HypnosisHypnosisHypnosis:Hypnosis: state of state of

awareness awareness characterized by deep characterized by deep relaxation, heightened relaxation, heightened suggestibility, and suggestibility, and focused attention.focused attention.

Hypnotist suggests Hypnotist suggests changes in sensations, changes in sensations, thoughts, behavior, and thoughts, behavior, and perceptions…person perceptions…person (often) experiences (often) experiences them. them.

Hypnosis TheoriesHypnosis TheoriesState Theory State Theory (Unsupported by Research): (Unsupported by Research):

Says: hypnosis is an Says: hypnosis is an altered state altered state of consciousnessof consciousness - participants - participants enter a trance-like level of enter a trance-like level of consciousness and the hypnotist has consciousness and the hypnotist has control of their “subconscious.” control of their “subconscious.”

Hypnosis Theories: Based on Hypnosis Theories: Based on ResearchResearch

SOCIAL INFLUENCE THEORYSOCIAL INFLUENCE THEORY

Hypnosis = Hypnosis = social phenomenonsocial phenomenon: participants are : participants are doing what’s expected of them - they are acting doing what’s expected of them - they are acting how they think they’re supposed to act when how they think they’re supposed to act when hypnotized.hypnotized.

Hypnosis = a socially acceptable reason to follow Hypnosis = a socially acceptable reason to follow certain suggestions. certain suggestions.

This theory says: pain relief from hypnosis is This theory says: pain relief from hypnosis is caused by normal shift/split in selective attention: caused by normal shift/split in selective attention:

Ex: Pain not felt during soccer game. Ex: Pain not felt during soccer game.

Hypnosis Theories: Based on Hypnosis Theories: Based on ResearchResearch

Dissociation Theory = Dissociation Theory = combination of “role” and combination of “role” and “state” theories.“state” theories.

Ernest Hilgard: hypnosis is really Ernest Hilgard: hypnosis is really a social agreement that allows a social agreement that allows dissociationdissociation (split in (split in consciousness). One part of you consciousness). One part of you is aware of reality, one part is aware of reality, one part obeys hypnotist.obeys hypnotist.

Hilgard’s “Hidden Observer” Hilgard’s “Hidden Observer” Research Supports Dissociation Research Supports Dissociation

TheoryTheory Hidden Observer:Hidden Observer: describes describes

hypnotized subject’s awareness of hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, even experiences, such as pain, even though they don’t mention it though they don’t mention it during hypnosis. during hypnosis.

The “hidden observer” feels the The “hidden observer” feels the pain - this part of you has normal pain - this part of you has normal consciousness.consciousness.

Ex: Part of person feels the pain Ex: Part of person feels the pain during ice water experiments.during ice water experiments.

Dissociation and Pain StudiesDissociation and Pain Studies

Pain relief studies:Pain relief studies: theorists say theorists say pain stimulus is dissociated (split) from pain stimulus is dissociated (split) from the emotional suffering of pain.the emotional suffering of pain.

But is there some part of the person But is there some part of the person that is feeling the pain? that is feeling the pain?

““Yes” according to “Hidden Observer”Yes” according to “Hidden Observer”

Hypnosis

Medical Hypnosis - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7ftxpM3kDU

Perspectives On DissociationPerspectives On Dissociation

Hypnosis Concepts: Can Hypnosis Hypnosis Concepts: Can Hypnosis Have an Effect After The Session?Have an Effect After The Session?

Posthypnotic Suggestion:Posthypnotic Suggestion: a suggestion a suggestion made during a hypnosis session that will be made during a hypnosis session that will be carried out after hypnosis session is over. “You carried out after hypnosis session is over. “You will no longer feel the need to smoke after this will no longer feel the need to smoke after this session is over.”session is over.”

Has helped alleviate real conditions. “Non-deceptive Has helped alleviate real conditions. “Non-deceptive placebo effect.”placebo effect.”

Facts About HypnosisFacts About HypnosisUnhypnotized people can and will do the Unhypnotized people can and will do the

same things as hypnotized people. Ex: same things as hypnotized people. Ex: throw acid in face.throw acid in face.

Those who are imaginative and fantasy Those who are imaginative and fantasy prone are best hypnosis patients.prone are best hypnosis patients.

No one can be hypnotized if they do not No one can be hypnotized if they do not want to be.want to be.

