Students can employ effective speaking and listening ... · SL-6 Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English (e.g., presenting ideas) ... Students can employ effective

ELA/Literacy Claim #3

Students can employ effective speaking and listening skills for a range of purposes and audiences.

Rationale for ELA/Literacy Claim #3

Success in college coursework and careers depended heavily on the ability to communicate effectively – demonstrating active listening, interpersonal communication, and the ability to integrate oral/visual/graphic information. “Besides having intrinsic value as modes of communication, listening and speaking are necessary prerequisites of reading and writing (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2006; Hulit, Howard, & Fahey, 2010; Pence & Justice, 2007; Stuart, Wright, Grigor, & Howey, 2002). The interrelationship between oral and written language is [often] illustrated … using the distinction linguists make between receptive language (language that is heard, processed, and understood by an individual) and expressive language (language that is generated and produced by an individual). … Sticht and James (1984) … found evidence strongly suggesting that children’s listening comprehension outpaces reading comprehension until the middle school years (grades 6–8)” CCSS Appendix A, page 26). Stressing listening comprehension and discussion/speaking communications develops students’ ability to process more complex informational than they may be able to read or even write about, especially at the elementary and middle grades. The critical importance of communication skills was highlighted in a recent report issued by the Alliance for Excellence in Education (2011). The authors assert:

“Our increasingly complex world demands much of its students. In almost every as pect of their lives, young people are being asked to learn more, process m ore, and produce more. These increasing demands mirror the world around them. Now more than ever, the nation‘s education system is being challenged by a technology-driv en global economy that requires a skilled and deeply literate workforce. … Deeper learning is required… and prepares students to know and master core academ ic content; think crit ically and solve complex problem s; work collaboratively; communicate effectively; and be self-directed and able to incorporate feedback” (pp. 1-2).

Development of these deep learning skills requires utiliz ation of all of the la nguage arts, including listening and speaking.

Overview of Claims and Evidence for CCSS ELA Assessment

Excerpt from: Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium Content Specifications for the Summative Assessment of the "Common Core State Standards for ELA" DRAFT TO ACCOMPANY GOVERNING STATE VOTE ON ASSESSMENT CLAIMS March 20, 2012 Posted by Oregon Dept. of Education, May 2012 - to be updated following future updates from Smarter Balanced 1

What sufficient evidence looks like for ELA/Literacy Claim #3

The CCSS speaking and listening standards require students to demonstrate a range of interactive oral communication and interpersonal skills, including, but not limited to skills necessary for making formal presentations. Students must work collaboratively, express and listen carefully to ideas of others, integrate information from oral, visual, quantitative, and media sources, evaluate what they hear, use media and visual displays strategically to achieve communicative purposes, and adapt speech to context, content, and task. CC Speaking and Listening standards, while not as explicit as the other domains of language arts regarding vocabulary acquisition, imply the need to understand and use language effectively, from stating key details to paraphrasing, to supplying supporting evidence for ideas.

Listening: Students at all grade levels will listen to/view a variety of non-print texts, such as following directions or procedures in a simulation or hands-on task, or view demonstrations, lectures, media messages, speeches, etc. and respond to comprehension- and integration/analysis–type questions (similar to the selected response and open response questions described for reading Claim #1). The stimuli for the listening comprehension items will be drawn from a range of subject areas, including but not limited to science, history, and technical topics. Listening comprehension items and tasks may include input that is audio-visual, as well as just audio in nature and can be controlled by individual students as needed (e.g., repeated or paused for note taking). Most of the listening items/tasks will be administered as part of the on-line computer-adaptive assessment (CAT). Some prompts for performance tasks outside of the CAT assessment may also assess listening skills.

For example, at grade 3, students might listen to an animated cartoon character describing ways to save energy in the home. The student would then be asked to respond to a series of short-answer comprehension questions or perhaps to analyze or integrate information in order to complete a graphic organizer with key ideas and examples from the public service announcement. Middle and high school students may be asked to listen to political media messages in order to summarize, detect bias, or identify differing points of view or common themes; use a simulation that requires following certain procedures to accomplish a task; or listen to / view a short lecture and then integrate information from documents related to the lecture in order to answer comprehension and analysis questions.

