Steps to a Walkable Community

Steps to aWalkable CommunityA Guide for Citizens, Planners, and Engineers

iSteps to aWalkable CommunityA Guide for Citizens, Planners, and Engineers

Copyright 2012 by Sam Schwartz Engineering PLLC and America Walks

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%HQHWVRI:DONLQJ)DFW6KHHWVHealth 1Safety 3Transportation 5Social Equity 7Economic 9

3ROLF\21Establish an Executive Directive 23

Establish an Advisory Council or Safety Task Forceor Both 25

Prioritize Pedestrians 27Develop a Pedestrian Master Plan 29Use Measurable Performance Indicators 31Incorporate PROWAG into Policies 33Adopt a Complete Streets Policy 35Conduct a Health Impact Assessment 37

/DQG8VHSupport Street Life: Form-Based Zoning 41Manage Parking to Promote Walking 43Add Street-Connectivity Minimums 455HWURW6WUHHW:DONLQJDQG

Bicycle Connections 47Create Transit-Oriented Development 49Provide LOS Exemptions for Pedestrian

Improvements 51Diversify Suburban Land Use Regulations 53Transform Underutilized Malls 55Encourage Temporary Uses in

Vacant Sites and Buildings 57Permit Park(ing) Day Every Day 59

Table of ContentsSteps to a Walkable Community

Sam Schwartz Engineering Introduction ivAmerica Walks Introduction vHow to Use This Guide viAcknowledgements viii

$GYRFDF\Step 1: Assess Yourself 136WHS'HQHWKH,VVXH Step 3: Set Goals 15Step 4: Assess Resources & Opportunities 16Step 5: Target Decision-Makers

and Create a Champion 17Step 6: Communicate 18Step 7: Set Tactics and Timelines 19Step 8: Manage Resources 20

iii

'HVLJQ(QJLQHHULQJ Design Guidance

Adopt Context-Sensitive Street Design Guidelines 63

Adopt Accessible and Attractive Streetscape Design Guidelines 65

Narrow or Reduce Travel Lanes 67Build a Comprehensive Sidewalk Network 69,QWHJUDWH7UDQVLW:DONLQJDQG&\FOLQJ

into Transportation Projects 71Create Slow Zones 73Turn Asphalt into Grass and Other Uses 75Build Pedestrian and Cyclist Bridges 77Redesign Arterial Streets for People 79

Traffic-Analysis Techniques

Collect Pedestrian Data 81Include Pedestrian LOS in Analyses 83Analyze Person (not Vehicle) Delay 85

Intersection Elements

Daylighting 87Raised Crosswalks 89Pedestrian Crossing Islands 91Offset Crosswalks 93High-Visibility Crosswalks 95Advance Stop Lines 97In-Road Pedestrian Signs 99

Signal Treatments

Leading Pedestrian Intervals 101Accessible Pedestrian Signals 103Ban Right Turns on Red 105Split Phasing 107Pedestrian Scramble or Barnes Dance 1093HGHVWULDQ'HWHFWLQJ7UDIF6LJQDOV Rectangular Rapid-Flashing Beacon 113Pedestrian Hybrid or HAWK Beacon 115

(QIRUFHPHQW7UDLQ/DZ(QIRUFHPHQW2IFHUV Pass a Vulnerable-Users Statute 155Provide Training Instead of Fines 157Install Red-Light Cameras and

Speed Cameras 159Strengthen Street-Crossing Ordinances 161,QVWDOO3HGHVWULDQ7UDIF0DQDJHUV Organize Pedestrian Safety-

Enforcement Operations 165

(QFRXUDJHPHQW(GXFDWLRQCreate a SmartTrips Program 119Seek Recognition 121&UHDWHD3HGHVWULDQ:D\QGLQJ6\VWHP Demonstrate Street Improvements 125Create Open Streets 127Create Play Streets 129Activate Streetscapes through

Temporary Uses 131Promote Park(ing) Day 133Start Up Janes Walks 135Use Apps to Encourage Walking 137Expand Drivers Ed into Mobility Ed 139Create a Safe Routes to Schools Program 141Create a Safe Routes to Transit Program 143Create a Safe Routes for Seniors Program 145Establish Walking Meetings at Work 147Use Walk Score to Your Advantage 149

iv

Sam Schwartz Engineering Introduction

$VDWUDIFHQJLQHHULWLVP\KRQRUWRSUHVHQWSteps to a Walkable Community: A Guide for Citizens, Planners, and Engineers. This SXEOLFDWLRQLVRQHRIWKHUVWWRDGGUHVVWKHQHHGIRUPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\grassroots-led solutions to improve the walking environment in U.S. cities and suburbs.

