SOZIALE IDENTITÄT UND GESUNDHEITREJECTION

IDENTIFICATIONEVA BLUME AND RICCARDO ZITO

07.06.2012

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-Being

M.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

But

Does this apply to experiencing prejudice/discrimination?

Deductively: More experienced prejudice -> Damaged self-esteem (SE)

SE deficits among the stigmatized are rarely observed (Crocker and Major)

Single instance vs pervasive prejudice (Examples?)

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

Outside Locus of causality of

negative eventbetter self-esteem(SE

Instance or pervasive prejudice: how do coping mechanisms differ?

Single instance discrimination Coping strategies:

- providing oneself with excuse in advance;

- SE protective effect of attribution to prejudice;

- Leggitimacy.

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

Instance or pervasive prejudice: how do coping mechanisms differ?

Long Term discrimination Attributional strategies:

- It is predicted that stable attributions to prejudice against one‘s social group will have negative consequences to wellbeing

Þ DEVALUED GROUP MEMBERS ARE MOTIVATED TO AVOID MAKING ATTRIBUTION TO PREJUDICE AND ONLY DO SO IN THE PRESENSE OF STRONG SITUATIONAL FACTORS.

- Minority group identification: Lesbians, punks, hippies and nerds you better stick together!!!

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

Willingness to make

attribution to prejudice

Psychological

well being

Hostility towards

dominant

Group

Minority group

identification

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

Rejection Identification Model

Method

139 African Americans volunteers African american experimenter. Age range: 17-49 Relatively heterogenous SES sample.

MEASURES:

Attributions to prejudice across a variety of life situationsHypothetical case scenarios with ambiguous/potentially racist outcome were presented . Participants were asked to attribute from scale 1-10 to racial outcome

Past experience with racial discriminatione.g. „I feel like I am personally a victim of society because of my race“ or „I consider myself a person who has been deprived of the opportunities that are available to others because of my race“

Hostility toward whitese.g. I use terms like „white trash“ „redneck“ or other names in reference to white people

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

Method

MEASURES (continuation):

Minority group Identificatione.g. „I feel a strong attachment towards my ethnic group“ or „I have a strong sense of belonging to my own ethnic group“

Personal well-beingRosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory (Rosenberg,1979). Also asked for frequency of negative emotions (e.g. depression, helplessness, sadness etc.)

Collective well-beingMembership subscale (e.g. I am a worthy member of the group I belong to) and Private Esteem subscale (e.g. „In general I‘m glad to be a member of the social groups I belong to“) from Collective self –Esteem scale (CSE, Luhtanen and Crocker, 1992)

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

Results

Psychological

well being

Willingness to make attribution

to prejudice

Regression not significant

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

Results

Psychological

well being

Willingness to make attribution

to prejudice

Regression not significant

Minority group

identification Regression is

significant

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

Results

Willingness to

attribute to

prejudice Collective well being

Personal well

being

Hostility

Minority group

identification

Structural Equation Modeling: Rejection identification model!

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

Results

Chi squared (14, N=130) = 17.67

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

Results

Chi squared (14, N=130) = 17.67

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

-Bidirectionality b/w identification and attribution

This version fit well (Chi squared(15, N=139)=20.60) but not as well as original rejection identification model!!

-Discounting Model

+

+

The paths were not significant and in the opposite direction.

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

Other models tested :

-Maladjustment Model

Paths were not signficanr and model did not pass Wald Test.

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

Other models tested :

What does all this mean?

-Limitations?

-Shift of locus of cause of negative event protects self esteem- HOWEVER!

-Attribution to prejudice may not be a good long term strategy i.e. As a strategy against one Bigot it‘s great but not so great when you have the whole world against you.

-Implications?

Perceiving Pervasive Discrimination Among African Americans: Implications for Group Identification and Well-BeingM.T.Schmitt and R.D. Harvey (1999)

H.R.Outten, M.T. Schmitt, D.M. Garcia & N.R. Branscombe

Coping Options: Missing Links between Minority Group Identification and Psychological Well-Being

Vorannahmen

Willingness to make

attribution to prejudice

Psychological

well being

Hostility towards

dominant Group

Minority group

identification

Vorannahmen Verbindung der Rejection-Identification-

Theorie und der Stresstheorie nach Lazarus

Rejection als Stressor negativer Einfluss auf Wohlbefinden

Identifikation mit der Ingroup mildert Effekt

Vorannahmen

Willingness to make

attribution to prejudice

Psychological

well being

Hostility towards

dominant Group

Minority group

identification Copin

g

Vorannahmen

Personenmerkmale

Neubewertung

Umweltkonfigurationen

FOLGEN

EREIGNISSE

Bewertungsprozesse im Hinblick auf WohlbefindenPrimär:

• irrelevant• günstig• stressend

Schädigung

Bedrohung

Herausforderung

Sekundär:Bewältigungs-•Fähigkeiten• Möglichkeiten

Bewältigung• Problembezogen (PBC): instrumentelledirekte Handlungen

• Emotionsbezogen (EBC): Intrapsychische Prozesse, Emotionsregulation

PersonUmwelt

(nach Lazarus & Folkman, 1984

IndividualebeneIntragruppeneben

eIntergruppeneben

e

HypothesenCoping

Wohlbefinden

Ingroup-Identifikati

on

Teilnehmer: 120 Afroamerikaner (66 Frauen, 54 Männer), Alter 18-73 Jahre (M=24.22)

Methode Gruppenidentifikation

9 Items „My race is an important part of who I am.“

Copingstrategien 4 Items pro Copingstrategie 24 Items

Wohlbefinden 1 Globalitem für den Selbstwert: „I have high self-

esteem.“ 4 Items aus Lebenszufriedenheitsskala: „In

general, I am quite satisfied with my life as a whole.“

ErgebnisseWohlbefind

enIngroup-

Identifikation

Ergebnisse

Coping

Wohlbefinden

Ingroup-Identifikati

on

Gruppenidentifikation beeinflusst die sekundäre Bewertung Personen schätzen Strategien als umsetzbar ein

Selbstwert- Individuell EBC- Intergruppen PBC

Lebenszufriedenheit- Individuell EBC- Intergruppen PBC- Intergruppen EBC

Ergebnisse

Personenmerkmale

Neubewertung

Umweltkonfigurationen

FOLGEN

EREIGNISSE

Bewertungsprozesse im Hinblick auf WohlbefindenPrimär:

• irrelevant• günstig• stressend

Schädigung

Bedrohung

Herausforderung

Sekundär:Bewältigungs-•Fähigkeiten• Möglichkeiten

Bewältigung• Problembezogen (PBC): instrumentelledirekte Handlungen

• Emotionsbezogen (EBC): Intrapsychische Prozesse, Emotionsregulation

PersonUmwelt

(nach Lazarus & Folkman, 1984