Europeanization Subverted? The European Union’s Promotion of Good Governance and the Fight against Corruption in the Southern CaucasusEuropäische Identität

7/27/2019 Europeanization Subverted? The European Unions Promotion of Good Governance and the Fight against Corruptio

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Europeanization Subverted?

Th E Us Pm f GGc h Fh s C hSh Ccss

Tj A. B Ysm Pm

N. 26 | A 2011

WORKING PAPER


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2 | KFGWorking Paper No. 26| April 2011

KFG Working Paper Series

Edited by the Kolleg-Forschergruppe T T Pw E

Th KFG W P Ss ss ssm h sch ss f h K-Fsch y m

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A KFG W Ps h KFG ws www.sfm. c

m sfm-@f-..

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E sssc c: C Bh, J S

B, Tj A./Pm, Ysm 2011: E S? Th E Us Pm f G G-

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Fsch (KFG) Th Tsfm Pw f E F Us B.

ISSN 1868-6834 (P)

ISSN 1868-7601 (I)

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Europeanization Subverted? | 3

Europeanization Subverted?

The European Unions Promotion of Good Governance and the

Fight against Corruption in the Southern Caucasus

Tj A. Bl Y Pk

Abstract

I fs c, sy sy s , h E U hs h

E Nhh Pcy h ss sfm h msc scs f h Nwy I

Ss h s-S sc hs f fs h sh E ms cs f

mccy, f h w, m cmy, c. Emc c, hw, sss

h h EUs ccy h css s s s fm sms m. M,

ms hh cs sc s s fm ss ms f h

w s ccy fc mccy. Hc, EU s my s h f

cs h msc scs f ss, s s cs ss y mw

fm cs, h x h hy xs h s c, c s s h w f -

cm h c s. Ths s c hs s f E

(Schmmf 2007). I hs ccs ENP s c y sc h s -

s css h ss s f h E Us fm . Whch

f h w my mw s y h EUs ccy sh f fms s

h f msc cs.

T A

Tanja A. Brzel s Pfss f Pc Scc hs h ch f E

I h O Sh Is f Pc Scc, F Us B. H

sch ccs qss f Gc, s ch s s f

E s w s h s f s cs wh s f

h E U. Sc Oc 2008, sh cs h Rsch C Th

Tsfm Pw f E h wh Thms Rss.

Cc: @.f-.

Y Pk s Dc f h Sh Ccss Pjc f h Fch Nm

F f Fm hs s Ismc Ss Pc Scc

fm H Usy Tc Ss fm Us Mc Bch Ss.

Sh ws Rsch Assc h C Rsch C (SFB) 700

Gc As f Lm Sh mm f h sch jc

G Gc wh h Shw f Hchy? Th EU Nhh Pcy

A-C Mss h Sh Ccss. H PhD fcss h

f fm ss s f m sh h fm S U.

Cc: ysm.m@fs.


4/26


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1. I1

Wh h s f h EU h m sws, ss f E h w

y h -w xm. As cs f h ccss cs, h EU ss sfm hmsc scs f h Nwy I Ss (NIS) h s f h S U

w fm h mm cy f h EU. I fs c, sy sy s

, h EU ss f fs (E Cmmss 2003) h sh h sm ms

cs f c s h EU s mm ss h msc ss

cs ccy. U h C Es E cs (CEEC), h Ws Bs

Ty, hw, h E hh cs (ENC) sc s sf-

f fm ss ms f h w s ccy fc mccy. M, hy h

mmsh sc, s h fs f.

Ss Nhh E (Gwch . 2009) h shw h h EUs ccy h

css s s hs m (Smh 2005; W . 2007; Sss 2008; Ky 2005; Lx 2004).

O s h h EU hs c sm fm s ch, whch, hw, hs h

s h h ch xs ms. Ths, w s h E f msc

scs f fmy S cs, whch, hw, s h s cs f wh h EU

s ch wh s E Nhh Pcy (ENP). I x hs hs

f E, w fcs h EUs ms m c, c h h

s c. Th s-S fs sm f h ms c cs h w, c-

h Sh Ccss . Hh css m cs Am, Aj

G s y css f E msc ch. O cm sy w shw

h s hh ms w ss f fm w, h h s

h EUs ms f c c sm fm s chs. Y, h h

sysmcy h c, cm ms h x h EU scy mm

-c cs c h w scs f h c s.

Th s f h s m- sc E () -

msc ch, fcs hw cm s h h fm cs h s h EU

c h ss, cs h h ch xs w scs. Th sc

cms hw Am, Aj G h s EU ms f msc ch

h c. W w shw hw h ms c sm fm ss s -

sm -c cs. Y, h msc chs w s ss y EU s-

s f . Rh, h cm ms h m x h h s c

cs h w. As s, E s s h h sfm c

scs h Sh Ccss.

1 W h T Fy, Ls Hh, J L, T S, Thms Rss f h hf

cmms ss f hs . Rsch sssc f Esh Amm s fy cw.

Ths ws s f h sch jc B2 - Gs R h Sch Hch?

Ksmf m sch Kss m Rhm EU-Nchschs, whch ws f h

C Rsch C Gc As f Lm Sh, f y h DFG (h://www.s-

c./j/j_hs_1/jch_/2/x.hm).


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2. T Dk S E

Achs E msc ch h csy cc f h h -

w -w sc whch ccs h css y s -wy s s cs s ss cs f EU ms f ch (Os 2002; Kh-Kch 2003; Jcq/W

2003). Dmsc cs h h chcs s E h s ss EU

c fms; hy c sm EU cs ss c h w ss -

c hm fm h m cs. E chs h h

mwm f msc cs s y mchsm f msc ch (Cws 2001; B 2003). Y,

hy ssm h hs mw fm-m cs h ss f

f cmc wh EU qms (Schmmf 2005; Vch 2005). Wh ys c s

m msc ch f hy wf h, ss f E h y

h ssy h s f EU fms c s s h EU c h w s,

c sm msc ch, whch, hw, s h s c f h EUs s (

s Es 2009; Nch 2009).

I sh, E c h cs h msc scs f ss.

