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Spectrum Management ICTP School on Applica0ons of Open Spectrum and White Spaces Technologies ICTP, TriesteMiramare, 3 14 March 2014 Prof. Ryszard Struzak

Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

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Page 1: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

Spectrum  Management    

ICTP  School  on  Applica0ons  of  Open  Spectrum  and  White  Spaces  Technologies    ICTP,  Trieste-­‐Miramare,  3  -­‐    14  March  2014    

Prof.  Ryszard  Struzak  

Page 2: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

(CC)    R  Struzak  <r.struzakATieee.org>   2  

• Beware  of  misprints!      These  materials  are  preliminary  notes  intended  for  my  lectures  only  and  may  contain  misprints.      

• Feedback  is  welcome:  if  you  noJce  faults,  or  you  have  improvement  suggesJons,  please  let  me  know.    

• This  work  is  licensed  under  the  CreaJve  Commons  AMribuJon  License  (hMp://creaJvecommons.org/  licenbses/by/1.0)  and  may  be  used  freely  for  individual  study,  research,  and  educaJon  in  not-­‐for-­‐profit  applicaJons.  Any  other  use  requires  the  wriMen  author’s  permission.    

• These  materials  and  any  part  of  them  may  not  be  published,  copied  to  or  issued  from  another  Web  server  without  the  author's  wriMen  permission.        

• If  you  cite  these  materials,  please  credit  the  author/ICTP.    • Copyright  ©  2014  Ryszard  Struzak  (r.struzakaJeee.org)    

Page 3: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

MoJvaJon:    …by  year  2017  there  will  be  1000  wireless  devices  per  person    (Source:  Wireless  World  Research  Forum  (WWRF),  quoted  a\er  MD  Katz  and  FHP  Fitzek:  CogniJve  Wireless  Networks;  Springer,  2007,  ISBN  978-­‐1-­‐4020-­‐5978-­‐0,  page  7)  

ObjecJve:    to  refresh  basic  concepts  

Topics  for  discussion:  ‣  What  is  the  RF  spectrum?    

‣  ITU  &  radio  regulaJons  ‣  Spectrum  engineering  

‣  Spectrum  privaJzaJon  

 

(CC)  R  Struzak     3  

Page 4: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

Blind  „researchers”  

Source:    mccaffrey  

Page 5: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

Property  of  R.  Struzak   5  

What  is  the  RF  spectrum?  

•  Abstract  mathemaJcal  concept  Fourier  (1822),  Maxwell  (1865)    

•  Physical  object  of  no  pracJcal  value    Hertz  (1888)      •  A  natural  air-­‐like  communicaJon  medium  for  navy    •  A  limited  resource  requiring  strict  regulaJon  •  A  natural  freely  shared  internaJonal  resource  •  A  commodity  to  be  privaJzed,  aucJoned,  etc.,  like  a  

piece  of  land    

Page 6: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

“Spectrum  used"  =  “spectrum  denied  to  others”  

•  A  protected  usage  of  the  spectrum  resource  results  in  two  complementary  denials  that  can  be  combined  into  a  single  system-­‐used  space.  –  A  transmiMer  denies  a  Jme-­‐frequency-­‐geographic  region  to  receivers  wishing  to  receive  another  signal  strong  enough  to  create  unacceptable  interference:  

–  A  receiver  denies  a  Jme-­‐frequency-­‐geographic  region  to  transmiMers  whose  operaJon  would  would  create  unacceptable  interference  with  it  

–  The  protecJon  requires  a  separaJon  distance    •  in  space    (coordinaJon  distance  &  in  direcJon),    •  in  frequency  (guard  bands),  in  Jme  (guard  Jme),    •  in  power  (protecJon  power  raJo),  …    

L.  A.  BERRY:  Spectrum  Metrics  and  Spectrum  Efficiency:  Proposed  DefiniJons;  IEEE  TransacJons  on  electromagneJc    CompaJbility,  VOL.    EMC-­‐19,  NO.  3,  AUGUST  1977  

