Springer Proceedings in Physics

Volume 161

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/361

Carlos MerinoEditor

Lectures on ParticlePhysics, Astrophysicsand CosmologyProceedings of the Third IDPASC School,Santiago de Compostela, Spain,January 21–February 2, 2013

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EditorCarlos MerinoDepartment of Particle PhysicsUniversity of Santiago de Compostela (USC)Santiago de CompostelaSpain

ISSN 0930-8989 ISSN 1867-4941 (electronic)Springer Proceedings in PhysicsISBN 978-3-319-12237-3 ISBN 978-3-319-12238-0 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12238-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014957320

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or partof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionor information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar ordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

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Dad, did you know spaceshuttles always travel by night?

Belén Merino, 3-year-oldFerrol, Galiza, February 2009

Participants

Participants at the Third IDPASC School, before the Seminario Maior San Martiño Pinario inSantiago de Compostela, Galiza, Spain, January 22–February 2, 2013 (picture by A.V. Yushkov)

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Preface

This volume contains the courses presented at the Third IDPASC School (http://igfae.usc.es/idpasc/), held at San Martiño Pinario, Hospedería and Seminario Maior(http://www.sanmartinpinario.eu), in the city of Santiago de Compostela, Galiza,Spain, from January 21 to February 2, 2013. This school is the annual commonschool of the International Doctorate Network in Particle Physics, Astrophysics,and Cosmology, IDPASC (www.idpasc.lip.pt).

IDPASC is an interdisciplinary network formed by more than 20 institutions(universities and research laboratories) from Italy, Slovenia, France, Portugal,Spain, Switzerland, and other non-European countries, as Brazil, and whoseinternational coordinator is Prof. Mário Pimenta of the Instituto Superior Técnico(IST) and Laboratório de Instrumentacáo e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP)in Lisbon (Portugal), that has been created with the aim of forming new high-levelexperts in the fields of Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology.

The two former editions of the IDPASC School were held in Sesimbra (Portugal),in December 2010, and in Udine (Italy) in January–February of 2012, respectively,while the Fourth IDPASC School was organized in Braga (Portugal), from January 20to 28, 2014.

The purpose of the school series is to present before doctorate students fromdifferent universities and laboratories in Europe and abroad a large scope of thelatest results and current state-of-the-art in the fields of Particle Physics, Astro-physics, and Cosmology, and to further introduce them to the questions now openby the physics potential and experimental challenges connected with the current andfuture experiments, and, in particular, with the newly available energy ranges.

Following these guidelines, the program of this third edition of the IDPASCSchool has been planned both by the Academic Council and by the InternationalCommittee of the network, whose members ensure every year its adequate andtimely formulation, matching the continuous evolution in these fields. The programcovers a balanced range of the current activity in these fields worldwide, withcourses given by internationally acknowledged physicists, on Basic Features ofHadronic Processes, Quantum Chromodynamics, Physics and Technology ofALICE, LHCb Physics—Parity Violation, The Higgs System in and beyond the

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Standard Model, Higgs Searches at the LHC, Theory and Experiment in CosmicRays, Numerical Methods and Data Analysis in Particle Physics, TheoreticalCosmology, and AdS/CFT Correspondence. Most of these courses have beencomplemented by practical and discussion sessions.

The spirit of this series of schools is to favor, not only the chance of youngpromising physicists to learn the fundamentals, ideas, and methods at the base ofhot topics in physics from internationally recognized experts who have contributedto define and conform the topic itself, but also to promote fruitful and informaldiscussions between young and experience physicists, and among experimentalistsand theorists, by giving all of them the opportunity of being together for most of thetime during 10 days, while completing a charged but not exhausting program inwhich many young promising physicists have the first chance to present and discusstheir results with other young doctorates and with internationally recognized expertsin both experimental and theoretical particle fields.