)RUIDUWRRORQJRXUSURIHVVLRQFRQWLQXHGWREXLOGPRUHURDGVZLGHUURDGVDQGIDVWHUURDGVZKLOHNQRZLQJIXOOZHOOZHZHUHUXQQLQJRXWRIFDSDFLW\DQGPDNLQJWUDQVSRUWV\VWHPVOHVVHIFLHQW

'XULQJP\OLIHWLPHWKH9HUUD]DQR1DUURZV%ULGJHEHWZHHQ%URRNO\QDQG6WDWHQ,VODQGZDVEXLOWZLWKFDUODQHVEXWQRELNHZD\ZDONZD\or transit right-of-way. Most of the Interstate System built in the past half-FHQWXU\KDGQRSURYLVLRQVIRUZDONHUVELNHULGHUVRUWUDQVLW

$QG\HWZHYHNQRZQIRU\HDUVDERXWWKHEHQHWVRIZDONLQJOHVVXQKHDOWK\ZHLJKWJDLQORZHUHGULVNRIW\SHGLDEHWHVORZHUEORRGSUHVVXUHDQGFKROHVWHUROGHFUHDVHGULVNRIFRORQDQGEUHDVWFDQFHUVand increased life expectancy. Walkable communities better retain WKHLUSURSHUW\YDOXHVWKH\FUHDWHOHYHOSOD\LQJHOGVIRUHFRQRPLFRSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGWKH\KHOSFUHDWHVRFLDOFRKHVLRQ

(YHQPRUHLPSRUWDQWIRUWUDIFHQJLQHHUV:DONLQJLVLQFUHGLEO\HIFLHQWNearly a third of all car trips taken in this country are a mile or less in lengththe equivalent of at most a 20-minute walk. Moving those trips out of cars and onto sidewalks would solve many of our transportation conundrums.

We as engineers have the technical know-how to design and construct walkable communities. The methods are deceptively easy: Build good transit systems and integrate them into existing infrastructure. Design WUDQVSRUWDWLRQV\VWHPVZLWKSHGHVWULDQVLQPLQG&RQVWUXFWPXOWLSOHGLUHFWFRQQHFWLRQVZLWKLQGHQVHPL[HGODQGXVHGHYHORSPHQWV&RRUGLQDWHWUDQVLWZDONLQJF\FOLQJDQGDXWRPRELOHQHWZRUNV

,WVWLPHIRUWUDIFHQJLQHHUVWRUHDVVXPHDOHDGHUVKLSUROHLQSODQQLQJIRUWKHIXWXUHZHOOEHLQJRIRXUFLWLHVWRZQVDQGVXEXUEV:HFDQGRLWE\MRLQLQJPHGLFDOSURIHVVLRQDOVDQGFLW\SODQQHUVLQGHVLJQLQJKHDOWK\walkable communities. Im proud to have Sam Schwartz Engineering lead by example with this collaboration with America Walks.

Samuel I. Schwartz3UHVLGHQW&(26DP6FKZDUW](QJLQHHULQJ

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Sam Schwartz is President and CEO of Sam Schwartz Engineering (SSE), a transportation planning and HQJLQHHULQJUP

3UHYLRXVO\ 0U 6FKZDUW] ZDV 7UDIFCommissioner and Chief Engineer/First Deputy Commissioner for the New York City Department of 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ +H LV D OLFHQVHGProfessional Engineer in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, &RQQHFWLFXWDQG)ORULGD

vAmerica Walks Introduction

Walking is a distinctive and fundamental human activity that yields LQFUHGLEOHEHQHWVWRRXUFRPPXQLWLHV:DONDEOHFRPPXQLWLHVSURYLGHDIIRUGDEOHKHDOWK\DQGHQMR\DEOHSODFHVWROLYHZRUNDQGSOD\,QDGGLWLRQWRSURYLGLQJVRFLDOEHQHWVZDONDEOHFRPPXQLWLHVPDNHeconomic sense: They both command higher property values and are more affordable when people have to spend less on transportation.

vi

GRZHQHHGSteps to a Walkable Community?Walking is a fundamental form of transportation with far-reaching LPSDFWVRQRXUQDWLRQVWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLQIUDVWUXFWXUHSXEOLFKHDOWKHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQWDQGVRFLDOHTXDOLW\2YHUWKHSDVWFHQWXU\KRZHYHUZDONIULHQGO\FRPPXQLWLHVDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQV\VWHPVKDYHgiven way to automobile-oriented residential and circulation patterns. The consequences of accommodating driving at the expense of ZDONLQJDUHDSSDUHQWLQFXUUHQWREHVLW\OHYHOVDQGWUDIFFRQJHVWLRQdilemmas.

