UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADORFACULTAD DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA

EDUCACION

SCHOOL OF LANGUAGES

CLASS: 4TO. ITALIAN

STUDENT’S NAME: JESSICA REVELO

DATA: JANUARY 24 th, 2011

TOPIC : GRAPHICS ORGANIZERS

MID TERM 2010- 2011

LINGUISTICS BACK

GROUNDThe word

Linguistics was used in the

middle of the 19th century to emphasize the

difference between a

newer approach to the study of

language that and the more

traditional approach of Philology.

Philology Also known as or Historical Linguistics, is a branch of Linguistics that studies

language change and language

relationship.

Sociolinguistics

It studies how dialects differ

between groups

separated by certain social variables such as ethnicity,

religion, status, gender,

level of education, age,

etc.,

Psycholinguistics It is a

discipline concerned with

relations between

messages and the

characteristics of individuals

who select and interpret them.

Computational Linguistics

It is a branch of artificial

intelligence that deals with analyzing,

understanding and generating the languages

that humans use naturally in order to interface with

computers

Anthropological Linguistics

It deals with the relationship between

language and culture and has also been a major

concern among linguists, especially

anthropological linguists.

Socio-Ethnic Linguistics

It focuses on the functions of language in our societies, especially

characterized by the deep differences of

class, ethnicity, gender and generation .

Applied Linguistics (AL)

It provides the theoretical and descriptive

foundations for the investigation and solution

of language-related problems, especially

those of language education.

Practical consequences of differences between contrasted languages.

It is a help for teaching purposes.- Bilingual analysis or translation.

THEORICAL

LINGUISTIC

COMPONENT (ACS)

It deals with a universal category and the ways this universal category is realized in contrasted languages.

One of its problems is how to contrast languages because two objects may appear either similar or different. THEORI

CAL CONTRA

STIVE STUDIES (TCS)

CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS

COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS

Originally known as Comparative Philology that is a branch of historical which is concerned with comparing languages in order to stablish their

historical relatedness.

This may be known as Comparative Diachronic

Linguistics

CONTRASTIVE OR COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS

BASIS FOR TEACHING CONTRASTIVEContrastive linguistics syllabus

Contrastive pragmatics

Methodology of contrastive linguistics

The main technique is to match up to languages by using the contrastive method.

New trends

The role of corporaIt is a body of the test.

It recognizes and uses the IPA conventional register.

CL It proceeds level by level and the traditional three level of lexis provide ample scope.

It sis the study of the ability of natural language speakers to communicate more than what is stated.

According to Lado it is important to study the micro linguistics and the macro linguistics.

Every difference or similarity between two or more related languages should be explicable in terms of isolation or context analysisPronunciatio

nIntonationVocabularyStressStructureRhythmGrammarJunctures

Cohesion

Lexis Language, terms, expressions.Sound UtterancesSyntax Grammar rules, structure.

Apple [æpəɫ]

Stressed UnestressedSyllable Syllable-Clear - Short - Neat - Reduced- Long

It is an arbitrary structured system of utterances sounds gestures, signs and movements, written symbols, morphemes words and sentences used for human communication

According to the statistics we can classify the languages most 5 important languages in the world.

1.- Mandarin 2.- Hindi3.- English4.- Arabic5.- Spanish

The following information chart contains reference data concerning the world areas, number of languages and speakers throughout the world.

World Area

Languages Speakers

Number Percent Percent

Asia 2,269 32.8% 61.0%

Africa 2,092 30.3% 11.8%

Pacific 1,310 19.0% 0.1%

Americas 1,002 14.5% 0.8%

Europe 239 3.5% 26.3%

Totals 6,912 100.0% 100.0%

LANGUAGE

Language

Family

Individual

languag

e

Living

languages

Extinct languages

Ancient languages

Historic languages

Constructed languages

Dialect Intelligibility

Standard languages

Nonstandard languag

e

Idiolect Jarg

on Coloquialism Slang

VERBAL LANGUAGE

BR

IEF

CL

AS

SIF

ICA

TIO

N O

F L

AN

GU

AG

ES

Group of languages proto-languageA language as a whole from

the same family, eg. Portuguese.