Apart from the academic and scientific part of the program, the fact of orga-nizing the school in the building of the centuries-old but still acting seminario ofSan Martiño Pinario has helped in achieving the goal of giving the participants areal approach to the history and culture of the city of Santiago de Compostela, and,more generally, to Galiza as a country in Europe molded by being for more thaneight centuries the final point and the goal of the pilgrims way that has given riseand formed the European spirit, through the exchange of knowledge and ideas fromall corners in Europe.

The conference dinner at the restaurant of the Hotel-Monumento San Francisco,located at the heart of the old-town in Santiago de Compostela, in which the famousGalician seafood, fish, and meats, cooked in the traditional way but with successfulinnovative touches, were met by the excellent Galician Albariño white wine and bythe reputed red Rioja wine from Northern Spain, was a representation of Galiza, oldand new, which combines both tradition and ambition for the future. The banquetended up by the spelling of the conjure during the burning of queimada (firewater,sugar, and lemon peel), reminiscent of the preromanic times in Galiza, and aimed atchasing away bad spirits and meigas (witches). Let us hope that the drinkingdegustation of that spelled queimada will prevent Galiza and the whole Europe fromgiving the needed efforts to support and encourage research and knowledge up.

I want to thank all local organizers for their successful efforts in providing theparticipants with a comforting atmosphere both for work (with the smooth con-tinuation of the scheduled talks and program), and for getting a true insight into theGalician soul. In particular, the help of María del Carmen Fernández has beenfundamental in putting together the financial, informatic, and logistical aspects ofthe conference. The remarkable work and friendly demeanor by the whole staff ofHospedería San Martiño Pinario has also to be noted, in particular the professionalsavoir-faire of Adriana Hermida and María Luisa González.

We acknowledge the advice and support of Profs. Mario Pimenta, IST—LIP(Portugal), and Barbara de Lotto, Universitá di Udine (Italy) to the organization ofthis school, and we also thank Sandra Dias, LIP (Portugal) and Sandra Muzzin,

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Universitá di Udine (Italy) for their collaboration before, during, and after theschool.

Finally, we have to thank all participants, both lecturers and students, since theyhave been the final responsible for the nice environment created during the schooland for the high level of the lectures and discussions that have formed the programof this school. We are especially indebted to all professors for their hard anddisciplined work in preparing clear and understandable lectures on very vast andtechnical topics, and in producing the corresponding written contributions to theseproceedings by friendly and timely attending to all requests by the editorialcommittee.

This conference has been organized with the financial support of the EuropeanUnion through the Lifelong Learning Programme of the Laboratório de Instru-mentacaó e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), Lisbon (Portugal), of the In-stituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa (Portugal), of the Universitádegli Studi di Udine (Italy), and of the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela(USC), Galiza (Spain).

Carlos Merino

Preface xi

Committees and Sponsors, Logos

IDPASC Coordinator

Mário Pimenta, IST—LIP (Portugal)

IDPASC Academic Council

Rolf Heuer, CERN (Switzerland)Luigi Rolandi, CERN (Switzerland)Ronald Shellard, CBPF (Brazil)Frederico Ferrini, EGO (Italy)Valeria Ferrari, EGO (Italy)Alberto Ruiz Jimeno, IFCA, SCIC-University of Cantabria (Spain)Javier Fernández Menéndez, University of Oviedo (Spain)António Onofre, Universidade do Minho/LIP/MAP-Fis (Portugal)Miguel Sousa Costa, Universidade do Porto/FCUP/MAP-Fis (Portugal)Paulo Seara de Sá, Universidade do Algarve (Portugal)Robertus Potting, Universidade do Algarve/FCT (Portugal)Rui F. Marques, Universidade de Coimbra/FCTUC/LIP (Portugal)Orlando Oliveira, Universidade de Coimbra (Portugal)Nicola Giglietto, INFN, Bari (Italy)Ilidio Lopes, Universidade de Évora/Departamento de Física (Portugal)David Berry, Universidade de Évora/Departamento de Física (Portugal)Alessandro Petrolini, University of Genova (Italy)Antonio Bueno, University of Granada (Spain)Manuel Pérez-Victoria, University of Granada (Spain)Amélia Maio, Universidade de Lisboa/CFNUL/LIP (Portugal)José Pedro Mimoso, Universidade de Lisboa/CAAUL (Portugal)