EU cs ss y mw fm cs, h x h hy xs

h s c, c s s h w f cm h c s. I

c hs s f E (Schmmf 2007), w w cc h ENP s -

c y sc h s s css h ss s

f h EUs fm . Whch f h w s my mw s y h EUs

sh f fms s h f msc cs. Th f c sh

f h cs y h EU h cc c h h EU sh h msc

hf m sc cs f h wys whch EU cs mw msc

cs.

2.1 The Power to Transform (EU Push)

A h EUs f c s sc css f cs. I , h

css f f cm ms f mcc ss wh m cms w

h f h ms, whch h m cmy scy. Sc h EU c y

cc my fc h cs c, h EUs w sfm h msc

sc f h cs s m ch h h f ms hh cs

sc.

Th ENP fs h ys f sms hs . Fsy, ccy- ms

chc c sssc ws ss ccs h cssy

fc fm. Th c sf f scs w-hw shs h ccy f

ms c wh h fm (sssc) c h cs y h

EU. Thy my s m cs h cssy fs / mcy ss s


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sc cmc csqcs (Jcy 2006). Scy, h EU c s c w h

ms f m cs hh ss sc . Pc ms socializa-

on f h m h ms s h EU ss m. Fy, x incen-

ves w m h cs- ccs f ms. Whs s cs w m (f) h (s cy), x-s scs ms

s h whh ss s f cs ( cy).

Th EUs x s msy ws sh ms c msc fms. I s

ss s h h f msc -s cs hm wh c chc scs,

hm ccss s ws ss m hm h fm

css (B/Pm/Sh 2008).

Wh h ENP s -s-s fmw, EU sh hs css cs. Th cmc

c w f h EU s s x s wh h cs h symmc. I

c, h ENC h mch m wh cs s wh h EU, m

w. Hw, sm ss ssss scs (s, ) h EU s s , f sc mc,

h h c ss xs f h EU ( mm, css-

cm) h s ys h ss (Wy/Lsy 2007). Sc cmc

s c ssy m h csscy f h EU sh f msc ch, cy f h

cs ssss mmsh sc (M/Schmmf 2007; Schmmf/

Sch 2009). As w h shw swh, h mx f sms whch h EU s s hy -

c y h f sh f h cy. Th m mcc m

h m cs s sh, h m y h EU s s cs, s hs h

cs f G, wh Am Aj, whch m h whs sh s m

m h msy xs sc ccy- (B/Pm/Sh. 2008).

Th msc cx f h cs s y m fc m h EUs sh;

s s cs sh h ss f msc cs EU ms f ch.

2.2 The Disposion to Perform (Domesc Pull)

Th EUs x sh s sc c msc ch (Jcy 2006). S ss h m-

s h qs sc y msc cs, cy f ms c

fc h css f (Ky 2004; Z/P 2001; Vch 2005).

T ms ss cs f h EUs ms f ch. Th hh h css f

(ms), h m y hy ss cmc, cy f msc ys -

s msc ch. If, y cs, m s fm cs EU cs

ss w h msc , h ssc f ms ys my cm.

Hh sh ms E m y c s. I h css wh w sh

cms wh hh , chcs f E s . Hh sh w , y cs,


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w s mch msc mc f h EU sc ms h s fc h xy

c css h ssc f msc ys.

If hs hc xcs f h E h, h scs f h EUs m m c h Sh Ccss h . Hm hs, mccy, h

f w h h s c q s fms h ch h c s

f sm-h ms whch y csc ws h h h ss

sy w. Th ssc s msc ch sh hf hh. G h c f

mmsh sc, h cmc c ss f h EU h sy f h

h ccss s y scs h cm wh Rss s cy, h EU hs hy

y sh f msc fms. Dmsc , y, s y qy w. Wh h

c f sc ss s ys mch f c, c scy s

w c s m s. Hh css cm wh w x sh msc

m h Sh Ccss s y cs f E. I, h sfm w f

h EU hs y m s h because ofh msc chs h h hh

cs h c ss h EUs m h c.

O cs ss w shw h w scs f E, whch h, hw, s

h h sfm msc scs. Th hs f E x y h

sccssf sy f cm m scy -c mss sh y h

EUs c c h w ss cs h w.

3. Exl P D Pll S C

3.1 High Mist, Prohibive Costs and Limited EU Push

Sc h ms f h S U 1991, h shs w h EU h ENC h

s ss, ch s fh sc f h c. Lws, h EUs

m f m c y ss msc fms hs cs scy

h s ys. Wh Es m c Am, Aj G h EUs

mm cy, h f f c sy, cm m c h EU

c y s sfm w hs m y h y s s. Th ENP ch

2004 ms fs c, sy sy h EUs w (E Cmmss

2004).

Th ENP s f fs (E Cmmss 2003: 4) h sh E ms

cs w h msc ss cs scy. Gy s,

h ENP fm cs h mj mss: mccy m, m

(y) scy c (W . 2007). G c css y css-c ss

h s msm h Ac Ps (AP) cc wh h cs 2006 hy h

c h ENP. I cs sss sch s m c s, cc f f


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cs, s h s f w (cy wh h jcy), c h

m f c s c scy s, h c f m, -

c hm hs c s (cy my hs) h c (B/Sh/

Pm 2010).

I m hs ms fm , h E Cmmss hs hy h

-w mhs sms f s fm ccss cy wh h CEE cs (Ky

2006). Wh cms h cc c f h Ac Ps G, Am Aj,

h EU hs cy fcs hc h css f s ss c s

scs h h m mccy hm hs (B/Sh/Pm 2010). Is mh-

ss - fms cs fc f c sy mcc ch (B/

Pm/Sh 2009). S, m s ss m c ms s mhss h h

s c, whch ms h css f .

Th Sh Ccss cs h m h ms c cs h w, hh

sc fm f c . Wh G hs scy m s c sc h Rs

R, h s hs m m ss s Aj hs Am

(F 1). Ds h cs, c s s h cs, c G. Thy

ws m h c sh h ss s qm f f-

m ss hh c h c f c (Jhs 1999:

15). Th xs mss f sc ws f csc ss fs c c ss

xcs hs fm h s f c s (Dy . 2006; Ss 2007).

Fy, cs c f h cm m, h c f cmc s cm-

y w c scy fh h s f chc ms (Shf/Vshy

1993). C s y y h s s ws cm s c h c-

css w scs sc h yy f y msc cs (I Css G 2004).

