 4.5dB 10.5dB 3.5dB 11.5dB

159hz 9dB -1dB 1dB 6.5dB -1dB 7dB

175hz -2dB -7dB 5dB 4dB 0dB 14dB

176hz -4dB -4dB 4dB 3dB -2dB 14dB

177hz -5dB -2dB 0dB -0.5dB -5dB 14dB

178hz -2dB -2dB -3dB -2dB -8dB 13dB

!


36/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

E

=>/C&!S!

3++4!:+.&!>#>C*($(!7!3&6+'.$#1(!0($#1!!>!.$'&6)$+#>C!4$6'+@2+#&!

Rec4 Rec9 Boost Rec4 Boost Rec9

53hz 54dB 46.5dB 2dB - 5.5dB

54hz 55dB 48dB 3dB - 4dB

55hz 56dB 48.5dB 3.5dB - 4dB


57hz 60dB 49.5dB 7dB - 3.5dB

76hz 54dB 58dB - 1dB 3dB

77hz 53.5dB 60dB - 1.5dB 5dB

78hz 53dB 60.5dB - 2.5dB 5dB

79hz 55dB 64dB - 0.5dB 8.5dB80hz 54.5dB 65dB - 1.5dB 9dB

94hz 50dB 55.5dB - 7.5dB - 2dB

95hz 50dB 57.5dB - 7.5dB 0dB

96hz 51.5dB 56dB - 6dB - 1.5dB

97hz 53.5dB 56dB - 4.5dB - 2dB

98hz 53.5dB 57.5dB - 4.5dB - 0.5dB

108hz 64dB 65.5dB 5dB 6.5dB

109hz 66.5dB 68dB 7.5dB 9dB

110hz 68.5dB 70dB 9.5dB 11dB111hz 66.5dB 67dB 7.5dB 8dB

112hz 65dB 65.5dB 5.5dB 6dB

113hz 67.5dB 66.5dB 8dB 7dB

114hz 69dB 67.5dB 9.5dB 8dB

115hz 68dB 64dB 9.5dB 4.5dB


146hz 60dB 56.5dB 0dB - 3.5dB

147hz 60.5dB 57.5dB 0.5dB - 2.5dB

148hz 62dB 57dB 1.5dB - 3.5dB

149hz 63dB 57.5dB 2dB - 3.5dB

156hz 75dB 73dB 15dB 13dB

157hz 77dB 75dB 16.5dB 14.5dB

158hz 76.5dB 76dB 16dB 15.5dB



176hz 61.5dB 81dB 1.5dB 21dB



!


37/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

E=!

=>/C&!M!

3++4!:+.&!5#>C*($(!7!m'+0@!5#>C*($(!:&)2+.U$#>660'>)&!'&(0C)(W!

REC4 REC5 REC6 REC7 REC8 REC9

53hz 50 46 46 41 52 48 DB

54hz 57 52 52 48 59 52 DB

55hz 62 58 58 54 64 58 DB

56hz 69 63 63 58 69 62 DB

57hz 71 68 68 58 70 66 DB

76hz 55 55 56 58 60 67 DB

77hz 52 55 60 57 58 65 DB

78hz 53 56 61 58 56 66 DB79hz 46 55 66 56 53 63 DB

80hz 35 54 69 50 46 56 DB

94hz 35 51 65 35 29 42 DB

95hz 41 50 63 42 35 50 DB

96hz 49 43 61 50 41 54 DB

97hz 52 38 56 53 46 59 DB

98hz 55 30 50 58 49 60 DB

108hz 70 50 40 69 62 70 DB

109hz 73 62 51 71 67 72 DB110hz 73 70 61 70 68 71 DB

111hz 69 69 66 65 66 68 DB

112hz 65 67 69 61 63 63 DB

113hz 65 69 71 61 62 62 DB

114hz 61 66 71 60 59 59 DB

115hz 52 54 69 54 50 50 DB

145hz 40 32 69 44 39 35 DB

146hz 48 38 68 50 44 41 DB

147hz 52 41 65 55 50 48 DB

148hz 58 44 62 58 56 52 DB

149hz 61 49 58 60 60 58 DB

156hz 75 68 40 78 69 73 DB

157hz 78 71 61 78 71 78 DB

158hz 77 68 68 77 69 78 DB

159hz 72 62 68 72 64 75 DB

175hz 60 58 70 69 62 80 DB

176hz 56 58 68 62 58 77 DB

177hz 51 55 60 53 50 72 DB

178hz 47 50 49 44 40 66 DB


38/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

Ea!

