Suggestibility
Name TestSuggestibilityIncorporate misleading info into personal
recollectionsSlide show of photos taken in class rate acting
portrayed in each for realism on scale of 1 to 102Plane Crash in
AmsterdamKilled 39 residents of apartment building and plane
crewDominated news for days10 months later, researchers asked
people Did you see the TV film of the moment the plane hit the
apartment building?55 66% said yesDid this occur in class during
exercise?Read magazinePlay cardsLook at phoneFile nailsEat
sandwichDrink waterBrush hairDrink coffeeEat chocolateRead bookShow
video4Missouri Case excerptDifference between misattribution and
suggestibility involves overt suggestion5Witness confidenceHighly
confident witness no more accurateInflated when told another
witness made same id or by rehearsing testimonyConfirming feedback
of any sortHypnosis rarely elicits info not available otherwise and
frequently bolsters witness confidence (possibly used to save
face)Cognitive InterviewAsk witness to report everything about the
incidentAsk witness to try to reinstate the context or
settingRecall in different temporal orderRetell from different
perspectivesFalse Confessions Why?End abusive questioningGet
attentionFalse memory memory distrust syndrome, interrogative
suggestibilityExperiment with college students typing told not to
hit Alt as it would crash computer; falsely accused; 70% confessed;
heard a witness confirm and all of these confessed8False Memory
SyndromeRemembering abuse in psychotherapy that never
happenedVisual imagery of eventDream interpretationEarliest
memories from 3-5 years, but can visualize memory from
infancySource of alien abduction memories?More susceptible to
create false childhood memories if tend toward lapses in attention
& memory9Suggestibility in Preschool ChildrenSpontaneous
recollections tend to be accurateResponses to specific questions
more likely to include distortionsWhen interviewed twice, new
details highly likely to be inaccurateDifficulty with source
information repeated questioning gives details that begin to feel
realSocial pressureBiasInfluence of current knowledge and beliefs
on how we remember our pastRead from George Orwell, 1984 (book, p.
138)11Many types of biasConsistency and change bias reconstruct the
past as overly similar to , or different from, the presentHindsight
bias filtered by current knowledgeEgocentric bias role of self in
orchestrating memoryStereotypical bias generic memories shape
interpretation of the worldConsistency biasPast experiences of pain
influenced by current level of painPolitical, social and religious
issuesRelationshipsBecause I am healthy now, I have a hard time
remembering that I had any health issues in the past. Can you
remember what your opinion was of capital punishment 20 years ago?
How about your political beliefs? Religious beliefs? Study : How
attached do you feel? How happy are you in your relationship? How
often does your partner get on your nerves? How much do you love
him or her? Answer for now and for 1 year ago. Given the same
questions 4 years later. For those whose feelings had changed, only
20% recalled accurately how they had previously felt.13Change
biasImprovement programs (diet, exercise, exam prep
classes)Relationships (want to believe they have improved, so
remember the past as worse than it was so the present seems better
in contrast)Dissonance reduction
Choosing between 2 items in a store and feeling torn. Later you
are sure you made the right choice.14Hindsight bias (I knew it all
along)Sporting eventsElections2nd opinion in medicineHome
appraisalsInadmissible evidenceJack and Barbara story: Carli (1999)
had participants read a story about a woman named Barbara and her
relationship with a man named Jack. After dating for a while,
Barbara and Jack went to a ski lodge for a weekend. In one version,
the story ended with Jack proposing to Barbara. In a second
version, the story ended with Jack raping Barbara. Two weeks later,
the participants were given a memory test. They read a list of
facts (really information that was not in the original story) and
had to decide if they had appeared in the original story. Some of
the details were consistent with the original story, but had not
actually appeared in the story (e.g., Jack gave Barbara a dozen
roses; Jack liked to drink).15Egocentric biasTend to recall our own
actions and words more readily than those of othersView more
desirable character traits as more descriptive of themselves than
the average person (but the majority of us are not above
average)Reasons for failed relationshipExaggerating past
difficulties
Ask both spouses how much of the household work they do or how
much of the vacation planning they do totals will not add to 100%
each will overclaim.Estimate the number of As and Ds you got in
high school. Accurate for As, highly inaccurate for Ds.16Stereotype
biasStereotypes enable us to save energy by thinking in terms of
categories of peopleSometimes we add in info to reconcile seemingly
incongruous data something to explain why our stereotype did not
holdWhat stereotype biases do we have? Race, gender,
socio-economic, tattoo, dress, weightWhat are these based
on?Julian, an artist, is creative, temperamental, generous and
fearless most likely you will remember the 1st 2 since fits with
your stereotype of artist. Stereotype bias more pronounced when not
focusing.
17PersistenceMore likely for highly emotional memory
(terror)Rumination vs disclosureWeapon focus other details blur as
our minds are drawn to the thing we are afraid ofRumination leads
to overall general feeling of unworthiness vs ability to be
specific felt angry when or happy when Suppression of recall can
keep habituation from occurringMemory consolidation and
reconsolidation18The Way We Were (Soundtrack Version) [Clean]Barbra
StreisandThe Way We Were: Original Soundtrack Recording * [Clean],
track 1/12, disc 1/11993Pop231329.05eng - Amazon.com Song ID:
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iTunSMPB 00000000 00000210 00000ABC 00000000009B9AB4 00000000
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