Figure 1: Corrupon in the Southern Caucasus

Ty IlC P Ix Am G Aj

2004 ( f 146 cs) 3.1 (82.) 2.0 (133.) 1.9 (140.)

2006 ( f 163 cs) 2.9 (93.) 2.8 (99.) 2.4 (130.)

2008 ( f 180 cs) 2.9 (109.) 3.9 (67.) 1.9 (158.)

2010 ( f 178 cs) 2.6 (123.) 3.8 (68.) 2.4 (134.)

Th sc s fm 0 (hh c) 10 (w c).


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Th EU Ac Ps q h h Ccs hh cs (CNC) cc, fy m-

m cs h h h s c, c h UN c-

C, h Cc f E Cm C Lw Cs h OECD C

cm y f F Pc Ocs I Bsss Tscs. G, Am Aj h j -c ws, sch s h G f Ss s

C (GRECO), mm h cmms. Fy, ch cy hs sm

ss h y cc m -c mss wh h ms /

h w fcm cs m h fmw f h sc f c-

cms. Th q cs q sm f h h Sh Ccss ss shy

y wh h sccy f c mss (cf. B/Pm/Sh 2008).

A h CNC h wh h EU h ms fm , whch css cm-

hs ms wh msc ss, cs c csss. Th ms

chs q y h EU ch h c s f cm s wh y cs-

c ws h h h ss sy w.

Y, h EU hs x sc x sh ss f h c

msc ch. Th ENP h Es Psh w xcy s

mmsh. Bscy, hy c cmc xch f c

cmc fms. Wh h EU c ccss cy sh f msc ch,

my (h ) ss ms, whh sssc ms c scs (..

s s). Lws, h EU c w ss y s (.. ssc -

ms), scs (.. cmhs m), smfy s ms

x h sc f sssc. Ths sss whs, h EU hs y c

s cy. Th CNC h f ss msc fms m ENP s

qms. I hs ms xcsy ccy c . Oy c hs h

EU cy, wh sc h s f chc c sssc

G 2003 c f ss h c (cf. B/Sh/Pm 2010).

Th sy f m fms hh s cs, , hs hm y y

fm s h sc f y chms f ms ss. M, h c f

c mmsh sc ms h scs f sc sc .

Ls s, h EUs m sy cmmc h cs f hm hs, mccy, h

f w c s sc s f h c sh hs sc h

CNC s hh c hs sss. Rh h ms -m

s f s (E Cmmss 2004: 8), h EUs xc s c m s

f hs cs y ms f sh, j cmmm wsh. B cc f h

ENP fm , c h h s c h hs f

h c h cs. Hw, s h cs f h h sms mx f

m, ss h c f EU h hm h css f h ch.

Ths, s h sy wh x c hs fs sc sc -

csss .


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O, h s s y h EU s s fcs fm s scc

mss h csy s y h ss f h fm s, h c f m-

fms h sc f ss fm s (cf. B/Sh/Pm 2010). Cs -

s wh h EU sm h c f cs sch s h CNC h fc xmy hh css xm h EU.

M, h EU wh h h CNC s cy cmx, s G cs s Ws

ss h ss h mmsh NATO EU, Aj ssss s

() s cmms c ss scs, y Am s hcy

s ms cs s wh Rss. As s, h sc f EU ms s wh

h msc ss f h CNC hs f w h cs f h CEEC.

Ah cc fc s h h CEEC ccss css, h EU hs mw -

s cs h CNC. Sc 2004, h EU qs ENP ms cs c

wh -s cs c s h fm mm f h -

fm s. Y, h EU hs hy fc hs qm. U h f cy fmws,

hs s f fm h ss f -s cs wh h c (B/

Sh/Pm 2010). Th w Es Psh C Scy Fm, whch sh fc

w h CNC ms c c scy s (CSO), hs s f ch

hs (Bs/Sh 2010).

3.2 Weak Pull and Strategic Elites

Wh EU sh hs m, h s mch msc h. Th mc f c scy -

s h c s cs s wy c. CSO y m-

m cs m s h h fms sc h ws.

I c f s ccy, c scy s my s sc f w

xs h hcs h qy f h -c ms (cf. Dm/P 2001).

Ds ss h c s h Sh Ccss h fm x ccy

s s wh Ws NGOs, s y fs, h

c f cy s h w. Th f ms c scy s s y f cc

h s-S Sh Ccss. M, ms c s fc s -s

ccy cs fcs y f sss h c s m, fm mccy

hh y chc. I my css, hs hs s f xs

ss f scs. Fy, my f h c c scy s sm-sc s

wh m s h hy q wh ss chc s. As cs-

qc, ms msc -s cs h sc scs

m s f h scy. Ths c f ccy hs s s x f m cs

y c scy s ccss h cy css. Ay, h ch f scs

f c scy hs fqy s sh- mshm f NGOs h h ws


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cs s x f s m y f cm (M 2008).

Nx m ccs, h w f c f h CNC ccmscs h c

my f c scy. A xc ws h mcc s f h Rs R Gh ws my chm y s sss s 2004. Th ms , hw,

mcc cs, s h c c f h 2008 w s (Ly

2008; T 2007). I Am Aj, h s s ws. R f w mccy

wy s, s h s m f c hs c s. Dmsc

css, wh cy cmcy ss s sch s h h s c,

cs ss sc h ss f fs ccss cs -

c. Fy, s h cm ch s, y sss cs c

scy s sf-ss cm s f hy fs c- h c-

sysm (Ly 2008; Kycy 2001).

Bsss s sc x c y csc ss h CNC. G cmc

fms -s csss cm cs f h cmc h

c sh. Dmsc cms c h cs ss f h c f s cmc

fmw h f w, csy cs hy fm m ss. Ahh m-

cms h sh ccss h CNC, cy h y sc Aj, hy h

s s h sh wh h cm m y sh f msc fms

(H/S 2004).

4. F C S C

Th EU hs fm sm ms f h h s c G, Am Aj,

cs sm ms. Lm sh mccy h y hs ms fm s

sysmc ss f fm fm w. Y, s hh css w s-

s, Am, Aj G h mm -c mss.