!

=>/C&!Y!

3++4!:+.&!>#>C*($(!U&B6$)$#1!>CC!'++4!4+.&(W!

Roomresonsnces(dB)

Speaker's Frequencyresponse(dB) Boost(dB)

49hz 58 50.5 7.5dB

50hz 60 50.5 9.5dB

51hz 61.5 51 10.5dB

52hz 63 52 11dB

53hz 60 52 8dB

54hz 60 52 8dB

55hz 61 52.5 8.5dB56hz 63 52 11dB

57hz 65 53 12dB

58hz 65 53 12dB

59hz 64 53 11dB

60hz 62.5 53 9.5dB

61hz 61.5 53.5 9dB

62hz 60 53.5 6.5dB

63hz 58 53.5 4.5dB

64hz 57.5 53.5 4dB

65hz 56.5 53.5 3dB

66hz 56 54 2dB67hz 55 54 1dB

68hz 55 54 1dB

69hz 54 54 0dB

70hz 52.5 54 - 1.5dB

71hz 52.5 54.5 - 2dB

72hz 52 54.5 - 2.5dB

73hz 50 54.5 - 5dB

74hz 50 54.5 - 4.5dB

75hz 50 55 - 5dB

76hz 51 55 - 4dB

77hz 53 55 - 2dB

78hz 60 55.5 4.5dB79hz 61 55.5 5.5dB

80hz 65 56 9dB

81hz 62 56 6dB

82hz 60 56.5 3.5dB

83hz 58 56.5 1.5dB

84hz 57 56.5 0.5dB

85hz 58 56.5 1.5dB

86hz 57 57 0dB

87hz 58 57 1dB

88hz 58 57 1dB

89hz 57 57 0dB


39/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

E;!

90hz 60 57 3dB

91hz 60 57 3dB

92hz 61 57.5 3.5dB

93hz 62.5 57.5 5dB

94hz 63 57.5 5.5dB

95hz 63 57.5 5.5dB96hz 65 57.5 7.5dB

97hz 66 58 8dB

98hz 65 58 7dB

99hz 67 58 9dB

100hz 66 58 8dB

101hz 65 58 7dB

102hz 64 58 6dB

103hz 62 58 4dB

104hz 59 58 1dB

105hz 57 58.5 - 1.5dB

106hz 56 58.5 - 2.5dB

107hz 55 58.5 - 3.5dB

108hz 53.5 59 - 5.5dB

109hz 60 59 1dB

110hz 62 59 3dB

111hz 65 59 6dB

112hz 64 59.5 4.5dB

113hz 68 59.5 8.5dB

114hz 68 59.5 8.5dB

115hz 64 59.5 4.5dB

116hz 63 59.5 3.5dB

117hz 60 59.5 0.5dB

118hz 58 59.5 - 1.5dB119hz 57.5 59.5 - 2dB

120hz 57.5 59.5 - 2dB

121hz 57 59.5 - 2.5dB

122hz 57 59.5 - 2.5dB

123hz 57 59.5 - 2.5dB

124hz 63.5 59.5 4dB

125hz 66 59.5 6.5dB

126hz 71 59.5 11.5dB

127hz 70.5 60 10.5dB

128hz 68 60 8dB

129hz 66 60 6dB

130hz 65 60 5dB

131hz 64 60 4dB

132hz 62.5 60 2.5dB

133hz 63.5 60 3.5dB

134hz 63 60 3dB

135hz 60 60 0dB

136hz 59.5 60 - 0.5dB

137hz 60.5 60 0.5dB

138hz 66 60 6dB

139hz 65.5 60 5.5dB

140hz 65 60 5dB

141hz 64 60 4dB


40/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

F:!