Altered Consciousness and DrugsAltered Consciousness and Drugs Psychoactive Drug:Psychoactive Drug: Any chemical substance Any chemical substance

that alters perceptions and mood. Impairs brain that alters perceptions and mood. Impairs brain mechanisms that help us make good decisions.mechanisms that help us make good decisions.

Three Basic Categories:Three Basic Categories:Depressants:Depressants: “Downers” calm neural activity “Downers” calm neural activity

and slow body functions. and slow body functions. Includes opiates and Includes opiates and barbiturates. barbiturates.

Stimulants:Stimulants: “Uppers” excite neural activity “Uppers” excite neural activity

Hallucinogens:Hallucinogens: distort perceptions and distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.sensory input.

Why Do Drugs Get People “High?”Why Do Drugs Get People “High?”All drugs (from alcohol go All drugs (from alcohol go

cocaine) work at the cocaine) work at the neurological level and affect neurological level and affect the brain’s synapses.the brain’s synapses.

They…They…… … stimulate the release of stimulate the release of

certain neurotransmitters.certain neurotransmitters.… … mimic the activity of mimic the activity of

neurotransmitters neurotransmitters (agonists)(agonists)

… … inhibit (prevent) the inhibit (prevent) the release of release of neurotransmitters neurotransmitters (antagonists)(antagonists)

Mouse Party

Drugs and Impact on Your BodyDrugs and Impact on Your Body

The most addictive drugs The most addictive drugs like heroin, cocaine, and like heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines stimulate amphetamines stimulate the reward centers in your the reward centers in your brain making you feel a brain making you feel a sense of euphoria. sense of euphoria.

Drugs and Social ExpectationsDrugs and Social Expectations

Drug experiences vary Drug experiences vary depending on the culture you are depending on the culture you are in.in.

Often people act how they Often people act how they thinkthink they should act when on a they should act when on a certain drug. certain drug.

Ex: Alcohol belief studies.Ex: Alcohol belief studies.

DepressantsDepressants Alcohol:Alcohol: suppresses parts of suppresses parts of

the brain that control the brain that control judgment, inhibitions, and can judgment, inhibitions, and can seriously alter physical seriously alter physical functioning in high doses functioning in high doses (balance, memory, (balance, memory, consciousness, death).consciousness, death).

If you have an urge while If you have an urge while sober, you’re more likely to sober, you’re more likely to follow through on it while follow through on it while drunk.drunk.

Alcohol will increase any Alcohol will increase any tendency you have whether it tendency you have whether it is harmful or helpful.is harmful or helpful.

It always acts a depressant, It always acts a depressant, even if you only have one even if you only have one drink.drink.

DepressantsDepressantsBarbiturates:Barbiturates:

depress central depress central nervous system and nervous system and reduces anxiety but reduces anxiety but impairs memory and impairs memory and judgment.judgment.

Ex: sleep aids, Ex: sleep aids, “special k,” “special k,” benzodiapezines benzodiapezines (xanax and valium), (xanax and valium), tranquilizerstranquilizers, etc. , etc.

DepressantsDepressantsOpiates:Opiates: opium and its opium and its

derivatives from poppy plant, derivatives from poppy plant, depress neural activity, depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. anxiety.

Ex: morphine, heroin, opium.Ex: morphine, heroin, opium.

Opiates usually mimic Opiates usually mimic endorphins; cause massive endorphins; cause massive craving, withdrawal, and craving, withdrawal, and addiction - body stops addiction - body stops producing its natural opiates producing its natural opiates (endorphins).(endorphins).

Heroin Derived from Heroin Derived from Morphine in 1800s by Bayer Morphine in 1800s by Bayer

CompanyCompany

StimulantsStimulants

Wide variety of substances fall under Wide variety of substances fall under the category of stimulants including:the category of stimulants including:CaffeineCaffeineNicotineNicotineAmphetamines (“speed”) and Amphetamines (“speed”) and

methamphetamines (“crystal meth”)methamphetamines (“crystal meth”)CocaineCocaineMDMA (Ecstasy)MDMA (Ecstasy)

StimulantsStimulants

Speed up heart rate and Speed up heart rate and breathing rates, often breathing rates, often use to keep awake, lose use to keep awake, lose weight, or to boost weight, or to boost mood.mood.

All stimulants can All stimulants can become highly addictive become highly addictive and often come with a and often come with a “crash” when high is “crash” when high is over with. over with.