They are extinct

A distinct language from any modern languages.

Identifiers- artificial language. A variety of

languageRecognize the dialects forms

Dialect used in written form

It doesn’t follow the standard rules

Personal language

Used by people who work in a particular area, eg, lawyersInformal expression

Informal language, rude

Written language

Idiographic

written language

Syllabic

writing language

Alphabetical

writing language

Artulcated

languagel

English language

Spanish

language

NON VERBAL LANGUA

GE

Permanent written symbols

Ideograms : Chinese

Syllables – separate symbols: Japanese

Sound pronunciation- letters: Spanish, English, Italian.

Phonetic spelling of phonetic alphabets

Indo-European language

Romance branch

• Spanish: <cerda> [ˈserđa ] <casa> [ˈkasa ]

• English:< letter> [ ˈlɛ:ɾɚ ] <tip> [ˈthɪpˉˡ]

• Italian: <Corpo> [ˈkɔɾpo] <monte> [ˈmonte]

1.- The same letter combination can refer to different sounds.

• Spanish: <bosque> [ˈboske ] <vaso> [ˈbaso ]

• English: <women> [ˈwɪmɪn]<busy > [ ˈbɪzɪ ]

•Italian: <certo> ['ʧɛɾto]

<male> ['maɫe]

2.- The same sound can be written with different letters or letter combination.

• Spanish: <ostia> España: ['oʃtja] Ecuador: ['ostja]

• English: <cosy> American E: [ˈkoƱzi] British E: [ˈkoƱsi]

• Italian: <felice> Sicilia: [fe'liʧe] Toscana: [fi'liʧe]

3.- Different dialects pronounce the same

word differently.

LANGUAGE INCONSISTENCIES

CLUSTERVowel cluster

This deals with the pronunciation that students give to synthetic words containing orthographic vowel-cluster and analyzes the

observed pronunciations .

Initial clusterInitial two-consonant clusters may occur in

both English and Spanish while three-consonant clusters just take place in

English.

Medial clustersSpanish and English might have from two

up to four-medial consonant clusters

except English which may pile up to five-

consonant clusters: -VCCCCCV-.

Intersyllabic medial clusterIt is when one

consonant of the cluster belongs to the first syllable

and the other(s) to the second, so

syllable division occurs between

the members.

Final clustersSpanish has no clusters in final

position while English words containing from

two up to four final consonant cluster may perhaps occur: -VCC; -VCCC ; -VCCCC. Four final consonant cluster

is by and large the outcome of the plural forms, third person

singular or possessive nouns in English. Spanish: /pɾ/:

<probar> English: /pɹ/: <pray> Italian: /pɾ/: <premere>

English: /nd/: <second> /nst/: <against> /mpts/: <attempts>

English: Intrasyllabic <address> Intersyllabic: <improper>

Phonemics

• It studies the relevant, distinctive and significant elements in a language

• Unit: Phoneme that is the smallest basic and theoretical unit of language.

Phonetics

•It is the study and description of the speech sounds made by the human voice. •Unit: An allophone is a real speech variant of a specific phoneme which occurs under certain circumstances.

PHONOLOGYIt is the study of the system of phonemes of a language.

/ˈkɹeyn/ ≠ /ˈgɹeyn/

button[ˈbʌtn

]

Latin alphabetThe Latin alphabet, also called the Roman alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic writing system in the world today.

ALPHABETA system of characters

arranged in a fixed conventional order

symbolizing sounds or letters used in a writing

system to represent speech.

The ISO basic Latin alphabet

Aa

Bb

Cc

Dd

Ee

Ff

Gg

Hh

IiJj

Kk

LlMm

Nn

Oo

Pp

Qq

Rr

Ss

Tt

Uu

Vv

Ww

Xx

Yy

Zz

ALPHABET

TRANSCRIPTIONIt is a system of

notation that represents

utterances or partial utterrances of a

language pronounced by

people in general. Some details might

be ignored or included in the transcription.