142hz 63 60 3dB

143hz 64 60 4dB

144hz 64 60.5 3.5dB

145hz 65 60.5 4.5dB

146hz 67 60.5 6.5dB

147hz 68 60 8dB148hz 70 60.5 9.5dB

149hz 73 61 12dB

150hz 69 61 8dB

151hz 66 61 5dB

152hz 62.5 60.5 2dB

153hz 60 60.5 - 0.5dB

154hz 55 60.5 - 5.5dB

155hz 52 60 - 8dB

156hz 54 60 - 6dB

157hz 64 60.5 3.5dB

158hz 65 60.5 4.5dB

159hz 62 61 1dB

160hz 57 61 - 4dB

161hz 56.5 61 -4.5dB

162hz 56 61.5 - 5.5dB

163hz 56 60.5 -4.5dB

164hz 54 60.5 - 6.5dB

165hz 54.5 60.5 - 6dB

166hz 55.5 60.5 - 5dB

167hz 56 60 - 4dB

168hz 56 60 - 4dB

169hz 57.5 60 - 2.5dB

170hz 58 60 - 2dB171hz 59.5 60 - 0.5dB

172hz 60 60 0dB

173hz 62.5 60 2.5dB

174hz 63 60 3dB

175hz 65 60 5dB

176hz 64 60 4dB

177hz 62 60 2dB

178hz 65 60 5dB

179hz 66 60 6dB

180hz 65.5 60 5.5dB

!

3&%&'/&'>)$+#!=$4&!

=>/C&!P!

REVERBERATION TIME

Studio 1

Pink Noise(rec5) Pink Noise(rec6) Pink Noise(rec7)


41/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

FY!

RT60 RT60 RT60

63 Hz 1.62 1.55 1.58

125Hz 1.45 1.58 1.48

250Hz 1.68 1.6 1.55

500Hz 1.51 1.41 1.55

1Khz 1.54 1.55 1.622Khz 1.58 1.5 1.61

4Khz 1.29 1.4 1.34

8Khz 1.46 1.45 1.5

White Noise(rec5)

White

Noise(rec6)

White

Noise(rec7)

RT60 RT60 RT60

63 Hz 1.66 1.6 1.55

125Hz 1.48 1.45 1.52

250Hz 1.33 1.42 1.45500Hz 1.22 1.3 1.45

1Khz 1.33 1.44 1.48

2Khz 1.23 1.43 1.39

4Khz 1.3 1.4 1.4

8Khz 1.29 1.32 1.4

!

=>/C&!Z!

Studio 2

Pink Noise(rec5) Pink Noise(rec6) Pink Noise(rec7)

RT60 RT60 RT60

63 Hz 1.1 1.02 0.99

125Hz 1.04 0.9 0.75

250Hz 1.09 1.1 0.88

500Hz 1.12 1.02 0.98

1Khz 0.9 0.83 0.84

2Khz 0.82 0.9 1.08

4Khz 0.69 0.79 0.84

8Khz 0.73 0.76 0.88

White Noise(rec5)

WhiteNoise(rec6)

WhiteNoise(rec7)

RT60 RT60 RT60

63 Hz 0.88 1.01 0.92

125Hz 0.6 0.64 0.77

250Hz 0.93 0.88 0.93

500Hz 0.86 1 0.88

1Khz 0.9 0.91 0.8


42/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

F>!

2Khz 0.84 0.9 0.89

4Khz 0.82 0.88 1

8Khz 0.9 0.91 0.79

!

!

=>/C&!LT!

3=MT!5%&'>1&!

RT60 & Abs.CoefStudio 1(RT) Studio 2(RT) Studio 1(a) Studio 2(a)

63 Hz 1.59 0.98 0.046 0.075125Hz 1.49 0.78 0.049 0.094

250Hz 1.5 0.96 0.049 0.076

500Hz 1.4 0.97 0.052 0.075

1Khz 1.49 0.86 0.049 0.085

2Khz 1.45 0.9 0.05 0.081

4Khz 1.35 0.82 0.054 0.089

8Khz 1.4 0.82 0.052 0.089

Average= 1.45

Average =

0.88

Average=

0.05

Average=

0.083

!

=>/C&!LL!

]'&F0$&(!+,!:0($6>C!#+)&(!UMTW!

F#1 46.25hz

G1 49hz

G#1 51.91hz

A1 55hzA#1 58.27hz

B1 61.74hz

C2 65.41hz

C#2 69.30hz

D2 73.42hz

D#2 77.78hz

E2 82.41hz

F2 87.31hz

F#2 92.50hz

G2 98hz


43/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

FE!