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Samo Stanic, University of Nova Gorica (Slovenia)Martin O’Loughlin, University of Nova Gorica (Slovenia)Jorge Crispim Romão, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa/IST (Portugal)Mário Pimenta, University Técnica of Lisboa/IST/LIP (Portugal)Giampero Naletto, University of Padova (Italy)Cesare Barbieri, University of Padova (Italy)Andrea Vitturi, University of Padova (Italy)Giovanni Busetto, University of Padova (Italy)Bertrand Laforge, University of Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI (France)Etienne Parizot, University of Paris Diderot-Paris VII (France)Jose Ocariz, University of Paris Diderot-Paris VII (France)Mário João Monteiro, Universidade do Porto (Portugal)Orfeu Bertolami, Universidade do Porto (Portugal)Carlos Merino, University of Santiago de Compostela/IGFAE (Spain)Máximo Pló, University of Santiago de Compostela/IGFAE (Spain)Luccia di Ciaccio, University of Savoie (France)Pablo del Amo Sánchez, University of Savoie (France)Roberto Battiston, University of Trento (Italy)Alessandro de Angelis, University of Udine/INFN (Italy)Massimo Persic, University of Udine (Italy)Antonio Ferrer, University of Valencia/IFIC (Spain)Francisco Botella, University of Valencia/IFIC (Spain)

Scientific Advisory Committee

Alan Watson, University of Leeds (UK)Alfredo Barbosa Henriques, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa/IST (Portugal)Alfredo Soldati, CISM Udine (Italy)Ana Mourão, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa/IST (Portugal)Annalisa Celotti, SISSA Trieste (Italy)Antonio Masiero, University of Padova (Italy)António Amorim Barbosa, Universidade de Lisboa (Portugal)Ariella Cattai, CERN (Switzerland)Augusto Barroso, Universidade de Lisboa/CFTC (Portugal)Barbara De Lotto, University of Udine (Italy)Carlos Alberto Ruivo Herdeiro, Universidade de Aveiro (Portugal)Carlos Pajares, University of Santiago de Compostela/IGFAE (Spain)Constança Providência, Universidade de Coimbra (Portugal)Danilo Zavrtanik, University of Nova Gorica (Slovenia)Delphine Hardin, University of Paris VI (France)Enrique Zas, University of Santiago de Compostela/IGFAE (Spain)Enrique Fernández, IFAE (Spain)

xiv Committees and Sponsors, Logos

Federico Ferrini, EGO (Italy)Fernando Cornet, University of Granada (Spain)Francesco Fidecaro, University of Pisa (Italy)Francis Halzen, University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA)Francisco del Águila, University of Granada (Spain)Gaspar Barreira, LIP (Portugal)George Smoot, University of California (USA)Gustavo Castelo Branco, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa/IST (Portugal)João Manuel Borregana Lopes dos Santos, Universidade do Porto (Portugal)João Varela, University Técnica of Lisboa/IST/LIP (Portugal)Joe Silk, University of Oxford (UK)Jorge Dias de Deus, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa/IST (Portugal)José Bernabéu, IFIC, University of Valencia-CSIC (Spain)José Carmelo, Universidade do Minho (Portugal)José Mariano Gago, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa/IST (Portugal)José Sande Lemos, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa/IST (Portugal)José F. Valle, IFIC, University of Valencia-CSIC (Spain)Juan A. Fuster, IFIC, University of Valencia-CSIC (Spain)Juan José Hernández, IFIC, University of Valencia-CSIC (Spain)Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, CERN (Switzerland)Luís António Ferreira Martins Dias Carlos, Universidade de Aveiro (Portugal)Manuel Fiolhais, Universidade de Coimbra/FCTUC (Portugal)Masahiro Teshima, Max-Planck Institute (Germany)Paolo Spinelli, University of Bari (Italy)Paulo Crawford, Universidade de Lisboa (Portugal)Paulo Fonte, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra/LIP (Portugal)Pier Simone Marrocchesi, Gruppo Collegato INFN di Siena (Italy)Riccardo Paoletti, Gruppo Collegato INFN di Siena (Italy)Sergio Bertolucci, CERN (Switzerland)Yannick Giraud-Heraud, University of Paris VII (France)Yuli M. Shabelski, Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Research (Russia)