StimulantsStimulants Cocaine:Cocaine: powerful stimulant - 15 to powerful stimulant - 15 to

30 minute “rush.” 30 minute “rush.” CrackCrack produces produces quicker and more intense high but quicker and more intense high but lasts shorter period of time. lasts shorter period of time.

Drug depletes (decreases) the brain’s Drug depletes (decreases) the brain’s supply of dopamine, serotonin, and supply of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine often causing norepinephrine often causing depression. Also increases paranoia depression. Also increases paranoia and increases risk of heart problems.and increases risk of heart problems.

May increase aggressive behaviors May increase aggressive behaviors and causes extreme addiction.and causes extreme addiction.

StimulantsStimulantsMethamphetamineMethamphetamine

:: (crystal meth, ice, (crystal meth, ice, speed). Causes speed). Causes large increases in large increases in alertness and may alertness and may cause increase in cause increase in energy and produce energy and produce a euphoria. a euphoria.

Often leads to Often leads to extreme addiction, extreme addiction, insomnia, insomnia, nervousness, or nervousness, or even seizures.even seizures.

Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)Hallucinogens (Psychedelics)

Drugs create hallucinations, altered Drugs create hallucinations, altered perceptions, and blur line between perceptions, and blur line between self and external world.self and external world.

Most well known hallucinogen is Most well known hallucinogen is LSD:LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamine): (lysergic acid diethylamine): probably most powerful probably most powerful hallucinogen. hallucinogen.

Other examples: marijuana, Other examples: marijuana, peyote, angel dust, mescaline, and peyote, angel dust, mescaline, and “magic mushrooms.”“magic mushrooms.”

HallucinogensHallucinogens Marijuana:Marijuana: consists of flowers consists of flowers

and leaves from the hemp plant and leaves from the hemp plant and when smoked or ingested and when smoked or ingested acts as a mild hallucinogen.acts as a mild hallucinogen.

Relaxes, disinhibits, and impairs Relaxes, disinhibits, and impairs motor functions of individuals motor functions of individuals while at the same time while at the same time amplifying sensitivity to colors, amplifying sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells. sounds, tastes, and smells.

Main active ingredient=Main active ingredient=THCTHC

HallucinogensHallucinogens

Marijuana has been promoted for medical Marijuana has been promoted for medical use. use.

Advocates say that marijuana serves as Advocates say that marijuana serves as relief for people suffering from intense relief for people suffering from intense pain, nausea, or that have trouble eating.pain, nausea, or that have trouble eating.

Medical community is split - most Medical community is split - most recognize the toxicity of the smoke is a recognize the toxicity of the smoke is a drawback to using the drug medically.drawback to using the drug medically.

Marijuana also disrupts memory formation Marijuana also disrupts memory formation and may cause sexual dysfunctions. and may cause sexual dysfunctions.

General Concepts and DrugsGeneral Concepts and Drugs

Physical vs. Psychological Physical vs. Psychological DependenceDependence

Tolerance:Tolerance: diminishing diminishing effect of drug with the effect of drug with the same dose, requires user same dose, requires user to take more to get same to take more to get same high.high.

Withdrawal:Withdrawal: discomfort discomfort and distress associated and distress associated with quitting the use of an with quitting the use of an addictive drug.addictive drug.

Influences on Drug UseInfluences on Drug UsePerception of the risk involved with Perception of the risk involved with

a drug helps predict levels of use.a drug helps predict levels of use.

Influences on Drug UseInfluences on Drug Use

Also evidence that there may be Also evidence that there may be biological influences in drug use. biological influences in drug use. Couple examples:Couple examples:Identical twin with alcoholism Identical twin with alcoholism

other twin has increased risk.other twin has increased risk.Molecular geneticists have found Molecular geneticists have found

gene that is more common in gene that is more common in people with alcoholism.people with alcoholism.

Influences on Drug UseInfluences on Drug Use

Peer factor is perhaps most powerful.Peer factor is perhaps most powerful.Family strength, religiousness, Family strength, religiousness,

morality are near as big as predictors morality are near as big as predictors as whether or not peers use drugs. If as whether or not peers use drugs. If your friends do drugs, odds are high your friends do drugs, odds are high that you may do them too. that you may do them too.

Why many addicts have to change Why many addicts have to change their social networks in order to their social networks in order to remain drug free.remain drug free.