Therefore, depending on the

level of detail abstraction, the

hearing limits and IPA conventions, two

kinds of transcription

appear: Phonemic or Broad Transcription

and Phonetic or Narrow

Transcription.

Narrow transcription

It is also named as Narrow

Transcription. It is a notation that

represents variants of a specific phoneme. It

captures as many as possible details

which are represented by the diacritics provided

in the IPA.[ ˈpha:ɹk ] [ˈga:ɹʔņ ]

[phɹɪˈtɛ:nd ]

[ˈkhɔ:ɫ ]

STRESSIt is another important feature which is often represented in phonetic and phonemic transcription. Every single word has a stressed syllable. The vowel sound of the stressed syllable is often longer, louder and higher in pitch. Currently, to show main stressed syllables a superscript accent mark is being placed before the stressed syllable ( ˈ )

TRAN

SCRIP

TI

ON

TRANSCRIPTI

ON

/ˈfɪltər / Noun

an apparatus containing

paper through

which a liquid can be passed

to make it clean.

Notice that stress goes on the first syllable.

/ ˈblækˌbɔɹd /

Noun

tool used in classroom to write on any board which

is black.

/ˈblækˌbɔɹd /Noun

Notice how stress

placement alters word meanings

even though the part of speech is

kept.

/ ˈpɹadʒɪkt / Noun

piece of work that needs skill, effort, and careful planning.

/ pɹəˈdʒɛkt / Verb

to stick out beyond an edge

or surface. Notice how

stress placement alters the

vowel quality of the stressed syllable and consequently

the word meaning and part of speech

change

PEDAGOGICAL HINTS

Stress mark ˈcar It shows the following syllable is stressed

Angle brackets < pretty > They are used to enclose the spelling of the orthographic notation.

Slant brackets / ˈteyp / Phonemic transcription uses them.

Square brackets [ ˈtheɪ`p ] They are used around detailed phonetic transcription.

Vertical line / ˈyɛs hiyz ˈkəmɪŋ / It shows a pause in phonetic transcription

Division marker · It shows the boundaries between syllables.

Diacritics ~ It shows the variation in the vowel or consonant quality. Nasal or dark quality

SYMBOLS USED FOR TRANSCRIPTION

The paired vocal folds are located in the larynx, coursing from the thyroid cartilage interiorly to the arytenoids cartilages.. The lips

form the oral cavity of the mouth and are comprised of muscle

fibers from a number of different facial muscles..The larynx is the

portion of the breathing, or respiratory, tract containing the vocal cords which produce vocal sound. It is located between the pharynx and the trachea. The

larynx, also called the voice box, is a 2-inch-long, tube-shaped

organ in the neck.

The vocal folds vibrate to create sounds for vowels and voiced

consonants. The tongue is segmented in three sections: the tongue tip, also known as apex,

the blade, the tongue back is that part lying below the soft palate. The uvula is that small piece of

soft tissue that can be seen dangling down from the soft palate over the back of the

tongue.

ARTICULATORY DIAGRAM

VOWELSA vowel is a speech sound produced by human

beings when the breath flows out through mouth without being blocked by teeth, tongue

or lips. Vowels are not formed by blocking airflow; instead by passing air through different shapes of the mouth and different positions of

the tongue and lips. The vocal folds are adducted and vibrating. That is why every

English and Spanish vowels sound is voiced.DIPHTHONGS

When vowels occur in combinations, they are called diphthongs. A diphthong starts in one

position (nucleus) and moves to another position (the glide) or viceversa. Therefore, a diphthong is a speech sound which is usually

considered as one distinctive vowel sound of a particular language but really involves two vowels, with one vowel gliding to the other.

VOWEL PRODUCTIONDimensions:

- Voicing: Every vowel sound is voiced.- Vowel quality: Simple and Complex.

- Tongue position: High, middle and low.- Area: Front, central , back.

- Muscle tension: Lax and Tense.- Lips shape: Spread,, neutral and rounded.

