States of ConsciousnessStates of ConsciousnessPart 2Part 2

Hypnosis*Hypnosis*Hypnosis:Hypnosis: involves a involves a

state of awareness state of awareness characterized by deep characterized by deep relaxation, heightened relaxation, heightened suggestibility, and suggestibility, and focused attention.focused attention.

Hypnotist suggests Hypnotist suggests changes in sensations, changes in sensations, thoughts, behavior, and thoughts, behavior, and perceptions. perceptions.

Hypnosis TheoriesHypnosis TheoriesState Theory State Theory (Unsupported by Research)*: (Unsupported by Research)*:

The State Theory argues hypnosis The State Theory argues hypnosis reflects an reflects an altered state of altered state of consciousnessconsciousness where where participants enter a trance-like participants enter a trance-like level of consciousness whereby level of consciousness whereby the hypnotist has control of the the hypnotist has control of the participant’s “subconscious.” participant’s “subconscious.”

Some argue against this idea Some argue against this idea because the brainwaves of people because the brainwaves of people under hypnosis don’t change.under hypnosis don’t change.

Hypnosis Concepts: Can Hypnosis Hypnosis Concepts: Can Hypnosis Have an Effect After The Session?Have an Effect After The Session?

Posthypnotic Amnesia:Posthypnotic Amnesia: supposed inability to supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion. “You will induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion. “You will no longer remember anything you experienced no longer remember anything you experienced today.”today.”

Posthypnotic Suggestion:Posthypnotic Suggestion: a suggestion a suggestion made during a hypnosis session that will be made during a hypnosis session that will be carried out after hypnosis session is over. “You carried out after hypnosis session is over. “You will no longer feel the need to smoke after this will no longer feel the need to smoke after this session is over.”session is over.”

Facts About HypnosisFacts About HypnosisUnhypnotized people can do Unhypnotized people can do

and will do the same things and will do the same things as hypnotized people. Ex: as hypnotized people. Ex: throw acid in face.throw acid in face.

Those who are imaginative Those who are imaginative and fantasy prone are best and fantasy prone are best hypnosis patients.hypnosis patients.

No one can be hypnotized if No one can be hypnotized if they do not want to be.they do not want to be.

Altered Consciousness and DrugsAltered Consciousness and Drugs Psychoactive Drug:Psychoactive Drug: Any chemical substance Any chemical substance

that alters perceptions and mood. Impairs brain that alters perceptions and mood. Impairs brain mechanisms that help us make good decisions.mechanisms that help us make good decisions.

Three Basic Categories:Three Basic Categories:Depressants:Depressants: “Downers” calm neural activity “Downers” calm neural activity

and slow body functions. and slow body functions. Includes opiates and Includes opiates and barbiturates. barbiturates.

Stimulants:Stimulants: “Uppers” excite neural activity “Uppers” excite neural activity

Hallucinogens:Hallucinogens: distort perceptions and distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.sensory input.

Why Do Drugs Get People “High?”Why Do Drugs Get People “High?”No matter what type of drug No matter what type of drug

from alcohol to cocaine, drugs from alcohol to cocaine, drugs work at the neurological level work at the neurological level and at the brain’s synapses.and at the brain’s synapses.

Some drugs stimulate the Some drugs stimulate the release of certain release of certain neurotransmitters.neurotransmitters.

Others mimic the activity of Others mimic the activity of neurotransmitters (agonists)neurotransmitters (agonists)

Others inhibit the release of Others inhibit the release of neurotransmitters neurotransmitters (antagonists)(antagonists)

Drugs and Impact on Your BodyDrugs and Impact on Your Body

The most addictive drugs The most addictive drugs like heroin, cocaine, and like heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines stimulate amphetamines stimulate the reward centers in your the reward centers in your brain making you feel a brain making you feel a sense of euphoria. sense of euphoria.

DepressantsDepressants Alcohol:Alcohol: suppresses parts suppresses parts

of the brain that control of the brain that control judgment, inhibitions, and judgment, inhibitions, and can seriously alter physical can seriously alter physical functioning in high doses functioning in high doses (balance, memory, (balance, memory, consciousness, death).consciousness, death).

Urges you feel when sober, Urges you feel when sober, you are more likely to act you are more likely to act upon when drunk.upon when drunk.

Alcohol will increase any Alcohol will increase any tendency you have whether tendency you have whether it is harmful or helpful.it is harmful or helpful.

It always acts a depressant, It always acts a depressant, even if you only have one even if you only have one drink.drink.

DepressantsDepressantsOpiates:Opiates: opium and its opium and its

derivatives from poppy plant, derivatives from poppy plant, depress neural activity, depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. anxiety.

Ex: morphine, heroin, opium.Ex: morphine, heroin, opium.