G#2 103.83hz

A2 110hz

!

=>/C&!LA!

3&%&'/&'>)$+#!3++4!:&>(0'&4)(!

Empty Room1stRec 2ndRec 3rdRec 4thRec Average

RT60 RT60 RT60 RT60

63hz 10.56s 10.48s 10.90s 9.90s 10.46s

125hz 10.4s 10.4s 9s 11.2s 10.25s

250hz 8.85s 8.45s 9.1s 8.7s 8.77s

500hz 6.66s 7.11s 4.6s 5.61s 6.04s

1khz 5.16s 4.92s 5.73s 6.3s 5.52s

2khz 4.23s 4.08s 4.44s 4.98s 4.43s

4khz 3.31s 3.27s 3.65s 3.80s 3.51s

8khz 2.21s 2.18s 2.4s 2.52s 2.32s

6.41s

Room with material1stRec 2ndRec 3rdRec 4thRec Average

RT60 RT60 RT60 RT60

63hz 4.6s 5.00s 5.02s 4.32s 4.73s

125hz 4s 4.6s 4.95s 5.2s 4.68s

250hz 4.11s 4.53s 4.68s 5.1s 4.60s

500hz 3.51s 3.27s 4.37s 3.51s 3.66s

1khz 3.12s 2.92s 3.15s 3.00s 3.04s

2khz 2.52s 2.41s 2.69s 2.94s 2.64s

4khz 2.1s 2.15s 2.33s 2.40s 2.24s

8khz 1.68s 1.6s 1.72s 1.78s 1.69s

3.41s

!

=>/C&!LN!

5'&>!6>C60C>)$+#!7!


44/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

FF!

Wall2 3.15m 3.02m 9.513

Wall1' 2.18m 3.02m 6.583

Wall2' 3.15m 3.02m 9.513

Ceiling 3.15m 2.18m 6.867

Floor 3.15m 2.18m 6.867

Total Area45.926

Window 1.14m 1.14m 1.299

Door 2.17m 1.10m 2.387

Vent 0.41m 0.48m 0.168

!

=>/C&!LR!

5/(+'@)$+#!6+&,,$6$)!+,!D>CC!4>)&'$>C!+#!/C&!LS!

c$()!+,!>/(+'@)$+#!6+&,,$6$)(!USZW!

125h

z

250h

z

500h

z

1kh

z

2kh

z

4kh

z

Floor Materials

carpet 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.15 0.25 0.45

Concrete(unpainted) 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

Concrete(painted) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Marble or glazed tile 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02

Vinyl tile 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02

Wood Parquet on concrete 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07

Wood flooring on Joists 0.15 0.11 0.1 0.07 0.06 0.07

Wall materials

Brick (Natural) 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07


45/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

F?!

Brick(painted) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03

Concrete Block(coarse) 0.36 0.44 0.31 0.29 0.39 0.25

Concrete Block(Painted) 0.1 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.08

Doors(Solid wood panels) 0.1 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04

Glass(1/4" plate, large pane) 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02

Glass(small pane) 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02Plasterboard(12mm(1/2")paneling on studs) 0.29 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04

Plaster(gypsum or lime,on masonry) 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Plaster(gypsum or lime,on wood lath) 0.14 0.1 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04Plywood(3mm(1/8")pan.over31.7mm(1-1/4")airspace 0.15 0.25 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.08Plywood(3mm(1/8")pan.over57.1mm(2-1/4")airspace 0.28 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.08 0.08Plywood(3mm(3/16")pan.over50mm(2")airspace 0.38 0.24 0.17 0.1 0.08 0.05

Drapery(10oz/yd2,340gr/m2,flat against wall) 0.04 0.05 0.11 0.18 0.3 0.35

Drapery(14oz/yd2,476gr/m2,flat against wall) 0.05 0.07 0.13 0.22 0.32 0.35

Fiberglass board(25mm(1")thick) 0.06 0.2 0.65 0.9 0.95 0.98

Fiberglass board(50mm(1")thick) 0.18 0.79 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

Fiberglass board(75mm(1")thick) 0.53 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99Performatedmetal(13%open,over50mm(2")fiberglas) 0.25 0.64 0.99 0.97 0.88 0.92

Ceiling materialsPlasterboard(12mm(1/2")in suspended ceiling

grid 0.15 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.08Underlay in perforated metal panels

25mm(1")batts) 0.51 0.78 0.57 0.77 0.9 0.79Metal deck(perforated channels

25mm(1")batts) 0.19 0.69 0.99 0.88 0.52 0.27Metal deck(perforated channels75mm(3")batts) 0.73 0.99 0.99 0.89 0.52 0.31

People(adults)(per 1/10 person) 0.25 0.35 0.42 0.46 0.5 0.5

!