Page 7: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

Interference  types  

Adjacent  channel  

Frequency  

Co-­‐channel  

Power  

Virtual-­‐channel    

Frequency  

Power  

Frequency

Amplitude

F2-F1

F1+F2

3F2

F1+2F

2F1+F2

3F1

3F2-F1

2F22F1

3F1-F2

2F2-F1

F2F1

2F1-F2

3F1-2F2

Page 8: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

Use  of  spectrum  must  be  coordinated  internaJonally    

•  To  permit  radio  services  across  the  borders  (internaJonal  roaming)  

•  To  avoid  intolerable  cross-­‐border  interference  à  avoid  &  solve  cross-­‐border  conflicts  

•  To  create  large  equipment  markets  •  To  enable  internaJonal  operaJons  (e.g.  rescue)  InternaJonal  organizaJons  involved  in  radio  spectrum:  ITU,  ICAO  (AviaJon),  IMO  (MariJme),  WTO  (Trade),  World  Bank,  UNESCO,  Industrial  Forums,  UNOCHA,  URSI,  CEPT,  EU,  IEC,  ISO,  ETSI,  CISPR  (Interference),  EBU,  Regional  OrganizaJons,…  

Page 9: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

Topics  for  discussion  

•  What  is  the  RF  spectrum?    

•  ITU  &  radio  regulaJons  

•  Spectrum  engineering  

•  Spectrum  privaJzaJon  

Page 10: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

InternaJonal  TelecommunicaJon  Union  (ITU)  

‣ The  central  place  for  negoJaJon,  coordinaJon,  regulaJon,  and  collaboraJve  engineering  and  planning  of  RF  spectrum  uses  among  governments,  private  sector  enJJes,  &  NGOs    

‣  Founded  in  1865,  involved  in  radio  since  1906    ‣  Since  1949  à  Specialized  UN  Agency    for  informaJon  and  telecommunicaJon  technologies  

‣  Since  1963  à  satellite  &  space  communicaJons  ‣  Since  2003  à  InformaJon  Society  (WSIS)    

10 2/15/12   ©  R  Struzak     10  

 hMp://www.itu.int/wsis/index.html    

Page 11: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

ITU  structure  

PlenipotenJary  Conference  

World  Conference  on  InternaJonal  

TelecommunicaJons    ITU  Council  

Radio-­‐  communiicaJon  Sector  (ITU-­‐R)  

TelecommunicaJon  StandardizaJon  Sector  (ITU_T)  

TelecommunicaJon  Development  Sectot  

(ITU-­‐D)  

hMp://www.itu.int/en/pages/default.aspx  

‣ Membership:  >190  Member  States    +  >700  Sector  Members  &  Associates      including  Academia  (ref.  ITU  News  10/2013)  

Page 12: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

ITU-­‐R  structure  

World/Regional  RadiocommunicaJon  Conferences    &  RadiocommunicaJon  Assemblies  

Radio  RegulaJons  

Board  Study  Groups   Director  BR  

Advisory  Group  

Radio-­‐  communicaJo

n  Bureau  Radio  RegulaJons  

Page 13: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

ITU-­‐R  objecJves    

•  To  meet,  in  a  raJonal,  equitable,  efficient  and  economical  way,  the  ITU  membership  requirements  for  radio-­‐frequency  spectrum  and  satellite-­‐orbit  resources,  while  ensuring  operaJons  of  radio  communicaJon  systems  free  of  harmful  interference  

•  To  provide  for  worldwide  connecJvity  and  interoperability,  improved  performance,  quality  and  affordability  of  service  and  overall  system  economy  in  radio  communicaJons  

•  To  foster  the  acquisiJon  of  knowledge  and  know-­‐how  on  radio-­‐communicaJons    

Source:  ITU  Doc.:  CWG  SP-­‐FP/3/INF/3-­‐E,  10  Feb.  2014    

Page 14: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

The  ITU  approach  

•  EM  Spectrum  (1906à)  and  Satellite  Orbits  (1963à)    are  "internaJonal  commons”  (  “common  heritage”)  of  humanity  

–  Owned  &  shared  for  common  benefit  of  all    –  From  which  all  naJons  can  profit  at  no  cost,  equitably  &  freely,  in  a  coordinated  manner  