Speaking: SBAC will develop two types of summative speaking assessment tasks: shorter (approximately 2-5 minutes), 1) externally scored audio- or video-recorded presentations in response to a prompt, and 2) “common” summative speaking performance tasks (oral presentations) conducted in the classroom at selected grade levels.

The shorter summative speaking assessments will involve providing students with a stimulus (e.g., a reading or oral, visual, quantitative, or media source) with a question to respond to. Students will have time to prepare and then offer a short summary, explanation, or analysis. Student responses will be audio or video taped and scored externally.

The common oral presentation assessments will be scored locally by teachers using the same rubrics (and annotated exemplars harvested from field testing across states). Classroom-based performance



tasks will provide the occasions to address the conversational and collaborative aspects of the Speaking and Listening standards (particularly standard 1 across all grades).

The summative (and interim) common speaking assessments (oral presentation) will be developed in conjunction with performance tasks like those for Claim #4, investigating/ researching a topic. Scores on speaking assessment tasks will be “certified” at the district level and reported to the state. An audit will be set up to sample results from a grade level within each grade span. Audio or videotaping will be used locally to capture student performances (e.g., collaborative discussion; formal presentations) for auditing purposes. Speaking assessments may come from any subject area or content discipline.

Accessibility & Claim 3: Interaction skills are an important aspect of being college and career ready. Yet, not all individuals with disabilities are able to speak or hear. Successful adults who are deaf, for example, generally are not able to “speak” in the traditional sense of oral communication, nor “listen” to oral communications. Recognizing that speaking may include production of language or computer-generated speech, and that hearing may include sign language reception, are important aspects of explicating Claim #3. This approach is consistent with the CCSS document, which states that, “speaking and listening should be interpreted broadly to include sign language” (p. 6).

Almost all ELL students are from families that speak a language other the English at home, and many families do not listen to English-speaking media on the radio or television. Their only opportunity to hear and speak English may be at school. Because ELL students have less opportunity to listen to and speak English, performance in these domains may be a function of a lack of educational opportunity, rather than a lack of ability. Many ELL students will perform better on listening and speaking tasks that treat academic content that is more familiar and that is not linguistically complex. Where this does not violate the construct being tested, items and tasks should be constructed with these considerations in mind.

About the “Summative Assessment Targets” that follow… The following pages identify summative assessment targets that describe the evidence that will be used to support Claim #3. Summative assessment targets do not replace the Common Core standards; rather, they reference specific standards at each grade level that test developers will use to guide item and task development and collectively serve the purpose of providing a consistent sampling plan for assessment within and across grades. Test blueprints will determine which assessment targets for Claim #3 will be assessed each year at each grade level. The targets that are provided for grades 3-5, 6-8, and 9-11, serve as examples for elementary, middle, and high school. The assessment targets shown here cover all grades 3-11, because they are written for grade spans, not as grade-by-grade targets. The summative assessment targets at each grade level represent the prioritized content for assessment. Each assessment target is accompanied by the related standard(s) in the CCSS from which it is drawn, and by the intended cognitive rigor/depth-of-knowledge (DOK) required by the assessment target. (The schema for DOK used here appears in Appendix B. Level 3 and 4 DOK descriptors represent what some would call “higher order” thinking because students must know the content more deeply to successfully engage with the described assessment tasks.)



Grade 4 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT TARGETS ELA/Literacy Claim # 3


----- SPEAKING ----- 1. LANGUAGE & VOCABULARY USE: Strategically use precise language (including academic and domain-

specific vocabulary), syntax, and discourse appropriate to the purpose and audience when speaking Standards: L-3a, L-3c, L-6 (DOK 1)

L-3a ChoosewordsandphrasestoconveyideaspreciselyL-3c DifferentiatebetweencontextsthatcallforformalEnglish(e.g.,presentingideas)andsituationswhereinformaldiscourseisappropriate(e.g.,small‐groupdiscussion).