=>/C&!LM!

3&%&'/&'>)$+#!3++4!X$4($+#(!

Down Length 1 5.74mDown Length 2 6.11m

Up Length 1 5.80m

Up Length 2 6.30m

Down Width 1 1.77m

Down Width 2 2.78m

Up Width 1 1.82m

Up Width 2 2.84m

Height 1 2.44m

Height 2 2.92m

!


46/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

F

!

=>/C&!LY!

5/(+'@)$+#!+,!56+0()$6>C!=$C&!

A(sabins) a(coef) a'(coef)

63hz 0.679 0.949 0.46

125hz 0.681 0.953 0.46

250hz 0.606 0.848 0.41

500hz 0.635 0.888 0.43

1khz 0.868 1.214 0.59

2khz 0.902 1.262 0.61

4khz 0.948 1.325 0.64

8khz 0.943 1.319 0.64!

!

=>/C&!LP!

K&D!3&%&'/&'>)$+#!=$4&!+,!6+0()$6>C!)$C&!$(!@C>6&.!$#!)2&!()0.$+W!

RT

63hz 0.44s

125hz 0.36s

250hz 0.44s

500hz 0.44s

1khz 0.38s

2khz 0.40s

4khz 0.37s

8khz 0.37s

!

!

!

!

!


47/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

F=!

=>/C&!LZ!

g@)$404!3&%&'/&'>)$+#!=$4&!^>C0&(!

RT(sec)

Recording

Studio 0.2 - 0.6

Classroom 0.6 - 1.0

ConferenceRoom 0.6 - 1.0

Cinemas 0.8 - 1.2

Small Theatres 1.0 - 1.4

Auditoriums 1.4 - 2.0

Churches 1.4 - 2.0

Rock Bands 1.0 - 1.4Classical Music 1.2 - 1.6

Chamber Music 1.4 - 1.8

Opera 1.4 - 1.8

Secular Choir 1.6 - 2.0

Symphonic 1.6 - 2.2

Orchestra 1.8 - 2.6

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


48/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

Fa!

5@@.$B!5!

:>)C>/!+@&'>)$+#(!


49/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

F;!

!

]+0'$&'!>#.!c&%&C(!(6'$@)(!

4$$!.3%!*%+/)5%*%,./!+5%!+,+$BX%0!)/-,&!.H#!/25-I./!.3+.!3+8%!J%%,!H5-..%,!#,!*+.$+J!+,0!

+5%!+8+-$+J$%!'#5!0#H,$#+0-,&!'5#*!.3%!-,.%5,%.!Uc?KhWH!!A3%!,+0'$&'!I5#&5+*!25%+.%/!.3%!

'5%P)%,2B!/I%2.5)*!#'!.3%!H+8!'-$%!.3+.!-/!$#+0%0!+,0!.3%!c&%&C(!I5#&5+*!I$#./!.3%!

+*I$-.)0%V.-*%!&5+I3K!A3%!'#5*%5!-/!)/%0!'#5!'5%P)%,2B!+,+$B/-/!H3-$%!.3%!$+..%5!'#5!

2+$2)$+.-,&!.3%!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%K!AH#!%U+*I$%/!+5%!-$$)/.5+.%0!),0%5,%+.36!+$#,&!H-.3!+!

J5-%'!0%/25-I.-#,!'#5!%+23!2+/%K!!

(

( A'"B5"17;(C1.:;3/3(06(.(#5'"(3/1"(?.-"(.$(G**4H(

4'.%5!.3%!H+8!'-$%!-/!$#+0%06!/I%2-'-2!23+5+2.%5-/.-2/!*)/.!J%!0%.%5*-,%0K!C-5/.!#'!+$$6!.3%!''.!