Notes:    1. There  are  also  other  concepts,  e.g.  discussed  in  the  WB  or  WTO      2. At  naJonal  level,  the  concept  of  free  use  is  not  accepted  :  almost  any  use  involves  a  license  &  fees,  except  for  Jny  ISM  bands  

14  ©  R  Struzak    2/15/12  

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ITU  spectrum-­‐related  doctrines  •  Self-­‐governance  by  the  whole  membership  •  CollaboraJon,  mutual  trust,  goodwill,  equitable  

access,  common  benefit  no  penalty    •  Transparency,  consensus,  democracy,  negoJaJons:    

1  member  =  1  voice;  Everybody  can  submit  proposal  (or  objecJon)    in  due  course  via  his/her  ITU  Member/Observer)  

•  Planning  ahead  +  ad-­‐hoc  seniority  (first-­‐come,  first-­‐served  

•  StaJc  mixed  allocaJon  (~40  services)  +  hierarchy  of  services  (primary,  secondary)    

•  Sovereignty  &  special  needs  of  developing  countries    

15 2/15/12   ©  R  Struzak     15  

Page 16: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

Radio  RegulaJons  •  InternaJonal  treaty  defining  RadiocommunicaJon  Services  &  InternaJonal  Table  of  Frequency  AllocaJons  (9  kHz  to  400  GHz)  +  provisions,  rules  and  procedures  necessary  for    

•  use  of  frequencies  and  operaJon  of  radio  equipment    •  coordinaJon  of  frequencies  •  frequency  plans  for  

–  Allotments  (Entry  of  a  designated  frequency  channel  in  an  agreed  internaJonal  plan)  –  Assignments  (AuthorizaJon  of  a  staJon  to  use  a  frequency  band)  

•  Complex  mixture  of  technical  &  legal  issues  •  Can  be  modified  by  all  the  membership  à  WRCs    

Page 17: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

R  Struzak  

Why  Radio  RegulaJons?  •  To  protect  the  exisJng  users  &  investors  •  To  assure  order  &  predictability  •  To  protect  society    

from  abuse  of  market  power,  to  achieve  social  objecJves  (e.g.  universal  services)    •  To  assure  mass  markets  →  cheap  radio  services  •  To  assure  uniform  QoS  standards,  protocols,  interference  control  •  To  avoid  (solve)  spectrum-­‐related  conflicts  &  assure  clear  legal  responsibility  in  conflict  cases  

•  To  facilitate  central  management  of  shared  resources  (analogy:  management  of  telephone  numbers,  or  internet  domain-­‐names)  

Page 18: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

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3.0

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55.

003

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ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz

ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 30 GHz

ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHzISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHzISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz

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PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.

AERONAUTICALMOBILE

AERONAUTICALMOBILE SATELLITE

AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION

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MARITIME MOBILE

MARITIME MOBILESATELLITE

MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION

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ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATIONSERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION

Primary FIXED Capital LettersSecondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management

October 2003

MOB

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TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz

59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICES

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BANDDESIGNATIONS

ACTIVITIES

FREQUENCY

3 x 107m 3 x 106m 3 x 105m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 105Å 3 x 104Å 3 x 103Å 3 x 102Å 3 x 10Å 3Å 3 x 10-1Å 3 x 10-2Å 3 x 10-3Å 3 x 10-4Å 3 x 10-5Å 3 x 10-6Å 3 x 10-7Å

0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz

THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz

VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray

Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves InfraredP L S XC Radar

Bands

LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY

X-ray

ALLOCATIONSFREQUENCY

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This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.

Page 19: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

CriJcizm  of  (current)  ITU  pracJces  •  Spectrum  scarcity  •  Business  factors  inadequately  treated  

•  Too  bureaucraJc,  too  slow  &  too  expensive  

•  StaJc  system  delays  innovaJon  &  blocks  frequency  bands  unused,  used  sporadically,  or  reserved  for  future  use    

R  Struzak  

ITU  hampers  the  future  growth  of  radio  communicaJons.      The  spectrum  scarcity  is  mainly  due  to  the  inadequate    radio  regulaJons  that  should  be  abandoned  a  long  ago:  the  free  market  should  decide,  not  the  ITU.    

Page 20: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

ISM  license-­‐exempted  spectrum  •  More  Internet  traffic  is  carried  over  Wi-­‐Fi  than  any  other  path  in  the  U.S.  

