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Section 1: Deviance and Social Control
Section 2:Functionalism and deviance
Section 3: Symbolic Interactionism and Deviance
Section 4:Conflict Theory and Deviance
Section 5: Crime and Punishment
Chapter Preview 1
Chapter Preview · Section 1Deviance and Social Control (pages 204–208)
Deviance is the violation of social norms. It is difficult to define because not everyone agrees on what should be considered deviant behavior.
Chapter Preview 2
Chapter Preview · Section 2Functionalism and Deviance (pages 209–213)
According to functionalists, deviance has both negative and positive consequences for society. Functionalism also forms the basis for two important theories of deviance: strain theory and control theory.
Chapter Preview 3
Chapter Preview · Section 3Symbolic Interactionism and Deviance (pages 214–217)
The symbolic interactionist perspective yields two theories of deviance. We learned in Chapter 3 that culture is learned. Sociologists believe that deviance is also culturally transmitted. Labeling theory holds that an act is deviant only if other people deem it so.
Chapter Preview 4
Chapter Preview · Section 4Conflict Theory and Deviance (pages 218–223)
The conflict perspective looks at deviance in terms of social inequality and power. The most powerful members of a society determine who is regarded as a deviant. Conflict theorists point out the relationship between minorities and crime.
Chapter Preview 5
Chapter Preview · Section 5Crime and Punishment (pages 224–232)
Crime statistics in the U.S. come from two major sources: the FBI and the Census Bureau. Four approaches to crime control are deterrence, retribution, incarceration, and rehabilitation.
Section 1-Preview
Deviance is the violation of social norms. It is difficult to define because not everyone agrees on what should be considered deviant behavior.
Section 1-Key Terms
• deviance
• negative deviance
• positive deviance
• deviant
• social control
• social sanctions
Section 1
The Nature of Deviance
• The term deviance refers to behavior that departs from societal or group norms.
• It is a subjective term, or a matter of social definition.
Section 1
The Nature of Deviance (cont.)
• Negative deviance involves behavior that fails to meet accepted norms.
• Positive deviance involves overconformity to norms, which leads to imbalance and extremes of perfectionism.
Two Types of Youth Deviance
Section 1
The Nature of Deviance (cont.)
• A deviant is a person who has violated one or more of society’s most highly valued norms.
Section 1
Social Control
• Without social control—ways to promote conformity to norms—social life would be unpredictable, even chaotic.
Section 1
Social Control (cont.)
• Types of social control:
– Internal social control lies within the individual; we know the difference between right and wrong due to the socialization process.
– External social control is based on sanctions (formal and informal)—rewards or punishments designed to encourage desired behavior.
Section 1
Social Control (cont.)
• Social sanctions are rewards or punishments designed to encourage desired behavior.
• There are both positive and negative sanctions.
Violent Crime
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B C D
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Which is a formal negative sanction?
A. Gossip
B. Ridicule
C. Smiling at someone
D. Imprisonment
• DEVIANCE vs. ADDICTION• Name things that people become obsessed of
addicted to…
• Are they deviant behavior???• Do we accept some but not others? Why???
Section 2-Preview
According to functionalists, deviance has both negative and positive consequences for society. Functionalism also forms the basis for two important theories of deviance: strain theory and control theory.
Section 2
Costs and Benefits of Deviance
• Negative effects of deviance:
– It erodes trust.
– It can cause nonconforming behavior in others.
– It is expensive.
Section 2
Costs and Benefits of Deviance (cont.)
• Benefits of deviance:
– It clarifies norms by exercising social control to defend its values.
– It can be a temporary safety valve or relieve societal pressures.
– It increases unity within a society or group.
– It promotes needed social change.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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Do you use any of the following as a way to relieve pressure from authority figures?
A. Listen to music
B. Wear unique clothes
C. Watch television
D. Other
Section 2
Strain Theory
• Anomie is a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent.
Section 2
Strain Theory (cont.)
• Strain theory is most likely to occur when there is a gap between culturally desirable goals, such as money and prestige, and a legitimate way of obtaining them.
• Conformity is when people accept the goal and the means to achieve it.
Merton’s Strain Theory
Section 2
Strain Theory (cont.)
• These four responses to strain are considered deviant even though they might display conformity:
– Innovation—illegal means used to achieve success
– Ritualism—success rejected, but legitimate means still used
Section 2
Strain Theory (cont.)
– Retreatism—both goals and means rejected
– Rebellion—rejected goals and means, but a new set of goals and means formed
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B C D
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Which of the following is the most widespread response to strain?
A. Innovation
B. Ritualism
C. Retreatism
D. Rebellion
Section 2
Control Theory
• According to Travis Hirschi’s control theory, conformity to social norms depends on the presence of strong bonds between individuals and society.