5+,&%!#'!.3%!/-&,+$!*)/.!J%!/%.!)I!-,!#50%5!.#!-/#$+.%!.3%!I+5.!#'!.3%!H+8!'-$%!.3+.!/#*%#,%!-/!

-,.%5%/.%0!-,K!1%2#,0$B6!.3%!.BI%!#'!.3%!H-,0#H!*)/.!J%!*)/.!J%!0%.%5*-,%0!H3-23!-/!-,!'+2.!

.3%!/3+I%!#'!.3%!H+8!'-$%!#,!.3%!'5%P)%,2B!/I%2.5)*K!C-,+$$B6!.3%!'5%P)%,2B!+U-/!$-*-./!*)/.!


50/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

?:!

J%!/I%2-'-%0!-,!#50%5!.#!/%&5%&+.%!.3%!I%+N!#'!.3%!/-&,+$!'5#*!.3%!5%/.!#'!.3%!H+8!'-$%K!

@#5%#8%56!.3%!#I.-#,!#'!.3%!$#&+5-.3*-2!0%2-J%$!+U-/!2+,!J%!23#/%,!+/!+,!+$.%5,+.-8%!#'!.3%!

$-,%+5!I$#.K!!

( (

( C%#:/$58"I8JK(-3(2/%"(#:0$ !

4!H+8!'-$%!-/!$#+0%0!+&+-,!+,0!.3%,!.3%!J-,!/-X%!*)/.!J%!2)/.#*-X%0!-,!#50%5!.#!0%/-&,!+!

/*##.3%5!&5+I3K!A3%5%!-/!,#!#I.-*)*!J-,!/-X%!H3-$%!0-''%5%,.!J-,!/-X%/!5%8%+$!0-''%5%,.!

+/I%2./!#,!.3%!&5+I3K!(#H%8%56!'#5!+!5%8%5J%5+.-#,!.-*%!+,+$B/-/!+!$+5&%!J-,!/-X%!%,/)5%/!+!

/*##.3%5!&5+I3K!!

!

!


51/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

?Y!

5@@.$B!;!

Q,!#50%5!.#!2+$2)$+.%!.3%!`#$)*%!#'!+,!-55%&)$+5!/3+I%!+!/I%2-+$!I5#2%0)5%!/3#)$0!J%!

'#$$#H%0K!Q,!.3-/!#22+/-#,6!'-5/.$B!+!0-+,+$!-/!05+H,!-,!.3%!'$##5!-,!#50%5!.#!0-8-0%!.3%!'$##5!

-,.#!.H#!.5-+,&$%/K!A3%,6!.3%!+5%+!#'!%+23!.5-+,&$%!-/!2+$2)$+.%0!+,0!+00%0!.#&%.3%5K!A3%!

5%/)$.!-/!*)$.-I$-%0!H-.3!.3%!+8%5+&%!3%-&3.!#'!.3%!5##*K!!

A3%!0-+,+$!+,0!.3%!I%5I%,0-2)$+5!3%-&3./!#'!%+23!.5-+,&$%!+5%!2+$2)$+.%0!)/-,&!.3%!

I5#&5+*!>0)+6>.!JB!25%+.-,&!+,!-*+&%!#'!.3%!5##*!)/-,&!-./!5%+$!0-*%,/-#,/K!!

X$>1+#>C_MHALP4J![&'k&$12)L_AHSYN4J![&'k&$12)A_LHYS4K!! !

! A3%!+5%+!#'!#,%!#'!.3%!.5-+,&$%/!-/!2+$2)$+.%0!.3%,_! K!!1#6!

K!A3%!#.3%5!#,%_! K!1#6! K!A3%!A#.+$!+5%+!

.3%,!-/_! K!A3%!`#$)*%!-/!2+$2)$+.%0!JB!*)$.-I$B-,&!.3%!+5%+!

H-.3!.3%!+8%5+&%!(%-&3.!#'!.3%!5##*K! !K!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!


52/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

?>!

!!!!!!;$/C$+1'>@2*!n!3&,&'&(!