4.1 Introducing Instuonal Change

A h CNC h c h mj cs h h s c-

(cf. B/Sh/Pm 2010). I wh h s, h -

ms f G, Am Aj h c m f s chs. Thy h

-c ss -c c s, whch y A

C Cc whs mm s ss y sc Cmmsss. M, h s-

c cs ch wh h s sc f cms c. Fy,

G, Am Aj h c s s chs.


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Figure 2: Domesc Instuonal Change in the Southern Caucasus

Azerbaijan Armenia Georgia

Pcy Fm I-Acy Cmmss

f Cm C

(2004), c h

C f Mss

I-Acy Cmmss

f Cm C

(2004), c h

C f Mss

A-C Cc

(2004)

Ex G (2008)

A-C Pcy

C Cc

(2001)

N Scy Cc

(2005)

Pcy Imm I-Acy Cmmss

f Cm C(2004)

A-C Sy

M Cmmss(2004)

Dm f

C A-C Pcs (2001)

S Ms f Rfm

(2005)

I-Acy C

Cc f Cm

C (2008)

Is

Psc

A-C

Dm Psc

Gs Oc (2005)

A-C

Dm Psc

Gs Oc (2004)

Psc Gs

Oc (2005)

I-Acy C

Cc f Cm

C (2008)

S Pm

Cm C,

c Imm

Ac P (2004-2006)

N Sy

Ics Tscy

Cm C,

c Imm

Ac P (2007-2011)

A-C Sy,

c Imm

Ac P

(2003-2007 2009-

2012)

N A-C

Sy (2005 2010),

c Ac P

f h A-C

Sy (2005-2006)

O, h h Sh Ccss Cs h c sm ss m h m f

h EU h cs h c. G h hh ms w ss f -

, h x f h msc chs w s s . W sh s s sm c,

A-C A

A-C S P S


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whch w s x why c hs m s Aj cs Am

(F 1). Y, s h x sc w shw, h ms h mm -c m-

ss. Ths chs h c y EU cs sc s. Thy y

h mwm f cm s h h sm h h s c m h w f h c s. As s, E hs h c

h fm ss f csm . EU ms f h c h h

s h h sfm c h Sh Ccss.

4.2 Azerbaijan: Seling Internal Power Struggles

Aj hs q sm chs h c h E Cmmss s w s

h OECD h cw h ss h cy hs m (E Cmmss 2006: 4; OECD/

ACN 2010). Y, s s sm h mch c s f c (F 1). Smwh

xcy, hs s y c f fm ss h ccs s s-

s y h (Fch 2010; Bsm S 2010). Rh, h A m hs

q sc mm fc -c mss wy h css

h w y sc c s c h c h c sysm.

Ajs fm c sysm s chc y s cc f w h hs f h

xc ch c y h s hs s (F . 2009). I h shw f hs

fm ss, h s s fm s f w whch s ws h

y wf s cm wh ch h (I Css G 2010). Th s f hs

ws h h s-c w mss f , fs scy. Th

cc f h cq s m w w f s h sh w s sch -

c h c s f c cmc scs. I msy csss f sss-

m s-c chs h h m scy ss m (I

Css G 2010). Th s hs x fmy w c h cq f mss

h sc ws. Th s cs s w scs. Fhm,

h cs xchs wh h s ws ms css f cc m s

s. Th s ms, , s h y f hs ms wf s fcs

s h h s cs w h c sysm (Cs 2004; W 2003).

Th h s c hs cm y c hs fm sysm f c cs. Th

cm m hs x -c cs s w ss h hs

h xch f scs. L h mj cs, h s s s -

c mss y s c, h xcs fqy s mchsm f c

(Sh 2004: 29), whch s xm fm y ss jc s sh. Fhm, h

h f h s ms ccmy s chs h S C Sc Cmm s w

s h Cmmss f Cm C, whch s hm y w s (I Css

G 2010). I , cc s h c h fm mm f -c

cs, sch s h css, h s s, s


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mchsms h c f h msm, my sjc s cmcs. Th

s jcy chs my cy h fc f cm s cs (Fm

Hs 2008).

Th w s ms hs ms h -c m-

s h cs ch wh h h s c (B/Mhy 2005). Th xcs

xcss c f h cys -c ws f sc mm f EU -

ms c h w f ss m cm s h c mw sf-ss-

cms y h ss hs css ys c. Lws, h A-C

Cmmss h Dm f Cm C h w cs s f

h s (I Css G 2010).

A m xm s h cs f A Is, wh ws f h fs f h Y

Ayc y c cs f Ajs ms c mms. H h

s-c Y w, sm f hc Ajs fm Am, Is h

y c h 1993 f h Ay fmy w. As m h Y w

cm j w m s ws hh ms. I 2005,

Is f fm c f sq f ccs wh fcs wh h cq. Sc

2003, h c f h Y w h y c s h sh ch fm Ay

S Ay J (S 2004; As 2007). Accs f c s f w, Is

ws s hs cs 2007. A sm cs xhs h m cmx s f h

w m. A s sh, x-ms f cmc m Fh Ay ( wh

h s) s ws cm y m h s-c ch f sss ss cs

h cc (cf. Es 2007). Ay ws s w f cs h w

c (msy y h Ws) s fm-m, Ws-c s f h y s. Sm

ss cm h Ay csh s ss wh fw ms f h

h y h chm f h s s (cf. Ismy 2006). Oh scs, hw,

cm h Ay ws sh f y c hs c ms. I y cs, Ay ws

ch wh c m, c s f c, mm f s y, sm

x s , h wh Is, cc s ys f msm (BBC Ww

M Sc 2008).2

I sm, h s f Ajs hs h c h fcs sh h s

s, x s c scy fs h w f h cms. As s, h

m f Aj hs my c h EUs ms f chc sssc w

jcs h m ccy f h xc c s cs. G c c

c sh, y cs, s f h schm. O h cy, h m hs s c

s c s w cm m c scy cs ss f h m

wh h cm cc f h hs (Fm Hs 2008). Ahh h f c

hs cs, s fms sc h ch. Nx ms c c h

m- c scs f x, c c hs mc

2 Th y f h x-mss ws csc c f f h sy 2009.


16/26


h wh -c hs cm f shsc c sysm c y h

cm s (I Css G 2010).