Heroin Derived from Heroin Derived from Morphine in 1800s by Bayer Morphine in 1800s by Bayer

CompanyCompany

StimulantsStimulants

Wide variety of substances fall under Wide variety of substances fall under the category of stimulants including:the category of stimulants including:CaffeineCaffeineNicotineNicotineAmphetamines (“speed”) and Amphetamines (“speed”) and

methamphetamines (“crystal meth”)methamphetamines (“crystal meth”)CocaineCocaineMDMA (Ecstasy)MDMA (Ecstasy)

StimulantsStimulants

Speed up heart rate and Speed up heart rate and breathing rates, often breathing rates, often use to keep awake, lose use to keep awake, lose weight, or to boost weight, or to boost mood.mood.

All stimulants can All stimulants can become highly addictive become highly addictive and often come with a and often come with a “crash” when high is “crash” when high is over with. over with.

StimulantsStimulants Cocaine:Cocaine: powerful stimulant usually powerful stimulant usually

snorted or smoked that induces 15 to snorted or smoked that induces 15 to 30 minute “rush.” Crack produces 30 minute “rush.” Crack produces even quicker and more intense high even quicker and more intense high but lasts shorter period of time. but lasts shorter period of time.

Drug depletes the brain’s supply of Drug depletes the brain’s supply of dopamine, serotonin, and dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine often causing norepinephrine often causing depression. Also increases paranoia depression. Also increases paranoia and increases risk of heart problems.and increases risk of heart problems.

May increase aggressive behaviors May increase aggressive behaviors and causes extreme addiction.and causes extreme addiction.

StimulantsStimulantsMethamphetamine:Methamphetamine:

(crystal meth, ice, (crystal meth, ice, speed). Causes large speed). Causes large increases in alertness increases in alertness and may cause increase and may cause increase in energy and produce a in energy and produce a euphoria. euphoria.

Often leads to extreme Often leads to extreme addiction, insomnia, addiction, insomnia, nervousness, or even nervousness, or even seizures.seizures.

Hallucinogens Also Called Hallucinogens Also Called PsychedelicsPsychedelics

Drugs create hallucinations, altered Drugs create hallucinations, altered perceptions, and blur line between perceptions, and blur line between self and external world.self and external world.

Most well known hallucinogen is Most well known hallucinogen is LSD:LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamine): (lysergic acid diethylamine): probably most powerful probably most powerful hallucinogen. hallucinogen.

Other examples include: marijuana, Other examples include: marijuana, peyote, angel dust, mescaline, and peyote, angel dust, mescaline, and “magic mushrooms.”“magic mushrooms.”

HallucinogensHallucinogens Marijuana:Marijuana: consists of flowers consists of flowers

and leaves from the hemp plant and leaves from the hemp plant and when smoked or ingested and when smoked or ingested acts as a mild hallucinogen.acts as a mild hallucinogen.

Relaxes, disinhibits, and impairs Relaxes, disinhibits, and impairs motor functions of individuals motor functions of individuals while at the same time while at the same time amplifying sensitivity to colors, amplifying sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells. sounds, tastes, and smells.

Main active ingredient=Main active ingredient=THCTHC

HallucinogensHallucinogens

In recent years, Marijuana has also been In recent years, Marijuana has also been promoted for medical use. promoted for medical use.

Advocates say that marijuana serves as relief Advocates say that marijuana serves as relief for people suffering from intense pain, for people suffering from intense pain, nausea, or that have trouble eating.nausea, or that have trouble eating.

Although the medical community is split on Although the medical community is split on issue, most recognize the toxicity of the issue, most recognize the toxicity of the smoke is a definite drawback to using the smoke is a definite drawback to using the drug medically.drug medically.

Marijuana also disrupts memory formation Marijuana also disrupts memory formation and may cause sexual dysfunctions. and may cause sexual dysfunctions.

General Concepts and DrugsGeneral Concepts and Drugs

Physical vs. Psychological Physical vs. Psychological DependenceDependence

Tolerance:Tolerance: diminishing diminishing effect of drug with the effect of drug with the same dose, requires user same dose, requires user to take more to get same to take more to get same high.high.

Withdrawal:Withdrawal: discomfort discomfort and distress associated and distress associated with quitting the use of an with quitting the use of an addictive drug.addictive drug.

Drug TreatmentDrug Treatment

The treatment for drug The treatment for drug abuse typically involves abuse typically involves the removal of the the removal of the poisonous substance from poisonous substance from the body. This is called the body. This is called

detoxification.detoxification.

Influences on Drug UseInfluences on Drug Use

Also evidence that there may be Also evidence that there may be biological influences in drug use. biological influences in drug use. Couple examples:Couple examples:Identical twin with alcoholism Identical twin with alcoholism

other twin has increased risk.other twin has increased risk.Molecular geneticists have found Molecular geneticists have found

gene that is more common in gene that is more common in people with alcoholism.people with alcoholism.

Influences on Drug UseInfluences on Drug Use

Peer factor is perhaps most powerful.Peer factor is perhaps most powerful.Family strength, religiousness, Family strength, religiousness,

morality are near as big as predictors morality are near as big as predictors as whether or not peers use drugs. If as whether or not peers use drugs. If your friends do drugs, odds are high your friends do drugs, odds are high that you may do them too. that you may do them too.

Why many addicts have to change Why many addicts have to change their social networks in order to their social networks in order to remain drug free.remain drug free.

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