+L 240%.3(ML(,033/1=>(@!#'/1="'(4.18&009(06(.7053$/73N>(O"?(P0'9>(OLPLQ(!#'/1="'>(7)**R()L S.::.7"(T:"%"1$(!.&/1">(@T0::"7$"8(#.#"'3(01(C7053$/73N>(T.%&'/8="(UD.33LVQ(W01801Q(X.'-.'8(

Y1/-"'3/$;(Z'"33([\60'8(Y1/-"'3/$;(Z'"33>(+]))(

^L AL(_L(XYO2>(WL(WL(J`,CO`a(.18(MLPL(D..>(@C1.:;3/3(06(!0518(M"7.;(/1(,"7$.1=5:.'(,00%3N>(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+]^]>(++>(c*d]e(

eL PL(2.4.'.(.18(2L(D/;.f/%.(>(@C(O"?(C##'0.74($0([#$/%5%(,"-"'&"'.$/01(2/%"(T4.'.7$"'/3$/73N>(b05'1.:(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>(+]]c>(Ge(>(++^d+)](

?K W"0(W"'0;(J"'.1"9>(@T017"'$(X.::3(.18([#"'.(X053"3Q(D53/7>(C7053$/73>(.18(C'74/$"7$5'"N>(!#'/1="'g()18("8/$/01>()** !

()*+*(

RL !L!(!$"-"13>(@Z'07"85'"(60'(7.:75:.$/1=(:0581"33Q(D.'9(_iN(>(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+](^^>(O0L(++>(+GRRd+GcG(

cL X"/1'/74(a5$$'566>(@,00%(C7053$/73N>(W01801Q(C##:/"8(!7/"17"(Z5&:/34"'3>(+]R^(]L T.':(A(`;'/1=>(@,"-"'&"'.$/01(2/%"(/1(@8".8N('00%3N>(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+]^*>(+>(O0L()C>(+(@C(8"'/-.$/01(06($4"('"-"'&"'.$/01(60'%5:.N>(_L[La1583"1>(b041(S/:";(.18(3013>(

+]^)(

++LJ;(SL(bL(!`22>(@C(O"?(,"-"'&"'.$/01(2/%"(A0'%5:.(@(>((bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+]^^>(+]^d)+*(+)L,0&"'$(SL(P051=>(@(!.&/1"(,"-"'&"'.$/01(`B5.$/01(.18(!0518(Z0?"'(T.:75:.$/013N>(bL(C7053$L(

!07L(C%L>+]G]>(^+>(OLR>(]+)d])+(


53/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

?E!

+^LP0359"(P.358.>(C;5%/(Y34/;.%.>(!4/1/74/(!.9.%0$0(.18(X/8"9/(2.74/&.1.(>(@`\#"'/%"1$.:(.18(15%"'/7.:(3$58/"3(01('"-"'&"'.$/01(74.'.7$"'/3$/73(/1(.('"7$.1=5:.'('00%(?/$4(51"-"1:;(

8/3$'/&5$"8(.&30'&"'3N(>(C7053$L(!7/L(h(2"74L(>()**()R>((jD010$01/7(T5'-.$5'"(06(W0?(A'"B5"17;(M"7.;(,"70'83(/1(,"-"'&"'.$/01(T4.%&"'3>j(bL(!0518(_/&L>(+]c*>(R^>(+]d)]((

+GLW.'3"1>j,"-"'&"'.$/01Z'07"33.$W0?A'"B5"17/"3>jJ'5":.18af."'(2"74L(,"-L(e>(^e)(>(+]Rc(+(@C'74/$"7$5'.:(C7053$/73Q(i$3(Z.3$(.18(/$3(Z033/&/:/$/"3N>(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+]^]>(

++>()+d)c(

+RLDL,L(!74'0"8"'>(@(O"?(D"$408(06(D".35'/1=(,"-"'&"'.$/01(2/%"N>(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+]()]>(e*]de+)(

+cLSLWL(J.''0?>(@[1(i1$"'6"'"17"(`:/%/1.$/01(?/$4($4"(S.'&:"($01"N>(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+]^)>(^>(OLe>(G(@(Z"'7"#$/01(06(Z/$74>(2/%&'"(.18(W0581"33N>(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+](^^>(+GG*d+GGR(

)*LMLSL(,0&/1301(.18(,L!L(M.8301>N(24'"340:8(06(4".'/1=(.18(`B5.:dW0581"33(,":.$/013(60'(#5'"($01"3(.18($4"(W0581"33(A517$/01N>(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+]G]>()]>(OL+)>(+)ced+)cc(

