IFHP 55th World Congress Tallinn 13 September, 2011

Spatial Management and Planning Methods for Urban Fringe

- A Case Study of Raigad district, Mumbai metropolitan region, India -

Minsun Kim International Development and Regional Planning Unit

Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo

Ⅰ. Introduction

- Background, Objectives, Outline of study area

Ⅱ. Spatial Analysis on Land use change

Ⅲ. Review on Planning and Development control system

Ⅳ. Clarification of Urbanization effect and Urban-Rural Linkage

- Case study on rural villages

Ⅴ. Conclusion and Findings

Challenges of Peri-Urbanization

− Asian megacities have experienced urban growth at an explosive pace.

− Decentralization for balaced regional development → Centralization for making

competitive city in the global economy

− Social and economic negative consequences and disparities between urban and rural area

in metropolitan region. Rural: human quality of life and agriculture environment degradation, new type of immigrants from

remote rural area..

Urban: pollution, congestion, informal employment and settlement..

− Developing countries: Irrational land ownership and poorly planned and managed land

use and development

Integrated management system beyond the urban-rural boundary for a better

balanced metropolitan region development

Role of Peri-urban, rural space

− For urban residents: fresh and low-cost agricultural production, recreation,

environmental relaxation...

− For rural residents: stable consumer market, access to the goods and materials, side-job

opportunity...

Institutional and planning support to increase benefits from co-existence for

strenthening urban-rural linkage in metropolitan area

Situation of Asian Countries

− Compressed growth: began to establish their national infrastructure and governance after

independence

− Colonial city: well-resourced primacy cities in the colonials era, e.g. Seoul, Shanghai,

Mumbai, became the bases of economic growth

− MEGAcities: 7 out of 10 world’s biggest metropolitan regions are in Asia based on the

population criteria

− Changes in land use: land markets are experiencing competitive pressure as urban center

expand and satellite towns are developed, speculation is frequent

− Aging and decreasing rural (agricultural) population: in case of Japan, agricultural

population is only 3.5, 60% of those are over 65. abandoned agricultural land

− Urban residents’ growing interest in agriculture: weekend house in suburban area, public

farms, involvement in activities to support farmers

Why India? ・History of decentralization

− Panchayati Raj …self-governing village communities by elected

bodies ensures greater participation of people

− 73rd Constitutional amendment: to devolve state’s authority to

local government, to ensure minorities’ participation

・Rural population: 72%, Agricultural population: 60%

・Problems resulted from rapid urbanization trends

…In Mumbai, 60% of the population is living in slum

Concept of Urban-rural Linkage

ー Based on the concept of a functional urban region which can

extend to include both the rural and peri-urban regions.

ー not only the flow of public and private capital, people and goods

between urban and rural areas, but also the flow of ideas,

information and diffusion of innovation.

ー Adequate infrastructure such as transportation, communication,

energy and basic services is the key of approach.

(Source: http://www.plurel.net, / UNESCAP, 2006)

1. Analysis on long-term trends in land-use change and clarify

various factors which have influenced spatial pattern of

urban expansion in Mumbai metropolitan region

2. Review the development control system (acts, regulations

and organizational structure) operated within the context of

the preservation of agricultural land

3. Case study on suburban villages in Panvel block, Raigad district

to reveal urbanization effects on the local economy and

characteristics of existing urban-rural linkage

Thane Municipal Corp. Population increased due to industrial/residential development since 70s. Current Pop. 1,260,000

Navi Mumbai M.Corp. Planned satellite city for decongestion of Mumbai. Current Pop. 700,000

Panvel M.Council Transportation hub by 2 national highways link, planned site for new intl’ airport

Uran M.Council Famous for J.N. Port and its rear industrial function

Alibag M.Council Pen M.Council Incorporated into MMR since 1996

M.Corp. of Greater Mumbai India’s economic hub, consist of Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban

MMR Raigad

Approx. Pop. (2001 Census)

18,890,000 2,200,000

Urban Pop. 94.5％ 24%

Density 4,065/k㎡ 308/k㎡

Area 4,355 k㎡ 942k㎡

Admin. Divisions

8 municipal corporations, 9 municipal councils

15 blocks

Admin. Bureau MMRDA (1975~) Raigad District Collector Office

Master plan Regional Plan (1996-2011) None

<District-wide built-up area expansion>

Rapid urbanization in Raigad since 90s

Mumbai city

Mumbai suburban

Thane

Raigad

＜Analytical method＞

1. Classification of land cover from

remotely-sensed data

• Landsat images in 1992, 2002 and 2010

• NDVI analysis, ISODATA clustering method

Extraction of urbanized (built-up) areas

and its distinct pattern

2. Comparison with various factors

by reference to…

• Population data by Census 1971-2001

•Regional Plan/Industrial Growth Policy

•Maharashtra Industrial Location Policy

•Maharashtra Special Economic Zone Proposal

Find the relationship with Population

growth, Physical infrastructure

location/network

<Spatio-temporal urban footprints of MMR in 1992, 2002 and 2010> (Red: Built-up area, Yellow: Slum area)

<Change detection of urbanized area in MMR from 1992 to 2010>

<Distribution of population and its increasing rate 1997-2001 in MMR>

Built-up Area

Industrial Area

Main Road

Branch Road

Railways

< Comparison of the direction of built-up area expansion with the transportation network >

<MMR industrial zone and location of major industrial developments>

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

m2

旧市街地

サバーバン

ターネ県

ライガド県

<National level> ・Promotion of industrial shift

- Primary to Secondary,

- IT software to Export-driven manufacturing ・Special Economic Zone Act, 2005 “SEZs can slice off a major chunk from any city and

are given public utility status among other liberties.”