Steps to a Walkable Community is about building communities where people are allowed the choice of getting to their destinations on IRRW6LQFHEDUULHUVWRZDONLQJRIWHQWDNHDYDULHW\RIIRUPVIURPODQGXVHSDWWHUQVWRGULYLQJEHKDYLRUVWKHWDFWLFVXVHGWRRYHUFRPHWKHPshould also be diverse. Steps to a Walkable Community compiles multidisciplinary tactics that readers can assemble into custom strategies designed for their communitys circumstances. The guide contains tactics for building or rebuilding cities and suburbs in ways that encourage walking. The guide is also about making walking in cities VDIHUDQGLWSURYLGHVWUDIFHQJLQHHULQJWHFKQLTXHVWRDFKLHYHWKDWSteps to a Walkable Community also describes methods of organizing advocacy to reach these goals.

ZLOOXVHSteps to a Walkable Community?Steps to a Walkable Community addresses everyone who plays a UROHLQFUHDWLQJZDONDEOHHQYLURQPHQWV7KLVLQFOXGHVXUEDQSODQQHUVODQGVFDSHDUFKLWHFWVWUDQVLWDQGWUDIFHQJLQHHUVJRYHUQPHQWDJHQFLHVSULYDWHGHYHORSHUVFLWL]HQVDQGDGYRFDWHV*LYHQLWVEURDGDXGLHQFHWKLVJXLGHIHDWXUHVDZLGHYDULHW\RIWDFWLFVDWPDQ\GLIIHUHQWVFDOHVIURPLQGLYLGXDOLQWHUVHFWLRQWUHDWPHQWVWRVWDWHZLGHSROLF\initiatives. The tactics contained here are intended to be applied and adapted to suit the needs of communities across the country.

Why

Who

How to Use This Guide

vii

VKRXOGUHDGHUVXVHSteps to a Walkable Community?Steps to a Walkable Community has been designed as a practical resource for all those interested in promoting walking and improving the walking environment in several ways:

How

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2

3

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The guide outlines how investing in walking and walking infrastructure can help address many of our nations most pressing SUREOHPV7KHEHQHWVRIZDONLQJDUHJURXSHGLQWRYHPDLQFDWHJRULHVKHDOWKVDIHW\WUDQVSRUWDWLRQVRFLDOHTXLW\DQGeconomicand then distilled into two-page fact sheets that readers can use as talking points to help justify investments in walking infrastructure improvements.

This guide is not intended to be a comprehensive guide WRHYHU\ZDONIULHQGO\WDFWLFEXWUDWKHUDFRPSLODWLRQRILQQRYDWLYHPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\WDFWLFVWKDWFDQLPSURYHZDONLQJin your community from a variety of different angles. These PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\WDFWLFVDUHJURXSHGE\DSSURDFKDGYRFDF\SROLF\ODQGXVHGHVLJQDQGHQJLQHHULQJHQFRXUDJHPHQWDQGHGXFDWLRQDQGHQIRUFHPHQW$OPRVWHYHU\PHWKRGLQFOXGHGhere has been successfully implemented in North America. Each WDFWLFLVWKHQGHVFULEHGLQDVWDQGDUGL]HGHDV\WRUHDGIRUPDWXQGHUWKHIROORZLQJKHDGLQJVGHQLWLRQEHQHWVFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDSSURSULDWHFRQWH[WVJXLGDQFHSURIHVVLRQDOFRQVHQVXVWUHDWPHQWDGRSWLRQDQGFDVHVWXG\ZKHUHQHHGHG

While readers are encouraged to explore the whole range of SRVVLEOHWDFWLFVLQFOXGHGLQWKLVJXLGHWKHLWHPL]HG7DEOHRI&RQWHQWVDOORZVUHDGHUVWRQDYLJDWHGLUHFWO\WRDVSHFLFZDONLQJEHQHWVIDFWVKHHWHJ6DIHW\)DFWVDSSURDFKHJ/DQG8VHRUWDFWLFHJ5HWURW6WUHHW&RQQHFWLYLW\7KH7DEOHRI&RQWHQWVin the PDF version permits readers to click on page number of an individual tactic to be directed to that page in the document.

This guide is designed to allow readers to assemble multiple WDFWLFVLQWRDFXVWRPL]HGVWUDWHJ\VXLWHGWRWKHVSHFLFFRQFHUQVand circumstances of their community. Case studies illustrate how tactics can be combined into successful strategies to create meaningful change and improvements to a communitys walking environment. Sam Schwartz Engineering and America Walks are also creating a website (walksteps.org) to help readers select among these tactics and other emerging ideas to create innovative strategies to improve walking in their communities.

ix

Matt Bernstine | Sam Schwartz Engineering

Zeke Mermell | Sam Schwartz Engineering

Eric Beaton | New York City Department of Transportation

Rajiv Bhatia | San Francisco Department of Public Health

Enid Breen | UNLV Safe Community Partnership

Paul Chasan | San Francisco Planning Department

Larry Corsi | Wisconsin Department of Transportation

Ethan Fawley | Complete Streets Coalition Minnesota

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Brian Gerber | Every Body Walk!