4.3 Armenia: Pleasing External Donors

Am hs s ss f s s Ds c h w-

c. Is m hs mm -c mss. Hw, c-

hs cs h h cs (F 1), whch s s y sm x

f h h s c s w s Aj, wh s. Rh h

m h w f c s, h Am m hs s h h s c-

c ccsm s x c f c sm.

Th cm m Am s m h h f Aj. Is cs f w my ss

wh h scy s, c h m fcs s sch s h

Yh (B/S 2006).3 Ams hsc sm h Kh cc h

c s ss f y h hs h h cys s fc-

s ms hm m c w ss. A h sm m, w c-

cs c sc sss (Kh Ty) h h s fs (Hs

2008), whch s h s f -c mss m c. Ms my, h w -

c wh m s y h Aj. A hy-xc wh w-ch

cmcs ms h s s (Shhy 2003). Hw, h m ys cm-

y s h fm w m h Aj. I c h

ssss fm h s f h cm wh h s s, h s-c chs h

csy ssm mmsh m (Fm Hs 2008). Fhm, c

s h jy s fm h Ds s h scc s-

h m (Dwc 1993). As csqc, Ams s s mch

f w s s w s s. H ss s c w

s wh h scy s, h xc ss x h m.

Sm Aj, c c-s s s sm f w s. Hw,

hs ccs mch w m , c s h jcy mm- s -

ccy. As h cs f h 1999 my sh mss, ss hh- h s s

y h ms (Hm 1999).

E m m h s w ss, h h s c ss h -

cm m c x scs. Am s mch m x c

h Aj (L 2004). I 1994, Am s cs cmc sc h

3 Th U f Vs Yh (G f h Cy) s my h ws f 1993

h Kh w. A h cs- 1994 Yh hs cm ss whs

mms h m ss h c my.


17/26


cs f s s wh Ty Aj. As csqc f hs s, sss -

s m Ams cmy s hy m y chc ms. A h sm

m, h sc Am Ds s q msc cs. Css f y s-

s, c s s s h U Ss, Fc h L,h Ds s cs c h scs h cy (Gs/Oh

1991; I O f M 2008). Y, c - f shs y h s

h mj mm f Ds ss. If sm hs y c s Am,

s h f m wh s f ss, wh y f , wh

y s c (Msy 2004: 20). Ths hs s , f cs, f f ss.

Wh h cys m m c (F 1), Ds s h s h

mm f msc fms f h c ms jcy, csms, x, c,

c hh h scs (Tscy I Am 2006; Ahjy 2010). U -

cs ss, h Am m ch sm cy s ms

cc w c, c h sc f c cs h x m, csms sc

c. G h c f sysmc c, sch chs s h cc f

my symc (Gy 2008).

I sm, -c cs h msy s s h cmmy

c f c sms cm h cmc s f h cy. Wh

c h w f s m c s, h Am m hs ss

c ms c y symcy s h sc f

s.

4.4 Georgia: Consolidang New Power Structures

I h s c s s, G h h h s c h c-

s s ss s cmy (Dchsh/ N 2003; K /Ls 2000). Oy

wh x s s c h sc h whw h s, Ps

Sh c sm fm chs. Mch h hs cs h , h -

c 1997 h y f h cs s c (McG Eh/Gm 2001: 12) h

m ch s s -c cm. A h sm m, hw, Sh m

s h h m h c . I m w,

h s s hs scs s h s f s w s ws. I x-

ch f h s, hs w s w h h c x c

scs, c m x, h sh f s. As s, s ss

cm csy m h s s (Why/Zch 2008). I Sm

2001, h ms f jsc, Mh Ssh, h m f s y, h

U N Mm, ss wh h Sh m c.

A Sh h s h h 2003 cs, mss ss


18/26


ss fc hm s fm c. Wh s my cs, Mh Ssh

hs y c sc s f h c s. H c h h s c

h c f hs m cs (Why 2005). Th w m mmy c

s c wh h w fcm cs, s h cm sm f h f-c c, whch h cs s f h ms c ss f h cy. 15.000 cs

s h js ccy h. I , sc fc f 30.000 m wm ch

h Msy f I ws ss mms . Rfms f h c fcs c wh

sms m qm, h c f w c cmy, my xms

f c cs, cs css h ss. A h sm m, c s f m

cs w . Py c ws s ss cm, w s ys f

msm (B/Kch 2005; Hscc 2005).

L hs css, Ssh c h h s c h c c f hs -

m. Sc 2006 2008, scy, h Ms f S Rfm h Ms f Jsc, wh

hs h I-Acy C Cc f Cm C, h ch wh h -

mm f -c cs. Wh s hs sy y c-

w s f ccy, Ssh hs ccs f y mj c-

s f w m hs css s h h y c my m ss.

Sm Aj, c hs c h sm c

(Chsh 2009). Nx w hs css sscs, Ssh hs s s h h s c-

s c s. Wh h fm ms f fs cs ssc f Ssh,

I Osh, h m 2006, fm s y ccs h Ps f

ms cms, h ws s c chs. A c f hm y f -sc x

sc hm ys s. Wh ws wy c s c sc s

mss ss c h s f m s 2008 (Fm Hs 2008c). Fy,

h c f ch c hs h s f c sms cmc

s. Th EU, h IMF h cs, whch h ss sssc f h

Rs R, s h c s f Gs w m. Th EU ms

s s (E Cmmss 2005); h c m sssc c cs

y m h ms w 2002 2007; s h f c sms (W B ;

Ix M).4 I 2006, h W B h I Fc C c G h

s fm h w s sss m (Fm Hs 2007). Th h s

c s f h cmc fms h Ssh m hs sh.

Wh h ms f s fms, Kh B, hs sh s mj s c-

, h cms h -c mss m cmc wh y sc c c

ss (E Sy I 2010).

I sm, h Ssh m hs sccssfy s -c mss c h

w scs ssh y h Sh m, cs hs w w scs,

4 Cf. Th W B D G h://.w./c Ix M FDI,

ws G 1997 - 2009 h://www.xm.cm/fcs/cs/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.DT/

cm?cy=#cy=.


19/26


s s c f c sm m hs fm

. Th f h -c h c fcs f h -

cms G s w s h cys cy f y x why hs mch

c h c h Aj Am.