•  It  resulted  in  ~$222  Billion  in  Value  Added  to  the  U.S.  Economy  in  2013  

•  The  Wi-­‐Fi  spectrum  is  becoming  congested;  to  conJnue,  3  acJons  are  needed:  –  Protect  &strengthen  exisJng  unlicensed  spectrum  designaJons  –  Free  up  new  spectrum  for  unlicensed  use  at  a  various  bands    –  Establish  investment-­‐friendly,  transparent  and  predictable

 unlicensed  rules  that  encourage  growth  and  deployment.  

Source:  hMps://www.dropbox.com/sh/5tlm3eJj9k2eq9/nM1KhzSzIj      

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RR  No.  4.4  allows  experimentaJons  •  “AdministraJons  of  the  Member  States  shall  not  assign  to  a  staJon  any  frequency  in  derogaJon  of  either  the  Table  of  Frequency  AllocaJons  in  this  Chapter  or  the  other  provisions  of  these  RegulaJons,  except  on  the  express  condiJon  that  such  a  staJon,  when  using  such  a  frequency  assignment,  shall  not  cause  harmful  interference  to,  and  shall  not  claim  protecJon  from  harmful  interference  caused  by,  a  staJon  operaJng  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  ConsJtuJon,  the  ConvenJon  and  these  RegulaJons.”  

 

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Property  of  R.  Struzak   22  

ITU  Radio  Conferences  example:  GE-­‐06  

PreparaJons  at  home  •  6-­‐year  of  cooperaJve  

work  &  consultaJons  ParJcipaJon  •  972  delegates    •  38  observers  •  104  countries  Work  in  Geneva  •  34  days  &  evenings  of  

work  &  negoJaJons  •  22  plenary  sessions  •  48  commiMee  sessions  CalculaJons    •  CERN  Super-­‐computer  &  

Grid  Network    Results  •  Accepted  Plan  for  DTV  •  2094  pages  A4  

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Property  of  R.  Struzak   23    1st    RRB  The  RRB  members    “shall  serve,  not  as    represen0ng  their  respec0ve  Member  States  nor  a  region,  but  as  custodians  of  an  interna.onal  public  trust”  1994:  CCIR  and  IFRB  Secretariat  integrated  into  ITU  RadiocommunicaJon  Sector;  IFRB  transformed  into  Radio  RegulaJons  Board  (RRB)  [ITU  consJtuJon,  1999];      Photo:  1998  RRB  members  

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24  

Spectrum  scarcity  • Perceived  spectrum  scarcity  stems  from  many  factors    

•  law  of  physics,  technology  limitaJons,  demand,  compeJJon,  organizaJon,  poliJcs,  lobbying,  laws/regulaJons  …    

•  It  can  be  reduced:  –  By  limiJng  the  demand  through  market  (wealth  criterion)                              –  By  limiJng  the  demand  through  laws,  regulaJons    &  criteria  set  by  those  who  rule  

–  By  innovaJve  technology  &  beMer  organizaJon  improving  spectrum  engineering  (sharing)    

–  E.g.  by  beMering  knowledge  on  the  actual  spectrum  use    

CriJcizm:  ITU  hampers  the  future  growth  of  radio  communicaJons:  the  spectrum  scarcity  is  mainly  due  to  the  inadequate    radio  regulaJons  that  should  be  replaced  by  the  free  market.    

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Factors  shaping  spectrum  uses  

25  

Physics  

Knowledge/Technology/OrganizaJon

(EMC)  

Profit/CompeJJon/Business/Economy                

PoliJcs/Military  

Law/RegulaJons  

Man-­‐made  EM  environment  

Natural  EM  environment  

We  have    to  accept    these  factors    as  they  are  

We  can  alter  these  factors    

Page 26: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

Topics  for  discussion  

•  What  is  the  RF  spectrum?    