Section 2
Control Theory (cont.)
• The social bond has four basic components:
– Attachment
– Commitment
– Involvement
– Belief
Section 3-Preview
The symbolic interactionist perspective yields two theories of deviance. We read in Chapter 3 that culture is learned. Sociologists believe that deviance is a learned behavior that is culturally transmitted. Labeling theory holds that an act is deviant on if other people name it so.
Section 3-Key Terms
• differential association theory
• labeling theory
• primary deviance
• secondary deviance
• stigma
Section 3
Differential Association Theory
• Differential association theory emphasizes the role of primary groups in transmitting deviance.
Section 3
Differential Association Theory (cont.)
• Three characteristics affect differential association:
– A person who spends considerable time with deviants is more likely to learn deviant behavior.
– A person is more likely to copy deviant behavior from a significant other than from people less important to him or her.
Section 3
Differential Association Theory (cont.)
– Younger children learn deviant behavior more quickly than older children.
Section 3
Labeling Theory
• Labeling theory explains why deviance is relative. Sometimes, if two people break the same norm, only one may be labeled a deviant.
• Deviant behaviors are always a matter of social definition; they are relative.
Section 3
Labeling Theory (cont.)
• Primary deviance is when a person engages only in isolated acts of deviance.
• Secondary deviance refers to deviance as a lifestyle and as a personal identity.
Section 3
Labeling Theory (cont.)
• Labeling has negative effects:
– Stigma—an undesirable characteristic or label used by others to deny the deviant full social acceptance.
Section 4-Preview
The conflict perspective looks at deviance in terms of social inequality and power. The most powerful members of a society determine who will be regarded as a deviant. Conflict theorists point to some disproportional statistical relationships between minorities and crime.
Section 4
Deviance in Industrial Society
• From the conflict perspective, deviance in an industrial society is behavior that those in control see as threatening to their interests.
Deviance
Section 4
Deviance in Industrial Society (cont.)
• The following are considered deviants in an industrial society:
– Critics of an industrial society.
– Those who will not work.
– Those who threaten private property.
– Those who show a lack of respect for authority.
Section 4
• The following is encouraged:
– Certain activities, such as violence in sports, depending on how well they fit within the industrial society.
Deviance in Industrial Society (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 4
A B C
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Whom do you think suffers the most due to social inequities?
A. African Americans
B. Poor people
C. Hispanics
Section 4
Race, Ethnicity, and Crime
• Supporters of the conflict perspective believe that minorities receive unequal treatment in the American criminal justice system.
Section 4
Race, Ethnicity, and Crime (cont.)
• Reasons for unequal treatment:
– Minorities generally do not have the economic resources to buy good legal advice.
– Crimes against whites tend to be punished more severely than crimes against minorities.
Section 4
Race, Ethnicity, and Crime (cont.)
• Victim discounting is the process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status.
Section 4
White-Collar Crime
• White-collar crime is any crime committed by respectable and high-status people in the course of their occupations.
• These people tend to be treated more leniently than other criminals.
Section 5-Preview
Crime statistics in the U.S. come from two major sources: the FBI and the Census Bureau. Differences in statistics between the two agencies are due to differences in methods of collecting data. Four approaches to crime control are deterrence, retribution, incarceration, and rehabilitation.
Section 5-Key Terms
• crime
• criminal justice system
• deterrence
• retribution
• incarceration
• rehabilitation
• recidivism
Section 5
Measurement of Crime
• Crime—acts in violation of statute law—is widespread in the United States.
• The major source of American crime statistics is the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reports.
FBI’s Crime Clock: 2003
Crimes in the United States, 2003
Section 5
Measurement of Crime (cont.)
• Nine types of crime are tracked:
– Murder
– Forcible rape
– Robbery
– Aggravated assault
– Burglary
Types of Crimes Americans Commit
Section 5
Measurement of Crime (cont.)
– Larceny-theft
– Motor vehicle theft
– Arson
– Hate crimes
Types of Crimes Americans Commit
Section 5
Measurement of Crime (cont.)
• The UCR statistics are reliable in the fact that experienced police officers decide which incidents should be reported.
Section 5
• The limitations are as follows:
Measurement of Crime (cont.)
– The lower classes are overrepresented.
– Smaller crimes are not as likely to be reported.
– Prostitutes and intoxicated persons can easily hide.
Section 5
– About two-thirds of crimes are not reported at all.
Measurement of Crime (cont.)
– Crime reporting varies, and white-collar offenders are seldom included.
Section 5
• The National Crime Victimization Survey was launched in the 1970s in response to the aforementioned limitations.
Measurement of Crime (cont.)
Section 5
• Two advantages to the NCVS:
– It helps make up for underreporting of crime.
– Its surveys are more scientifically sound.