5. Cl

Th Sh Ccss s s y cs f x E. Wh h ENP, h EU hs -

shsc fmw sfm h msc scs f fm S cs

y c. B ms s hh h sc f mmsh sc h EU hs

y- s sm f h css. N hs h EU x mch ss f ,

y sssc c h h () cy. Fy, h cm

ms h hy y fm cs h EU c mw, wh fm cs scy

c sc c. Wh cc xcs w sh s mch msc ch

ms f E, h ms f G, Am Aj h fc -

s h EUs m f c. G hs ms c h c. Th

EUs -c cs s wh h c f h Ssh m w

h css f . A h sm m, h EU h Ws s ms s h h

s c y c ms cs c. Am s s -

sssc s G. Is hs ss hssc h c s

c cs wh x ss s. E Aj, whch hs ms c s h

EUs c s s x scs, ssh sm ss

cs s s w hs. Fy, h ms h mm -c mss

h h sm cs. Ths, h EU s h mc cs h c mmsh

sc f css f hh, x ss s w h fm

cs EU cs w h msc . E s y h m-

wm f cm s h h fc f w cs wh h EUs m

f msc ch. C s fh wh hs s c s, c

ccsm c f sssc sms. D cs sh mccy,

E hs cs h h cs (F 3). Wh hs s sm-

s chs, h ccs h mc c . G, whch

s cy x s h ms sc f h h cs, hs s ms fm

ss ms f m sh. Thf, h G hs h s h

-c sh sh y m h ccy f s ss fc

c cs fs cmc wh. I Aj, h s mcc sc m,

h cm s h x h h s c s c s sc

sm. I Am, whch s sc s shws h hhs f sh, h m-

m f -c mss hs msy symc c ccsm

s h w f f sms, cy f s Ds. G h w h

EUs m f c h fcs f h Ssh m, G hs m


20/26


ss c c s h Aj cy Am, wh mc

c cs h cm ch f cmy. Y, h cs, h

cm s h my c h EUs -c h h c

h c f scs wh h c sysm c scs fm h s.E c msc s ch h cs h s fm w s f

sh mccy (hf) c ccss sc, f mws cm s.

Rh h sfm scs, hw, E hs s h c c-

mc scs f hh cs. Wh hy m h sh, h f mccy

hs m q s h w (F 3).

Figure 3: Democracy and Statehood in the Southern Caucasus5

Armenia Georgia Azerbaijan

Bsm

Tsfm Ix

Sh

8,8 (2010)

4,0 (2003)

6,3 (2010)

2,0 (2003)

7,0 (2010)

3,0 (2003)

Fm Hs

Fm h W

Ix Dmccy

5 (2010)

6 (2003)

4 (2010)

4 (2003)

5.5 (2010)

5.5 (2003)

Th sc f h Bsm Tsfm Ix Sh s fm1 (f s) 10 (cs s).Th sc f h Fm Hs - Fm h W Ix Dmccy s fm 1 (f) 7 ( f).

5 Cf. h Bsm Tsfm Ix (BTI) cy s Am, Aj, G, 2003

2010 h Fm Hs cy s Am, Aj, G 2003 2010.


21/26


L

Aghajanyan, Liana 2010: Ds Cfc Exms Isss f C Icm Iqs

Y, : Es, 6 Dcm, : h://www.s.//62513, 13 Dcm

2010.

Avioutskii, Viatcheslav2007: Ls Cs A j, : L C s Pys LEs 5: 1063, 67-79.

Badalov, Rahman/Mehdy, Niyazi 2005: Th Pc Iss f Aj: A Dchmy w

Tx Ry, : A, Amh/N, Gh (s.): Th Cs/Pc Rfm

Pcss G, Am Aj: Pc E Vcs f h P, Is f

Dmccy Ec Asssc, Ts.

BBC Worldwide Monitoring Service 2008: Ts Ccss U, 10 Sm.

Bedevian, Astghik/Stepanian, Ruzanna 2006: Ochc Py Us Mfs Am Mss Rc-

m f Mms, : Am Ly, 14 A, : h://www.my./c/

c/1581468.hm; 17 My 2009.

Bertelsmann Sung 2003: Bsm Tsfm Ix (BTI), : h://www.sm-s-

fm-x.///; 27 Nm 2010.

Bertelsmann Sung 2010: Bsm Tsfm Ix (BTI), : h://www.sm-s-

fm-x.///; 27 Nm 2010.

Bertelsmann Sung 2010: BTI 2010 Aj Cy R, Gsh, : h://www.s-

m-sfm-x./; 4 A 2010.

Boda, Jozsef/Kakachia, Kornely 2005: The Current Status of Police Reform in Georgia, in: Cole, Eden/Fluri,

Philip H. (eds.): From Revoluon to Reform: Georgias Struggle with Democrac Instuon Build-

ing and Security Sector Reform, Geneva.

Boonstra, Jos/Shapovalova, Natalia 2010: Th EUs Es Psh: O Y Bcws, : FRIDEW P 99, 1-14.

Brzel, Tanja A./Pamuk, Yasemin/Stahn, Andreas 2008: O S Fs A? Hw h E U P-

ms G Gc Is N A, : SFB 700 W Ps 18, Sfschs-

ch 700, F Us B.

Brzel, Tanja A./Pamuk, Yasemin/Stahn, Andreas 2009: Dmccy Sy? EU US Em

h Sh Ccss, : M, Amch/ Rss, Thms /McF, Mch (s.): Pm

Dmccy h R f Lw. Amc E Ss, Hms, 150-184.

Brzel, Tanja A./Stahn, Andreas/Pamuk, Yasemin 2010: Th E U Is Fh As C-

s N A. C M Dc?, : G Cm 11/2, 122-144.

Brzel, Tanja A./Risse, Thomas fhcm: Pc h Em - Hw Mch S Ds I T?,: SFB W Ps; Sfschsch 700, F Us B.

Chiabrishvili, Maria 2009: Th Dmcc Tsfm f G, : Cm, S (.): Fm F-

S Fc S. Phwys Dmcc Tsfm Cm Psc-

, B, 161-186.

Collins, Kathleen 2004: Th Lc f C Pcs. Ec fm h C As Tjcs, : W

Pcs 56/2, 224-261.