•  ITU  &  radio  regulaJons  

•  Spectrum  engineering  

•  Spectrum  privaJzaJon  

Page 27: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

Spectrum  engineering  

•  The  1st  transatlanJc  transmission  in  1901,  covered  millions  of  square  kilometers  and  conveyed  only  a  few  bits  per  second;  that  technology  le\  no  place  for  any  other  such  transmission  on  the  earth  

•  Concept  of  frequency  channel    •  The  number  of  channels  has  doubled  every  30  months,  which  means  that  the  effecJveness  of  spectrum  uJlizaJon  in  personal  communicaJons  has  improved  by  a  factor  of  about  a  trillion  since  1901  

Page 28: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

28  R  Struzak    

Freq

uenc

y

East distance

Geographic region denied

Frequency band denied

Signal    volume  &  distance    in  mulJdimensional  space  (UWB)  

Fixed  Jme!  

Page 29: Spectrum)Management)wireless.ictp.it/school_2014/lectures/day5/spectrum...“Spectrum)used")=“spectrum)denied)to)others”) • A)protected)usage)of)the)spectrum)resource)results)in)two)

•  Efficient  signal-­‐processing  systems  (modulaJons)    

•  DirecJonal  antennas  •  ExploiJng  terrain  shadowing    

–  Computer  modeling,  analysis  and  planning  in  terrestrial  television  broadcasJng  

»  Digital  terrain  maps,  spectrum-­‐related  data  banks,  and  computer  simulaJon  help  to  examine  the  operaJon  of  exisJng  television  broadcasJng  networks  and  find  a  place  for  new  staJons  (hMp://www.itl.waw.pl/czasopisma/TiTI/2013/3/8.pdf)    

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Impact  of  neighbours’  number  

-­‐1.2

-­‐1

-­‐0 .8

-­‐0 .6

-­‐0 .4

-­‐0 .2

0

0 .2

0 .4

0 .6

0 .8

1

1.2

-­‐1.2 -­‐1 -­‐0 .8 -­‐0 .6 -­‐0 .4 -­‐0 .2 0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 1.2

x / Max. Range

y / M

ax. R

ange

n = 1Coverage loss = ~35%

-­‐1.2

-­‐1

-­‐0 .8

-­‐0 .6

-­‐0 .4

-­‐0 .2

0

0 .2

0 .4

0 .6

0 .8

1

1.2

-­‐1.2 -­‐1 -­‐0 .8 -­‐0 .6 -­‐0 .4 -­‐0 .2 0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 1.2

x / Max. Range

y / M

ax. R

ange

n = 1Coverage loss = ~50%

-­‐1.2

-­‐1

-­‐0 .8

-­‐0 .6

-­‐0 .4

-­‐0 .2

0

0 .2

0 .4

0 .6

0 .8

1

1.2

-­‐1.2 -­‐1 -­‐0 .8 -­‐0 .6 -­‐0 .4 -­‐0 .2 0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 1.2

x / Max. Range

y / M

ax. R

ange

n = 6Coverage loss = ~75%

Channel  coverage  loss:  ~35%   ~50%   ~75%  

2  frequencies  improve  coverage  by  35%   3  frequencies     7  frequencies    

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Impact  of  neighbors’  distance  [m]  

31  

•  7  idenJcal  omnidirecJonal  transmiMers  in  free-­‐space.  Blue  line:  PotenJal  coverage  of  an  isolated  staJon  (the  other  transmiMers  switched-­‐off);  Red  line:  actual  coverage;    Brown  line:  interference-­‐limited  coverage  (idel  noise-­‐free  receiver)  

R  Struzak    

Coverage  change  ~75%   Coverage  change  ~50%  

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32  R  Struzak    

Three-­‐frequency  staJc  network  

•  3  frequencies  increase  1.7  Jmes  the  distance  of  co-­‐channel  staJons  

7   8  

1   2  

12   13  

9   10   11  

4   5  

15   16  

24   25   26  

19   20  

6  

27   28   29  

22   23  

17  14  

3  

21  

“Green”  plane  

“Red”  plane  

“Yellow” plane  

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White  spectrum  space  

•  A  porJon  of  spectrum  in  a  band  allocated  to  the  broadcasJng  service  for  television  broadcasJng  that  is  idenJfied  by  an  administraJon  as  available  for  wireless  communicaJon  at  a  given  Jme  in  a  given  geographical  area  on  a  non-­‐interfering  and  non-­‐protected  basis  with  regard  to  other  services  with  a  higher  priority  on  a  naJonal  basis.  Reference:  Report  ITU-­‐R  M.2225  (2011)  “IntroducJon  to  cogniJve  radio  systems  in  the  land  mobile  service  