International Advisory Committee

Néstor Armesto, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (Spain)Fernando Barreiro, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Spain)Jochen Bartels, Universität Hamburg (Germany)Irinel Caprini, University of Bucharest (Romania)Jiri Chyla, University of Prague (Czech Republic)Robin Devenish, University of Oxford (UK)Jorge Dias de Deus, Instituto Superior Técnico de Lisboa (Portugal)Roberto Fiore, Universitá de Cosenza (Italy)

Committees and Sponsors, Logos xv

Konstantin Goulianos, Rockefeller University of New York (USA)Edmond Iancu, Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA-Saclay (France)Valery Khoze, University of Durham (UK)Christos Ktorides, University of Athens (Greece)Peter V. Landshoff, University of Cambridge (UK)Uri Maor, University of Tel Aviv (Israel)Alan D. Martin, University of Durham (UK)Pierre van Mechelen, University of Antwerpen (Belgium)Carlos Merino, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (Spain)Alfred H. Mueller, Columbia University (USA)Risto Orava, University of Helsinki (Finland)Alessandro Papa, Universitá de Cosenza (Italy)Gonzalo Parente, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (Spain)Robi Peschanski, Institut de Physique Théorique, CEA-Saclay (France)Máximo Pló, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (Spain)Albert de Roeck, CERN (Switzerland)Christophe Royon, IRFU-Service de Physique des Particules, CEA-Saclay (France)Eddi de Wolf, University of Antwerpen (Belgium)

Local Organizing Committee

Carlos Merino (Chair), Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaNéstor Armesto, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaJosé A. Hernando, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaCarlos Pajares, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaGonzalo Parente, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaMáximo Pló, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaJuan J. Saborido, Universidade de Santiago de CompostelaCibrán Santamarina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

Sponsors

Intensive Learning Programme, Education and Culture DG, European UnionUniversità degli Studi di Udine, ItalyLaboratório de Instrumentaçao e Física Experimental de Particulas, Lisboa,PortugalInstituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, PortugalUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela, Galiza, Spain

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Committees and Sponsors, Logos xvii

xviii Committees and Sponsors, Logos

Contents

Basic Features of High-Energy Hadronic Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Carlos Merino and Yuli M. Shabelski

Quantum Chromodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Néstor Armesto and Carlos Pajares

Selected Topics from the Experiments with High-EnergyHeavy-Ion Collisions: Hot QCD in the Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Mateusz Płoskoń

Flavour Physics and CP Violation in the StandardModel and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Gustavo Castelo-Branco and David Emmanuel-Costa

The Higgs System in and Beyond the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Maria J. Herrero

Higgs Searches at the LHC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Cibrán Santamarina Ríos

Messengers of the High Energy Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Alessandro De Angelis, Mário Pimenta and Ruben Conceição

Numerical Methods and Data Analysis Techniquesin Particle Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337Mike Williams

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Theoretical Cosmology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Antonio L. Maroto

Introduction to the AdS/CFT Correspondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411Alfonso V. Ramallo

Welcome Speech by the Rector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Queimada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

List of Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

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Seminario Maior San Martiño Pinario in Santiago de Compostela, Galiza, Spain. At its hospederíait was held the Third IDPASC School, January 22–February 2, 2013 (picture by C. Merino)