)+LM>,L(D7C5:/66">(@M"3/=1(.18(Z"'60'%.17"(06(.(1"?('"-"'&"'.$/01('00%(.$(.'%05'('"3".'74(60518.$/01>(T4/7.=0(i::/10/3N>(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+]GR>()]>(OL+)>(+)R*d+)R^(

))LW"0(W"'0;(J"'.1"9>(@C7053$/73N>(W01801Q(D7F'.?(E(X/::>(+]Ge()^LW"0(W"'0;(J"'.1"9>(@C7053$/7(D".35'"%"1$3N>(O"?(P0'9g(S/:";g(W01801Q(T4.#%.1(h(X.::>(

7+]e](


54/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

?F!

)eLAL(C:$01(`-"'"3$>(@24"(D.3$"'(X.18&009(06(C7053$/73N>(2.&(J0093(ID7(F'.?(E(X/::K>( '8(`8/$/01>(+]]e(

)GLXL_L(A5743>(kL(l4.>(DL(Z0%%"'"'>(@(m5.:/6;/1=(6'""6/":8(.18('"-"'&"'.$/01('00%3(60'(6'"B5"17/"3(&":0?(+**4HN>(C##:/"8(C7053$/73>()***>(G]>(^*^d^))(

)(@_0:5%"(8/6653"'3(/1($4"('"-"'&"'.$/01('00%N(>(Z'07""8/1=3(06()*$4(i1$"'1.$/01.:(T01='"33(01(C7053$/73>(iTC()*+*(

)RL2L!L(a0'1(.18(,L(_.1(8"(Z:.3>(@C7053$/7.:(A/":8(.$(O0'%.:(D08"3(/1(,00%3N>(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+]GR>()]>(+)(@!0518($/%&'"(701$'0:(53/1=("3$/%.$"3(06('00%('"301.17"(%08"3N(>(C7053$L(!7/L(h(2"74L(>()**()R>(G>()GRd)(i```(i1$"'1.$/01.:(T016"'"17"(01(C7053$/73(.18(!/=1.:(

Z'07"33/1=>(iTC!!Z(R]>(S.34/1=$01(+]R]>(^)(@C&30'#$/01(06(30518(&;(.(3$'/#(06(.&30'#$/-"(%.$"'/.:(/1(.(8/6653"(30518(6/":8N>(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+]G]>(^+>(OLG>(G]GdG]](

^^L_LWL(T4'/3:"'>(@M"#"18"17"(06(30518(.&30'#$/01(5#01($4"(.'".(.18(8/3$'/&5$/01(06($4"(.&30'&"1$(%.$"'/.:N>((bL(,"3".'74(O.$:L(J5'L(!$.18.'83>(+]^e(>(+^>(+


55/57

!

42#)/.-2/!+,0!@)/-2!A%23,#$#&B!

C-,+$!95#D%2.!

!

??!

^GLCL(W"-/$.3(.18(DL(W.\>(@!7.$$"'/1=(.18(.&30'#$/01(&;(.1(.7053$/7(3$'/#N>(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+]G+>()^>(^+(!"$35(a0%/;.%.>(a.$35%/(O.9.&.;.34/(>(@(C(3;3$"%(60'(%".35'/1=($4"(8/'"7$/01.:('00%(.7053$/7.:(#.'.%"$"'3(N(>(C##:/"8(C7053$/73>()**+>(

)*^d)+G(

^cLbL(!L(J'.8:";>(,L(ML(,"/74>(.18(!L(FL(O0'7'033(>(@[1($4"(70%&/1"8("66"7$3(06(3/=1.:d$0d10/3"('.$/0(.18('00%(.7053$/73(01(3#""74(/1$"::/=/&/:/$;N(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+]]]>(+*(O0L(e>(+c)*d+c)c(

^]LTLT(Z0$?/1(.18(bL(ZL(D.\6/":8(@C(D08"%(T017"#$(06(C7053$/7.:(M"3/=1N>(bL(C7053$L(!07L(C%L>+]^]>(++>(ecdGG(

e*L!;:-/0(,L(J/3$.6.(

Documents

Studio Acoustic Treatment (Thesis )