A.Vedula, 2007

<State level> ・New Industrial Location Policy, 1999

- Revision of industrial categorization

- Site locational zoning

⇒Polluting and hazardous industries were

banned from Mumbai and Thane, were to be

moved to Raigad

＜Changes in area of industrial land>

1968

1986

1996

2001

Mumbai city

Mumbai suburban

Thane

Raigad

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Greater M. Thane Raigad MMR avg. State avg.

<Regional, Sectoral annual growth rate 91-99 ＞

<Revised Regional Plan Zoning> Urbanizable zone-1

・Existing urban centers, new towns, etc.

・Concerned planning authorities prepare development plan,

regulate developments in the zone

Urbanizable zone-2

・Potential area for urban development - side of major roads,

around railway stations

・Developments depend on private land owners and developers

・ Development Plan doesn’t prepared;

developments are regulated by DCRs

Green Zone-1

・DCRs permit farm houses, week-end houses, resorts,

highway amenities, etc.

・Unauthorized construction of shops, workshops and

residents along the highways in G-1 Zone

<Problems related Land Act> ・Land Acquisition Act 1894, Town Planning Act 1966 allow

government to acquire private land for public purpose

→Rural land owner’s protest

・Informal development and conversion of farmland increased

due to complicated procedure and high stamp duty

＜ MMR Zoning map overlapped with built-up 2010>

SPAs are established in

43％ of the region

Urban footprints in SPA unestablished area

Increased more than

60%

～60%

～50%

～40%

～30%

～20%

～10%

Decreased

Increased more than

40%

～30%

～20%

～10%

～0%

～-5%

～-10%

Decreased more than

20%

＜Village mapping by Demographic trends and Changes on area of agricultural land around Panvel＞

＜Target area selection>

Categorized U-2 (14), G-1 (39) villages

in Panvel block by demographic trends

and changes on area of agricultural land

based on Census 1991-2001

Selected 3 villages showed clear changes

Karnala Barapada

Dolghar

<Questionnaires survey

about urbanization effects and urban-rural linkage>

・Date：5-22 Dec, 2010

・Accompanied by 3 interpreters in Hindi and Marathi,

1 member of Gram panchayat (village committee),

1 member of local NGO (Yusuf Meherally Center)

・Collected 42 household samples from 6 settlement

－Tara（Karnala） 15

－Kalhe（Karnala） 6

－Bandhanwadi（Karnala） 5

－Barapada（Barapada） 7

－Khairat wadi（Barapada）4

－Kharpada（Dolghar） 5

Village Total Area

Population 1991

Population 2001

Distance from

Panvel

Agri Land 1991

Agri Land 2001

Karnala 669 940 1106 15km 10.8% 12.9%

Barapada 316 1751 1,881 19km 27.8% 33.5%

Dolghar 246 1022 1,026 19km 61.2% 21.5%

Agricultural Income:

Full-time farmer: 9766 Rs

Side-job farmer: 6850 Rs

Farmer total: 7566 Rs

Total ex.farmer: 6957 Rs

- Only 10-15% of farmers

product crops for sale

-No agricultural modern-

ization, Unstable price

→ rice, wheat only

= weekly total point

(frequency x weighted value)

Sales network

- Vendors

- Retail market in the village

(Governmental market in Panvel)

Purpose of trips to the cities

- Panvel: Job, Selling and Shopping

- Pen, Alibag: Hospital, Government

- Navi Mumbai/Mumbai: None

Positive Effects of Urbanization 都市化による悪影響

Negative Effects of Urbanization

Requirement to govt. schemes

1. Transportation networks, industrial and residential(New Town) enclaves, deregulation

of zoning/development control regulations, irrational land acts and procedures served

as a trigger of urban sprawls, especially in the areas outside SPA boundary

2. In general, the connections with urban area appeared to be weak due to lack of

mobility. Connection with the neighbor small and medium-sized cities was stronger

than large cities. However, employment connection with the small and medium-sized

cities was weak.

3. In case of remote village, residents especially tenants and non-farmers tend to

indicate negative effects of urbanization rather than positive effects.

4. New movement: highly-educated people of the younger generation have different

pattern of employment and connection to the cities.

Suggestions: Agricultural intensification and organization

Opportunity for extra earning from increasing tourism demand