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Spread  spectrum  

•  Signal  selecJon  (filtering)  based  on  CorrelaJon  Theory  instead  of  Fourier  Theory  plus  deliberate  spread  the  signal  bandwidth    –  to  establish  secure  communicaJons,  to  increase  resistance  to  radio  interference,  noise  and  jamming,  to  prevent  detecJon,  and  to  limit  power  flux  density    

– Some  believe  spread  spectrum  +  Chaos  Theory  will  solve  the  problem  of  spectrum  scarcity  e.g.  see  ITU  News  Nr.  10/2013  (hMps://itunews.itu.int  )  

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Dynamic  spectrum  management  &  so\ware  defined  radio  (SDR)  

•  A  radio  transmiMer  and/or  receiver  employing  a  technology  that  allows  the  RF  operaJng  parameters  including,  but  not  limited  to,  frequency  range,  modulaJon  type,  or  output  power  to  be  set  or  altered  by  so\ware,  excluding  changes  to  operaJng  parameters  which  occur  during  the  normal  pre-­‐installed  and  predetermined  operaJon  of  a  radio  according  to  a  system  specificaJon  or  standard.  Reference:  REPORT  ITU-­‐R  SM.2152  “DefiniJons  of  So\ware  Defined  Radio  (SDR)  and  CogniJve  Radio  System  (CRS)”    

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CogniJve  &  self-­‐organizing  systems  (CRS,  SOS)  

•  A  radio  system  employing  technology  that  allows  the  system  to  obtain  knowledge  of  its  operaJonal  and  geographical  environment,  established  policies  and  its  internal  state;  to  dynamically  and  autonomously  adjust  its  operaJonal  parameters  and  protocols  according  to  its  obtained  knowledge  in  order  to  achieve  predefined  objecJves;  and  to  learn  from  the  results  obtained  (Source:  Report  ITU-­‐R  SM.2152  (2009)    

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Further  research  

•  Frequency  -­‐  Time  –  DirecJon  –  Distance  -­‐  PolarizaJon  – Scheduling,  synchronizaJon;  High-­‐alJtude  pla�orms;    LEO;  Terahertz  systems;  Free-­‐space  laser/  opJcal  communicaJons    

•  Other?  – New  systems:  Quantum  Physics;  Electron  spin;  Entangled  ParJcles;  Neutrino-­‐based  communicaJons;  String  Theory;  Fasten-­‐than-­‐light  communicaJons;  ParJcle  tunneling,…    

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Bio-­‐ICT  

•  Our  bodies  made  up  of  60  trillion  cells  communicaJng  among  themselves  and  with  environment  via  electric  pulses,  chemical  reacJons  and  terahertz  waves  (near-­‐field)  –  Due  to  absorpJon  by  water  molekules  in  the  athmosphere,  ~0.1THz  wave  max  range  ~1km    

•  Self-­‐organizaJon,  durability,  miniaturizaJon  –  DNA  2m  long,  2nm  diameter  keeps  >2  Gigabytes  of  informaJon  needed  to  germinate  life  in  seeds  buried  for  >2000  years  

–  Journal  of  the  NaJonal  InsJtute  of  CommunicaJons  and  Technlology  Vol.  60  No.  2,  2013  (hMp://www.nict.go.jp/publicaJon/shuppan/journal.htm)    

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NaJonal  spectrum  management  

•  Most  countries:  exclusive  use  except  for  unlicensed  ISM  bands    – spectrum  licensed/  aucJoned/traded  

•  First  come,  first  served  •  Beauty  contest    •  AdministraJve  assignment  •  LoMery    •  Market  

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Topics  for  discussion  

•  What  is  the  RF  spectrum?    