L-6 Acquireanduseaccuratelygrade‐appropriategeneralacademicanddomain‐specificwordsandphrases,includingthosethatsignalpreciseactions,emotions,orstatesofbeingandthatarebasictoa particulartopic

2. CLARIFY MESSAGE: Use grade-appropriate grammar and mechanics to clarify a message appropriate to the purpose and audience Standards: L-3a, L-3c, L-6 (DOK 1)

L-3a ChoosewordsandphrasestoconveyideaspreciselyL-3c DifferentiatebetweencontextsthatcallforformalEnglish(e.g.,presentingideas)andsituationswhereinformaldiscourseisappropriate(e.g.,small‐groupdiscussion).L-6 Acquireanduseaccuratelygrade‐appropriategeneralacademicanddomain‐specificwordsandphrases,includingthosethatsignalpreciseactions,emotions,orstatesofbeingandthatarebasictoa particulartopic 3. PLAN/SPEAK/PRESENT: Compose (gather and organize information) and orally deliver short (e.g.,

summarize, paraphrase) and longer presentations for different purposes and audiences, adding visual/graphic/audio enhancements when appropriate for clarifying the message Standards: SL-2, SL-4, SL-5, SL-6 (DOK 2, DOK 3)

SL-2 Paraphraseportionsofatextreadaloudorinformationpresentedindiversemediaandformats,includingvisually,quantitatively,andorally.SL-4 Reportonatopicortext,tellastory,orrecountanexperienceinanorganizedmanner,usingappropriatefactsandrelevant,descriptivedetailstosupportmainideasorthemes;speakclearlyatanunderstandablepace.SL-5 Addaudiorecordingsandvisualdisplaystopresentationswhenappropriatetoenhancethedevelopmentofmainideasorthemes.SL-6DifferentiatebetweencontextsthatcallforformalEnglish(e.g.,presentingideas)andsituationswhereinformaldiscourseisappropriate(e.g.,small‐groupdiscussion);useformalEnglishwhenappropriatetotaskandsituation.

----- LISTENING -----

4. LISTEN/INTERPRET: Interpret and use information delivered orally or visually Standards: SL-1, SL-2, SL-3, SL-6 (DOK 1, DOK 2, DOK 3)

SL-2 Paraphraseportionsofatextreadaloudorinformationpresentedindiversemediaandformats,includingvisually,quantitatively,andorally.

SL-3 IdentifythereasonsandevidenceaspeakerprovidestosupportparticularpointsSL-6 (seeabove)





----- SPEAKING -----

1. LANGUAGE & VOCABULARY USE: Strategically use precise language (including academic and domain-

specific vocabulary), figurative language, syntax, and discourse appropriate to the intent, purpose, and audience when speaking Standards L-3a, L-6 (DOK 1, 2)

L-3a Useverbsintheactiveandpassivevoiceandintheconditionalandsubjunctivemoodtoachieveparticulareffects(e.g.,emphasizingtheactorortheaction;expressinguncertaintyordescribingastatecontrarytofact).L-6Acquireanduseaccuratelygrade‐appropriategeneralacademicanddomain‐specificwordsandphrases;gathervocabularyknowledgewhenconsideringawordorphraseimportanttocomprehensionorexpression. 2. CLARIFY MESSAGE: Use grade-appropriate grammar and mechanics to clarify a message appropriate to the

purpose and audience Standards: L-1, SL-6 (DOK 1)

L-1 DemonstratecommandoftheconventionsofstandardEnglishgrammarandusagewhenwritingorspeaking.SL-6 Adaptspeechtoavarietyofcontextsandtasks,demonstratingcommandofformalEnglishwhenindicatedorappropriate 3. PLAN/SPEAK/PRESENT: Compose (gather and organize information) and orally deliver short (e.g., summarize key ideas) and longer presentations for different purposes and audiences, adding the use of visual/graphic/digital/audio enhancements when appropriate for clarifying the message or intent

Standards: SL-4, SL-5, SL-6 (DOK 2, DOK 3) SL-4 Presentclaimsandfindings,emphasizingsalientpointsinafocused,coherentmannerwithrelevantevidence,soundvalidreasoning,andwell‐chosendetails;useappropriateeyecontact,adequatevolume,andclearpronunciation.