Brian Hare | Pennsylvania Department of Transportation

Naomi Hersson-Ringskog | No Longer Empty

Deb Hubsmith | Safe Routes to School National Partnership

Kit Keller | Association of Pedestrian and Bicycle Professionals

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Matt Magnasco | Charlotte Department of Transportation

Ted Orosz | MTA New York City Transit

Margo Polley | Seattle Department of Transportation

Sean Quinn | New York City Department of Transportation

Thomas Rigler | Every Body Walk!

Jason Roberts | Better Block

Mary Catherine Synder | Seattle Department of Transportation

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Megan L. Wier | San Francisco Department of Public Health

Sarah Wolf | NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene

Jeremy Grandstaff | Alliance for Biking and Walking

Dawn Hanson | America Walks

Todd Litman | Victoria Transport Policy Institute

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1Health Benefits of Walking

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)LJXUH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQDQG2EHVLW\5DWHVSource: John Pucher, Promoting Safe Walking and Cycling to Improve Public Health: Lessons from the Netherlands and Germany, 2003 http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/healthdesign/ppt-pdf/pucher_revised.pdf

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"The fatalities on Americas roadways are equivalent to a midsize commercial airliner falling out of the sky every other day. The magnitude of roadway crashes is not well publicized, while a single airplane crash would make headlines across the nation."

Scott Bricker,

Executive Director, America Walks

)LJXUH)DWDO,QMXU\5DWHVE\9HKLFOH6SHHGE\3HGHVWULDQ$JHVSource: Literature Review on Vehicle Travel Speeds and Pedestrian Injuries Among Selected Racial/Ethnic Groups, US Department RI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ1DWLRQDO+LJKZD\7UDIF6DIHW\$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ1999. http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/research/pub/hs809012.html

Safety Benefits of Walking

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Trip Distance % of Trips Walk Time Walk / Bike %

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"Walking is incredibly efficient. Nearly a third of all car trips taken in this country are a mile or less in lengththe equivalent of a 20-minute walk. Moving those trips out of cars and onto sidewalks would solve many of our transportation conundrums."

Samuel I. Schwartz, P.E.

President & CEO, Sam Schwartz Engineering

Transportation Benefits of Walking

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Improved Walking Conditions

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"If you believe that society should strive to promote equality and happiness, you push to make your roads integrated and humane, from space for walking to space for cars and transit. And in my mind, the most advanced cities are the ones with the best-quality sidewalks."1

Enrique Pealosa,

former mayor of Bogot, Colombia, and president of the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy

Social Equity Benefits of Walking

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HealthSafety


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7DEOH6PDUW*URZWKDQG+RXVHKROG$IIRUGDELOLW\,PSDFWVSource: Todd Litman, Evaluating Criticism of Smart Growth, 2012

Smart Growth Reduces Affordability

Smart Growth Increases Affordability

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Advocacy TacticsIntroduction

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Land UseDesign & Engineering

Encouragement & EducationEnforcement

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It is important to note that these steps might not play out

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Follow these steps to best advocate

for walking improvements:

1. Assess your organization and network of supporters

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3. Set (campaign) goals

4. Assess resources and opportunities

5. Target decision-makers and create a champion

6. Communicate

7. Set tactics and timelines

8. Manage resources

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13

Step 1. Assess Your Organization and Network of Supporters

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Step 2. Define the Issue

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Step 3. Set (Campaign) Goals

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16

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Quick Tip: ,GHQWLI\\RXUDOOLHVDQG\RXURSSRQHQWVDQGWKHQWDUJHWWKHSHRSOHLQWKHPLGGOHRUWKRVHZKRP\RXFDQVZD\WR\RXUVLGH6HTXHQFH\RXUWDFWLFVWRFUHDWHVKRUWWHUPVXFFHVVHVWKDWEXLOGORQJHUWHUPPRPHQWXPIRUFKDQJH

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Step 5. Target Decision-Makers and Create a Champion

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18

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Step 6. Communicate

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19

Step 7. Set Tactics and Timelines

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Step 8. Manage Resources

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21

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Policy Tactics Introduction

Tact

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22

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23

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Case Study: San Francisco

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Case Study: Chicago

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Case Study: Minnesota

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Case Study: Minnesota

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