•  ITU  &  radio  regulaJons  

•  Spectrum  engineering  

•  Spectrum  privaJzaJon  

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PrivaJzaJon  wave  Ronald  Coase  (1910  –2013;  1991  Nobel  Prize)  

41  

1956:  …private  spectrum  &  free  market  is  the  best  spectrum  management  system:  simple,  efficient,  inexpensive…    The  demand-­‐supply-­‐price  mechanism  eliminates    the  spectrum  scarcity    (wealth  criterion)    

(1910  -­‐  2013)  

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Spectrum  trade  –  an  old  idea  

•  1906  Berlin:  Russia  proposes  “transit”  fees    •  1976  Bogota,  Colombia:  -­‐  “parking”  GSO  fees    •  1989  New  Zealand:  aucJon  legislaJon    •  1994  US:  aucJon  legislaJon  •  1995  ITU:  R.  Butler:  sales  of  GSO  posiJons    Note:  Not  approved  as  an  internaJonal  mechanism,  but  

accepted  in  some  countries  on  a  naJonal  scale;  in  recent  years  a  strong  pressure  from  (big)  private  companies  

42  

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(cc)  Ryszard  Struzak   43  

“Flexible  use”  concept    

•  Spectrum  traded,  aggregated,  divided    and  freely  used  for  a  wide  range  of  user-­‐selected  services,  under  2  rules  only:      

Rule  1:  Transmit  within  signal  power  restric0ons  inside  your  licensed  ‘electrospace’  region  

Rule  2:  Keep  your  signals  below  ‘X’  outside  your  licensed  region  

     

•  Note:  Not  applicable  to  passive  services!        

Source:  Matheson  RJ:  Flexible  Spectrum  Use  Rights;  Tutorial  at  InternaJonal    Symposium  on  Advanced  Radio  Technologies  (ISART)  2005  

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Problem  of  borders  Household  analogy  of  coverage  area    

•  You  would  like  to  arrange  freely  the  furniture  in  your  home  

 

•  But  the  size  and  form  of  the  house  change  under  the  environmental  pressure  

(cc)  Ryszard  Struzak   44  

There  is  no  way  to  determine  the  radio  coverage  borders  in  a  dynamic  environment  

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Ryszard  Struzak   45  

•  Once  coordinated,  there  is  liMle  flexibility,    if  any,  in  modifying  operaJon  of  individual  systems      

•  The  rules  of  flexible  spectrum  use  are  insufficient  in  congested  environments  

•  AddiJonal  rules  are  needed  to  ensure  coexistence  of  radio  systems    

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What  does  ownership  mean?  •  The  concept  of  ownership  exists  in  all  cultures  as    “natural  law”  or  as  “social  convenJon”  

Applicable  to  many  things,  even  immaterial;  in  Middle  Ages:    sins  indulgences  put  on  sale  by  the  Church;    

•  The  owner  has  exclusive  &  transferable  rights  to:    

Manage:  Decide  on  how  to  use  the  property,    for  what  purpose  &  by  whom,  or  on  not  using  it  at  all  Aggregate  and  Divide      Buy  and  Sell  –(if  the  free  market  concept  accepted)    

46  

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Spectrum  aucJons:  comments  •  The  spectrum  cost  transferred  to  users  •  Germany,  2003:  “Quam”  (Mobilcom  &  Group  3G)  handed  back  their  UMTS  licenses  worth  €8.4  billion  (W  Sega,  Wroclaw,  2011)  

•  Spectrum  aucJon  scam  in  India  valued  from  $5  billion  to  $28  billion  (Source:  hMp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G_spectrum_scam;  17.02.2014)  

•  Claims  that  privaJzaJon  is  the  necessary  and  sufficient  condiJon  for  opJmal  spectrum    use  &  management  everywhere  are  quesJonable  

47  

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Henry  George  (1839  –  1897),    “people  should  own  what  they    create  and  everything  found    in  nature  belongs  equally  to    all  of  humanity”    

Joseph  SJglitz    (1943à)  a  2001    laureate  of    Nobel  Memorial    Prize  in  Economic    Sciences.    He  named  free-­‐  market  economists    the  "free-­‐market    fundamentalists”    

Noam  Chomsky    (1928à)  famed  linguist,  philo-­‐sopher  and    logician  from  MIT    

Yochai  Benkler    (1964à)  prominent    cyberspace    researcher  of    Harvard  University).  