Darchiashvili, David/Nodia, Ghia 2003: Th W S Sym C, : IDEA Dscss

P 5: Pw Scs, Th W S Sym C G, Schm, 16-

22.

Demidov, Boris/Panlova, Elena 2001: R f C Scy C C Cs f Ts

Ecms, : www.scy../CENTER/DOC/c_CAF.c; 4 A 2010.

Drury, A. Cooper/Krieckhaus, Jonathan/Luszg, Michael 2006: C, Dmccy, Ecmc


22/26


Gwh, : I Pc Scc Rw 27/2, 121-136.

Dudwick, Nora 1993: Am: h N Aws, : Bmm, I/Ts, Ry (s.): N Pcs

h S Sccss Ss, Sf, 261-287.

Elbasani, Arolda 2009: EU Ams Cy Dmsc Dw. Th Lms f E-

Ch Cxs, : KFG W Ps 2, Jy 2009, F Us B.

Eurasianet2007: Aj: Ex-Mss T Cs Pc Ss, 5 Mch, : www.Es.

; 30 Sm 2010.

European Commission 2003: Cmmc fm h Cmmss h Cc h E P-

m. W E - Nhh: A Nw Fmw f Rs wh Es

Sh Nhs, (COM (2003)104 ), 11 Mch, Bsss.

European Commission 2004: E Nhh Pcy. Sy P (COM(2004) 373 ), 12

My, Bsss.

European Commission 2005: E Nhh Pcy - Cy R G, (COM (2005) 72

).

European Commission 2006: E Nhh Psh sm: Aj N I-c Pmm 2007-2010.

European Commission 2008: Imm f h E Nhh Pcy - Pss R

Aj, SEC(2008)391, Bsss, : h://c../w//f/ss2008/

sc08_391_.f, 3 Dcm 2010.

European Stability Iniave 2010: Gs L R. P III: Jcs Ts, B, T-

s, Is.

Franke, Anja/Gawrich, Andrea/Alakbarov, Gurban 2009: Khs Aj s Ps- S R

Ss: Rsc Icms Accy s D Cs Ps-S Rms, : E

As Ss 61/1, 109-140.

Freedom House 2003: Fm h W Ix: cy s Am, Aj, G, :h://www.fmhs./m.cfm?=15; 27 Nm 2010.

Freedom House 2005: Ns Ts Cy R G, : h://www.fmhs./

m.cfm?=47&=363&y=2005; 4 A 2011.

Freedom House 2006: Ns Ts - Cy R Am, : h://www.fmhs./

m.cfm?=47&=388&y=2006; 4 A 2011.

Freedom House 2007: Ns Ts; Cy R G, : h://www.fmhs./

m.cfm?=47&=423&y=2007; 27 Nm 2010.

Freedom House 2008: Ns Ts Cy R Aj, : h://www.fmhs./

m.cfm?=47&=445&y=2008; 4 A 2011.

Freedom House 2008: Ns Ts Cy R Am, : h://www.fmhs./m.cfm?=47&=445&y=2008; 27 Nm 2010.

Freedom House 2008c: Ns Ts; Cy R G, : h://www.fmhs./

m.cfm?=47&=452&y=2008; 4 A 2011.

Freedom House 2010: Fm h W Ix: cy s Am, Aj, G, :

h://www.fmhs./m.cfm?=15, 27 Nm 2010.

Frichova Grono, Magdalena 2010: Aj, : h://www.fmhs.; 4 A 2011.

Gawrich, Andrea/Melnykovska, Inna /Schweickert, Rainer2009: Nhh E hh

ENP - Th Cs f U, : KFG W Ps 3, As 2009, F Us B.

Gillespie, Kate/Okruhlik, Gwenn 1991: Th Pc Dmss f C Cs: A Fmw f

Ayss, : Cm Pcs 24/1, 77-95.

Group of States against Corrupon (GRECO) 2006: J s sc E R E

R Am, 10h Mch, 2006, GRECO E I-II R (2005)2E, : h://www.

c.//h/m/c/s/2/GcE1-2%282005%292_Am_


23/26


EN.f, 3 Dcm 2010; 4 A 2011.

Group of States against Corrupon (GRECO) 2008: Sc E R Cmc c f G-

, 15h My, 2009, Gc RC-II (2008) 9E, Ss, : h://www.jsc..

/s/Dcms//GcRC2%282008%299_G_EN_-_cmc__-

_2__.f6.f, 3 Dcm 2010 ; 4 A 2011.

Group of States against Corrupon (GRECO) 2010:: Th E R E R A-

j, 1s Oc 2010, Gc E III R (2010) 2E, Ss, : h://www.c.

//h/m/c/s/3/GcE3%282010%292_Aj_O_

EN.f; 4 A 2011.

Grigoryan, Marianna 2008: Am: G Ss C?, : h://www.s./

ms/sh/cs/071108.shm; 22 Nm 2010.

Hiscock, Duncan 2005: Th Cmmcs f Ps-s P Scy, : C, E/F, Ph

H. (s.): Fm R Rfm: Gs S wh Dmcc Is B

Scy Sc Rfm, G.

Ho, Karla/Sglitz, Joseph E. 2004: Th Ts fm Cmmsm: A Dmmc Exs f O-

scs h Dm f h R f Lw, W B Pcy Rsch W P 3352, 25J 2004, W B.

Homan, David1999: Pm c Am, : Th Wsh Ps, 28 Oc.

Hovannisian, Ra K. 2008: Fw h Ps: Rss, Ty, Ams F, Y, : h://

www.cs.m/cs/2008.hm; 4 A 2011.

Index Mundi2011: G - F c sm, ws cmy, : h://www.

xm.cm/fcs/cs/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.DT/cm?cy=#cy=; 13 A

2011.

Internaonal Crisis Group 2004: Aj: T O Nw Lf?, ICG E R, 13 My 2004,

Y; Ts; Bsss.

Internaonal Crisis Group 2010: Aj: V Sy, ICG E R, 3 Sm 2010.

Internaonal Organizaon for Migraon 2008: M Am. A Cy P 2008, G.

Ismavilov, Rovshan Ismayilov2006: Ajs Emcy Msy cms Pw Bs, : h://www.

s./ms/sh/cs/030906.shm; 30 Sm 2010.