TH

E V

OW

EL I

NVEN

TO

RY

spread neutral rounded

front

central

back Mi

dHighLow

Vowel grid Lip

shape

Tongue position

Area

SPA

NIS

H A

ND

EN

GL

ISH

QU

AD

RA

NT

S

ITALIAN VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT

/i/ voiced, simple, high- front, tense, spread.

/e/ voiced, simple, mid- front, tense, spread.

/ɛ/ voiced, simple, mid- low- front, lax, spread.

/a/ voiced, simple, low- central, tense, neutral.

/ɔ/ voiced, simple, mid- low-back, lax, rounded.

/o/ voiced, simple, mid- back, tense, rounded.

/u/ voiced, simple, high- back, tense, rounded.

ITA

LIA

N A

ND

EN

GL

ISH

Q

UA

DR

AN

TS

PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC CONTRASTMONOPHTHONGS

Spanish /i/ English /iy/ English /ɪ/

SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH

/ i / / iy / / ɪ /

voiced, simple, high-front, tense, spread

voiced, complex (adjacent glide), high-front, tense,

spread.

voiced, simple, high-front, lax, spread.

[ i ] [ ĩ ] [ɪɪd: ] [ɪɪd ] [ɪ:] [ɪ ]

voiced, simple, high-front,

tense, spread,unlengthened

voiced, simple, high, front,

tense,spread, nasalyzed.

voiced, complex (adjacent

glide), high-front, tense,

spread, lengthened.

voiced, complex (adjacent

glide), high-front, tense,

spread, unlengthened

voiced, simple,high-front, lax,

spread, lengthened

voiced, simple, high-front, lax,

spread, unlengthened

[ˈmil ] [ˈmĩnĩmo] [ ˈmɪɪ`:ɫ ] [ˈɹɪɪ`ʧ] [ ˈmɪ:ɫ ] [ ˈɹɪʧ]

SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH

/ e / / ey / / ɛ /voiced, simple, mid-front, tense,

spreadvoiced, complex (adjacent glide), mid-front, tense,

spread.

voiced, simple, mid-front, lax, spread

[ e ] [ e ] [ ɛ ] [ eɪd: ] [ eɪd ] [  ɛ:] [ ɛ]voiced, simple,

mid-front, tense, spread, unlengthened

voiced, simple,

mid-front, tense,

spread, nasal

voiced, simple, mid-front, tense,

spread, open

voiced, complex (adjacent glide),

mid-front,tense,

spread,lengthened

voiced, complex (adjacent glide),

mid-front,tense,

spread, unlengthened.

voiced,simple,

mid-front,lax,

spread,lengthened

voiced,simple,

mid-front,lax,

spread, unlengthened.

[ˈneto] [ˈen] [ˈtɛxa ] [ˈpleɪ`:n] [ˈskeɪ`t] [ˈsɛ:d] [ˈsɛt]

SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH/ a / / a / / æ /

voiced, simple, low-central, tense, neutral.

voiced, simple, low-central, lax*, neutral.

voiced, simple, low-front, lax, spread.

[ a ] [ ã ] [a:] [ a ] [ æ:] [æ]voiced, simple,

low-central, tense, neutral.unlengthened

voiced, simple,

low-central, tense,

neutral, nasal

voiced, simple, low-central, lax, neutral, lengthened.

voiced, simple, low-central, lax,

neutral, unlengthened.

voiced, simple, low-front, lax, spread,

lengthened

voiced, simple, low-front, lax,

spread, unlenghtened.

[ˈpalma] [ˈmãno] [ˈfa:ɹ] [ˈhat] [ˈbæ:d] [ˈhæt]

SPA

NIS

H,

ITA

LIA

N

AN

D E

NG

LIS

H/I

/- /

IY/-

/ɪ/

SPA

NIS

H,

ITA

LIA

N

AN

D E

NG

LIS

H/e

/- /

ey/

- /ɛ

/

SPA

NIS

H,

ITA

LIA

N A

ND

E

NG

LIS

H/a

/- /

a/-

/æ

/FE

AT

UR

ES

ENGLISH

/ ə /

voiced, simple, mid-central, lax, neutral

ENGLISH

[ ʌ: ] <= vd.c [ ʌ ] <= vl.c [ ə ] [ɚ] [ɝ]

voiced, simple, mid-central, lax,

neutral, lengthened.