Measurement of Crime (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
Section 5
A B C
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In the U.S., how often is a murder committed?
A. Every 6 minutes
B. Every 32 minutes
C. Every 50 minutes
Section 5
Juvenile Crime
• Juvenile crime refers to legal violations among those under 18 years of age.
• Juvenile offenders are the third largest category of criminals in the U.S.
• Violent juvenile crime reached its lowest level in a decade in 2003.
Juvenile Arrests in the United States, 2003
Section 5
Juvenile Crime (cont.)
• Reasons:
– A decline in the demand for crack cocaine.
– Remaining crack gangs that provided guns to juveniles have reached truces.
– Repeat violent offenders have been given stiffer sentences.
– Police are cracking down on illegal guns on the street.
Section 5
Approaches to Crime Control
• The criminal justice system is made up of the institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal statutes.
• Police, courts, and the correctional system comprise the criminal justice system.
Section 5
Approaches to Crime Control (cont.)
• Deterrence—threat of punishment used to discourage criminal actions.
• Deterrence works if the lawbreakers know:
– they are likely to get caught
– the punishment will be severe
Section 5
• Capital punishment is not an effective deterrent, but most people still tend to support it.
Approaches to Crime Control (cont.)
Death Penalty Policy
Section 5
• Retribution—a type of punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts.
• Incarceration—keeping criminals in prisons.
Approaches to Crime Control (cont.)
Top Ten Countries in Number of Prisoners
Section 5
• Rehabilitation—an approach to crime control that attempts to resocialize criminals.
• However, there is a high rate of recidivism, or a repetition of or return to criminal behavior.
Approaches to Crime Control (cont.)
Section 5
• Reasons for recidivism:
– The basic nature of the offender
– Influences of more hardened criminals
– The stigma of being an ex-convict
Approaches to Crime Control (cont.)
Section 5
• Some alternatives to rehabilitation in prisons:
– A combination of prison and probation, or shock probation
– Community-based programs
– Diversion strategy
Approaches to Crime Control (cont.)
Figure 7.1
Two Types of Youth Deviance
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Healthy Youth!” (2004).
Figure 7.2
Figure 7.3
Title
Figure 7.4
FBI’s Crime Clock: 2003 How often do American’s commit crimes?
Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, 2003.
Figure 7.5
Crimes in the United States, 2003
Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, 2003.
Figure 7.6
Types of Crimes Americans Commit
Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports, 2003.
Figure 7.7
Juvenile Arrests in the United States, 2003
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 2005.
Figure 7.8
Top Ten Countries in Number of Prisoners
Source: British Home Office Online Research and Development Statistics, 2004.
Snapshot
Violent Crime
Source: Federal Bureau of Investigations, Uniform Crime Reports, 2003.
World View
Death Penalty Policy
Source: Amnesty International Online, 2005.
Transparency Menu
Distribution of Deviance Curve
Major Assumptions of Labeling Theory
Control Theory
Strain Theory
Juvenile and Adult Crime Labels
Violence and Guns
Who’s on Death Row?
Annual Application of Capital Punishment
Sociology Chapter Transparencies
Transparency 1
Transparency 2
Transparency 3
Transparency 4
Transparency 5
Transparency 6
Transparency 7
Transparency 8
Vocab 1
deviance
behavior that departs from societal or group norms
Vocab 2
negative deviance
involves behavior that under-conforms to accepted norms
Vocab 3
positive deviance
involves behavior that over-conforms to social expectation
Vocab 4
deviant
a person who breaks significant societal or group norms
Vocab 5
social control
ways to encourage conformity to society’s norms
Vocab 6
social sanctions
rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to social norms
Vocab 7
anomie
a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent
Vocab 8
strain theory
theory that deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means
Vocab 9
control theory
theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society
Vocab 10
differential association theory
theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to the number of deviant acts they are exposed to
Vocab 11
labeling theory
theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant
Vocab 12
primary deviance
deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that is not a part of a person’s lifestyle or self-concept
Vocab 13
secondary deviance
deviance in which an individual’s life and identity are organized around breaking society’s norms
Vocab 14
stigma
an undesirable trait or label that is used to characterize an individual
Vocab 15
victim discounting
process of reducing the seriousness of the crimes that injure people of lower status
Vocab 16
white-collar crime
job-related crimes committed by high-status people
Vocab 17
crime
acts committed in violation of the law
Vocab 18
criminal justice system
system comprising institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal statutes
Vocab 19
deterrence
discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment
Vocab 20
retribution
punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts
Vocab 21
incarceration
a method of protecting society from criminals by keeping them in prisons
Vocab 22
rehabilitation
process of changing or reforming a criminal through socialization
Vocab 23
recidivism
a repetition of or return to criminal behavior
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