Jacoby, Wade 2006: Is, C Ss. Ex Ics Pscmms Ts-

fms, : W Pcs 58, 623651.

Jacquot, Sophie/Woll, Cornelia 2003: Us f E I - Es fm Scc

Psc, : E I O Ps 7/12.

Johnston, Michael 1999: C Dmcc Cs, : Cfc Dmccy

C, Shy Cm Ds C f Hsc Ss, Mch 12 1999, Pc U-

sy, : h://www.4./cm//c-mcc-cs.f; 4

A 2011.

Karatnycky, Adrian 2001: Ns Ts: Em Dymcs f Ch.

Kelley, Judith 2004: I Acs h Dmsc Sc: Mmsh Cy Sc-

y I Iss, : I O 58/3, 425-457.

Kelley, Judith 2005: Nw W O Wss: Pcy L A h w E

Nhh Pcy, D.

Kelley, Judith G. 2006: Nw W O Wss: Pm Pc Rfms hh h Nw E-

Nhh Pcy, : J f Cmm M Ss 44/1, 29-55.

Kikabidze, Koba/Losaberidze, David2000: Issm Csm G, Ts.

Kohler-Koch, Beate 2003: L EU N Gc, Oxf.


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Lavenex, Sandra 2004: EU Ex Gc W E, : J f E Pc Pcy

11/4, 680-700.

Laverty, Nicklaus 2008: Pms f Ls Ch: C Scy C Rs G

U, : Dmsy 16/2, 143-162.

Libaridian, Gerard J. 2004: M Am: P, N, S, Nw Bswc, NJ.

Maier, Sylvia/Schimmelfennig, Frank2007: Sh Vs: Dmccy Hm Rhs, : W, Kj/

Smh, Mch E./B, Mch (s.): G Es Nhh. Ps Ph-

y?, Mchs, 39-57.

Manaseryan, Tatoul2004: Ds Th Cm A f Am, : Am I

Pcy Rsch W P Ss 14/4, Am I Pcy Rsch G, :

h://www../UsFs/F/w/j2004/14.f; 27 Nm 2010.

Matveeva, Anna 2008: Ex C Scy: Th Ps-Cmms Exc, : Pms f Ps-Cm-

msm 55/2, 3-13.

McGiert Ekedahl, Carolyn/Goodman, Melvin A. 2001: Th Ws f E Sh, Ds.

Noutcheva, Gergana 2009: F, P Ims Cmc: Th Lms f h EUs Nm Pw h Ws Bs, : J f E Pc Pcy 16/7, 1065-1084.

OECD/ ACN 2010: Is A-C Ac P Sc R f M: Aj M-

R, Ps; 4 A 2011.

Olsen, Johan P. 2002: Th My Fcs f E, : J f Cmm M Ss 40/5,

921-950.

Sasse, Gwendolyn 2008: Th E Nhh Pcy: Cy Rs f h EUs Es-

Nhs, : E As Ss 60/2, 295-316.

Schimmelfennig, Frank2007: E y E, : L Rws E Gc

1/1, : h://www.ws./-2007-2001; 12 A 2011.

Schimmelfennig, Frank/Scholtz, Hanno 2009: EU Dmccy Pm h E Nhh.

Pc Cy, Ecmc Dm Ts Exch, : E U

Pcs 9/2, 187-215.

Shaer, Brenda 2004: Ic: Rc f Aj, : B, Vm/Vsm, Dm/Wss-

m, Ayh (s.): Pc O C As Aj: Scs Dcms,

L [..], 21-94.

Shahnazaryan, Nelson 2003: Ochs Am, Y.

Shleifer, Andrei/Vishny, Robert W. 1993: C (My), : h://s.c.///w/4372.

hm; 4 A 2011.

Sidikov, Bahodir2004: Nw T? Cs, R Gs, S Ps-S A-

j, : B Os If 21, 68-74.

Smith, Mitchell P. 2005: Th Ss f L. R h Pc Sc I E,

Nw Y.

Stokes, Susan C. 2007: Pc Csm, : Bx, Cs/Ss, Ss C. (s.): Th Oxf H

f Cm Pcs, 604-627.

Transparency Internaonal: C Pc Ix. Cy Rs, : h://www.scy.

; 23 Mch 2011.

Transparency Internaonal Armenia 2006: A-C Pcy Am, : h://www.s-

cy.m/c.h?=24; 27 Nm 2010.

Transparency Internaonal2009: G C R, Cm.

Tudoroiu, Theodor2007: Rs, O T: Th f s-S s, : Cmms

Ps-Cmms Ss 40/3, 315-342.


25/26


Vachudova, Milada Anna 2005: E U: Dmccy, L I A Cmm-

sm, Oxf.

Way, Lucan/Levitsky, Steven 2007: L, L, h Ps-Cmms D, : Es E

Pcs & Scs 21/1, 48-66.

Weber, Katja/Smith, Michael E./Baun, Michael(s.) 2007: G Es Nhh: Ps Phy?, Mchs.

Wedel, Janine R. 2003: Cs, Cqs C Ss: Rh Ts C Es

E h Fm S U, : J f I Dm 15, 427440.

Wheatley, Jonathan 2005: G Fm N Aw Rs R. Dy Ts h

Fm S U, Ash.

Wheatley, Jonathan/Zrcher, Christoph 2008: O h O Cs f Hy Rms: Th

S f Dmccy h Ccss, : Tw J f Dmccy 4/1, 1-31.

World Bank a: D Cy Sscs, : h://.w.//hm.; 3 Dcm

2010.

World Bank b: D Ics, : h://.w./c; 13 A 2011.

Zielonka, Jan/Pravda, Alex(s.) 2001: Dmcc Cs Es E, Oxf.


26/26

T Kll-F - E A Ex

I R

Th K-Fsch (KFG) s w f mm -

ch y h Gm Rsch F 2008. I s c-

c f h KFG sccy sm m

whch sch cs c wh y scs wh sm f s j schs.

Th K-Fsch Th Tsfm Pw f E

s h sch E s h B-B-

ss h c wh h -

ss sch ss. I xms h f h EU s -

m c f s, y h mchsms cs

f x s csss h sch s:

Iy h Pc Sh

Cmc, Cy By

Cm Rsm Es Ex Rs

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