voiced, simple, mid-central, lax,

neutral, unlengthened.

voiced, simple, mid-central, lax, neutral

mid central unstressed

mid central stressed

[ ˈl:v ] [ ˈp ] [ˈsɪːɹənʤ] [ˈdɹaɪdːvɚ] [ˈbɝd]

SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH/ o / / ɔ / / ow /

voiced, simple, mid-back, tense, rounded

voiced, simple, low-back, lax*, rounded.

voiced, complex (adjacent glide), mid-back, tense,

rounded[ o ] [ õ ] [ ɔ] [ɔ: ] [ɔ ] [ ou:] [ ou ]

voiced, simple, mid-back, tense,

roundedunlengthened

voiced, simple, mid-back, tense,

rounded, nasal

voiced, simple,

mid-back, tense,

rounded, open

voiced, simple, low-back, lax, rounded,

lengthened.

voiced, simple, low-back, lax,

rounded, unlengthened.

voiced, complex (adjacent

glide), mid-back tense, rounded,

lengthened.

voiced, complex (adjacent glide),

mid-back , tense, rounded, unlengthened

[ˈtomo] [ˈmõmja] [ˈsɔl] [ˈfɔ:ɫ] [ˈwɔk] [ˈfou:n] [ˈbouθ]

SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH

/ u / / ʊ / / uw /voiced, simple, high-back,

tense, roundedvoiced, simple, high-back, lax,

roundedvoiced, complex (adjacent glide), high-back, tense,

rounded.

[ u ] [ ũ ] [ ʊ: ] [ʊ] [ uud :] [ uud ]voiced, simple,

high-back, tense, rounded

unlengthened

voiced, simple, high-back,

tense, rounded, nasal

voiced, simple, high-back, lax,

rounded, lengthened.

voiced, simple, high-back, lax,

rounded., unlengthened.

voiced, complex (adjacent glide), high-back, tense,

rounded, lenghtened.

voiced, complex (adjacent glide), high-back, tense,

rounded, unlengthened

[ˈuɾna] [ˈpũnto] [ˈwʊ:d] [ˈtʊk] [ˈsuud :n] [ˈsuudp]

EN

GL

ISH

/Ə/

SPA

NIS

H,

ITA

LIA

N A

ND

E

NG

LIS

H/o

/- /

ɔ/-

/ow

/

SPA

NIS

H,

ITA

LIA

N A

ND

E

NG

LIS

H/u

/- /

Ʊ/-

/u

w/FE

AT

UR

ES

PHONEMIC AND PHONETIC CONTRASTDIPHTHONGS

ENGLISH DIPHTHONG

A diphthong is a complex vowel, made of two components; a

diphthong begins as one vowel and finishes as another. Usually, the

two components can be referred to as a nucleus and an off-glide.

SPANISH DIPHTHONG

The basic rule of vowel combinations and syllables is that two strong vowels cannot be in the same syllable, so that

when two strong vowels are next to each other, they are considered to

belong to separate syllables, <ma•re•o> . But other combinations -such as a strong and a weak vowel or two weak vowels are considered to form a diphthong, <frio•len•to>

SPANISH, ENGLISH/aw/

FEATURES

/ya/voiced,

complex-non adjacent

glide, high front

becoming low central, tense,

spread becoming neutral.

/ye/voiced,

complex-adjacent

glide, high front

becoming low front,

tense, spread.

Spanish rising

diphthongs

/yo/voiced,

complex-non adjacent

glide, high front

becoming mid back,

tense, spread

becoming rounded.

/yw/voiced,

complex-non adjacent

glide, high front

becoming mid back,

tense, spread

becoming rounded.

/we/voiced,

complex-non adjacent

glide, high back

becoming mid front,

tense, rounded

becoming spread.

/wo/voiced,

complex- adjacent

glide, high back

becoming mid back,

tense, rounded.

OTH

ER

GLID

ED

SO

UN

DS

OTH

ER

GLID

ED

SO

UN

DS