Special Methods of Instruction ICIED 5243Dr. Bowles, Instructor

Key Points Chapter TwoShrum and Glisan

Key Points Chapter TwoWhat is contextualized language

instruction?The degree to which meaning and situations from the world outside the classroom are present in an instructional approach, method, or classroom activity.

Why?It engages learners in constructing meaning and in using L2 to communicate and acquire new information.

History of Foreign Language EducationTime Period Method Technique

Until 19th c. Grammar-Translation

Learn grammar rules; memorize bilingual lists

Late 19th c. – early 20th c.

Direct Exclusive use of L2; use of visuals; grammar learned through induction

1940-50s Audio-lingual (ALM) S-R pattern drills; memorization of dialogues; focus on accuracy; skills learned in sequence (L, S, R,W)

1960s Cognitive Code Meaningful language use; deductive teaching of grammar in L1

History of Foreign Language EducationTime Period Method Technique

1974 Total Physical Response

Physical response to oral commands; exclusive use of TL; creative language use

Late 1970s –Early 1980s

Natural Approach Creative, communicative practice; limited error correction; acquisition activities

1972-1973 Silent Way Use of Cuisenaire rods to denote words & structures; self & peer correction; early writing practice

1976 Community Language Learning

Teacher translates L1 to L2; learners determine lesson theme; conversation analysis

History of Foreign Language EducationTime Period

Method Technique

1978-1979 Suggestopedia Music in background; role play, ambient atmosphere

1972-1980 Dartmouth Intensive Language Model (DILM)

Drama & action by teacher; immediate error correction; skits & games; microteaching for culture

1980s-1990s No particular method; emphasis on proficiency

Self-expression & creativity; use of language in a variety of contexts; authentic texts; interaction with others; integration of language & culture

1996-present

Emphasis on Standards

Language as a vehicle for learning content; integration of skills & culture; integration of technology; exploration of cultural products & practices

Proficiency

•Proficiency movement began in the 1970s.•ACTFL proficiency standards developed in

1982(recently revised).

▫Four interrelated criteria Global tasks or functions (asking for

information, e.g.) Contexts/content areas ( marketplace—buying

food) Accuracy (linguistic and sociocultural) Oral text type (from words to discourse)

Standards for Foreign Language Learning (SFLL)•A collaborative effort (1996, 1999)•Five Cs of Foreign Language Education

▫Communication▫Culture▫Connections▫Comparisons▫Communities

•Eleven content standards to describe what students should know and be able to do

ACTFL Performance Guidelines for K-12 Learners

• 1998—takes into account the various sequences of language instruction that typically exist in American schools

• Outlines language performance expectations from Novice, to Intermediate, to Pre-advanced

• Student performance includes▫Comprehensibility▫Comprehension▫Language control▫Vocabulary use▫Communication strategies▫Cultural awareness

Curricular Weave

•Standards include other elements for language learning▫Language system▫Cultural traits & concepts▫Communication strategies▫Critical thinking skills▫Learning strategies

Instructional Strategies•Bottom-up—analyze and learn grammar

rules and vocabulary (skills getting) and use the structures in communicative activities designed to focus their attention on meaningful interaction (skills using) (Rivers 1983)▫Traditional▫Skill-based▫Drill oriented (Paulston, 1972)

Mechanical—one way to respond Meaningful—more than one response Communicative-asks for new response

Instructional Strategies• Top-down—learners presented with “whole”

text, seek main idea, interaction with others, manipulation of language by learners, meaningful context▫Higher order thinking / skills▫Meaning from whole, not discrete points▫Communicative

Present text Introduce realia Present tasks to demonstrate understanding of

main ideas and particular details Engage in discussion

Curricular Models•Examples:

▫TIA (Total Instructional Alignment)▫Leaner-Centered Curriculum▫AP ▫IB ▫PLC ▫Textbook