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General  free-­‐market  criJcism  •  False  assumpJons    

•  many  compeJng  buyers  &  sellers  of  equal  status  •   full  informaJon  &  raJonality  

•  Decisions  based  on  individual  “own”  cost-­‐benefit  analysis;  disregarding  externaliJes  and  social  costs  

•  Individual  owners  tend  to  play  the  CC-­‐PP  Game    “Commonize  Costs  –  PrivaJze  Profits”    [Hardin,  G.  (1985).  Filters  Against  Folly,  How  to  Survive  despite  Economists,  Ecologists,  and  the  Merely  Eloquent,  Viking  Penguin,  ISBN  0-­‐670-­‐80410-­‐X].    

à  Market  failures  &  inefficiencies,  Global  Crises  

49  

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Spectrum  market  criJcism  •  Individual  ownership  à  Exclusivity  à  Monopoly  

– Market  removes  social  responsibiliJes  from  governments  –  Natural  trend  towards  a  monopoly  generates  sharing  problems      – Maximizing  revenues  of  a  company  is  not  always  in  the  best  naJonal  interest    

•  Closed  network  à  infrastructure  market  like  monopoly  before  1906  

•  Lack  of  incenJves  for  efficient  use  of  spectrum  •  Owners  of  the  spectrum  would  not  accept  innovaJon  unless  it  fits  

their  revenue  models  and  capacity  to  own  it  •  Devices  opJmized  for  cost  rather  than  for  conserving  the  spectrum  

50  

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R  Struzak  

RF  spectrum  as  “Commons”  •  Keep  the  RF  spectrum  resource  as  a  shared  public  shared  resource  license-­‐exempted,  (Internet  spirit)  

•  GarreM  Hardin  (1915  –  2003)  – A  respected  ecologist,  proposed  in  “Tragedy  of  Commons”  his  famous  model  of  common  pasturelandhMp://blossoms.mit.edu/legacy/tragedy/index.htm    

•  Seek  technical  soluJons  to  make  it  working  via  automaJon  &  built-­‐in  rules,  protocols,  eJqueMe  (hardware  /so\ware)  like  WiFi  

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Elinor  Ostrom  (2009  Nobel  Prize)    for  "her  analysis  of  economic  governance,  especially  the  commons”  

•  Commons  can  be    best  managed  by  the  owners’  community  –  Common  ownership  =  sharing  &  deciding  by  all  the  owners    

–  Different  interests,  knowledge,  viewpoints,  lobbying  …        

•  ITU  already  does  so    by  consensus    at  World/  Regional    Radio  Conferences  since  1906  

52  (1933  -­‐  )  

©  R  Struzak    2/15/12  

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What  we  have  learned  •  No  raJonal  usage  of  the  radio  spectrum  is  possible  without  cooperaJon  

•  Spectrum  management  reflects:    – The  relaJve  balance  of  powers  of  the  compeJng  interest  (lobbying)  groups        

– The  „inerJa”  à  earlier  investment  – The  prevailing  „ideology”    – Laws  of  physics,  status  of  science,  technology  &  spectrum  engineering  

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Vision  

(cc)  Ryszard  Struzak   54  

Self-­‐organizing  &  learning  systems    assisJng  each  other  in  fulfilling    their  tasks  -­‐  co-­‐operaJng    like  ants  (CR)    Free  access  to  RF  spectrum,  like  roads  &  bridges     hMp://ant.edb.miyakyo-­‐u.ac.jp/INTRODUCTION/Gakken79E/Page_04.html  

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When  may  it  happen?    •  Not  sooner  than    

–  There  is  a  poliJcal  will  –  The  investments  pay  off    –  Future  interests  of  the  present  “big  boys”  in  

spectrum  maMers  are  duly  accounted  for    –  New  technologies  are  inexpensive  

Note:    The  society  is  composed  of  various  groups:  what  is  the  best  for  one  group  is  not  necessarily  good  for  another.  Those,  whose  needs  have  already  been  saJsfied,  are  against  any  change.  

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Mahatma  Gandhi  on  the  scarcity  problem  

 “There  is  enough    on  the  earth    to  meet  everybody’s  need    but  not  sufficient    to  meet  anybody’s  greed”      

1869  -­‐  1948     56  

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Thank  you  for  your  aMenJon  


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