SL-5 Integratemultimediaandvisualdisplaysintopresentationstoclarifyinformation,strengthenclaimsandevidence,andaddinterest.SL-6 (seeabove)

----- LISTENING ----- 4. LISTEN/INTERPRET: Analyze, interpret, and use information delivered orally or visually

Standards: SL-1, SL-2, SL-3 (DOK 1, DOK 2, DOK 3) SL-2 Analyzethepurposeofinformationpresentedindiversemediaandformats(e.g.,visually,quantitatively,orally)andevaluatethemotives(e.g.,social,commercial,political)behinditspresentation.SL-3 Delineateaspeaker’sargumentandspecificclaims,evaluatingthesoundnessofthereasoningandrelevanceandsufficiencyoftheevidenceandidentifyingwhenirrelevantevidenceisintroduced.





----- SPEAKING -----

1. LANGUAGE & VOCABULARY USE: Strategically use precise language (including academic and domain-specific vocabulary), figurative language, syntax, and discourse appropriate to the intent, purpose, and audience when speaking Standards: L-3a, L-6 (DOK 1, 2)

L-3aVarysyntaxforeffect,consultingreferences(e.g.,Tufte’sArtful Sentences)forguidanceasneeded;applyanunderstandingofsyntaxtothestudyofcomplextextswhenreading.L-6Acquireanduseaccuratelygeneralacademicanddomain‐specificwordsandphrases,sufficientforreading,writing,speaking,andlisteningatthecollegeandcareerreadinesslevel;demonstrateindependenceingatheringvocabularyknowledgewhenconsideringawordorphraseimportanttocomprehensionorexpression.2. CLARIFY MESSAGE: Use grade-appropriate grammar and mechanics to clarify a message appropriate to the

purpose and audience Standards: L-1, SL-6 (DOK 1)

L-1 DemonstratecommandoftheconventionsofstandardEnglishgrammarandusagewhenwritingorspeakingSL-6Adaptspeechtoavarietyofcontextsandtasks,demonstratingacommandofformalEnglishwhenindicatedorappropriate3. PLAN/SPEAK/PRESENT: Compose (gather and organize) and orally deliver short (e.g., summaries) and

longer (presentations) for different purposes and audiences, drawing from a range of digital media to enhance the message or intent Standards: SL-211, SL-4, SL-5, SL-6 (DOK 3, DOK 4)

SL-2 Integratemultiplesourcesofinformationpresentedindiverseformatsandmedia(e.g.,visually,quantitatively,orally)inordertomakeinformeddecisionsandsolveproblems,evaluatingthecredibilityandaccuracyofeachsourceandnotinganydiscrepanciesamongthedata.SL-4 Presentinformation,findings,andsupportingevidence,conveyingaclearanddistinctperspective,suchthatlistenerscanfollowthelineofreasoning,alternativeoropposingperspectivesareaddressed,andtheorganization,development,substance,andstyleareappropriatetopurpose,audience,andarangeofformalandinformaltasks. SL-5 Makestrategicuseofdigitalmedia(e.g.,textual,graphical,audio,visual,andinteractiveelements)inpresentationstoenhanceunderstandingoffindings,reasoning,andevidenceandtoaddinterest.SL-6(seeabove)

----- LISTENING -----

4. LISTEN/INTERPRET: Analyze, interpret, and use information delivered orally or visually Standards: SL-1, SL-2, SL-3 (DOK 1, DOK 3)

Speaking-Listening Anchor Standards - Comprehension and Collaboration SL-2 Integratemultiplesourcesofinformationpresentedindiverseformatsandmedia(e.g.,visually,quantitatively,orally)inordertomakeinformeddecisionsandsolveproblems,evaluatingthecredibilityandaccuracyofeachsourceandnotinganydiscrepanciesamongthedata.SL-3 Evaluateaspeaker’spointofview,reasoning,anduseofevidenceandrhetoric,assessingthestance,premises,linksamongideas,wordchoice,pointsofemphasis,andtoneused.

11 More than one source is required by the standard



Documents

Students can employ effective speaking and listening ... · SL-6 Differentiate between contexts that call for formal English (e.g., presenting ideas) ... Students can employ effective