July-August 1964 Subscription: $3.00 per year Vol. XV, Nos. 7-8

MISSIONARY READINGS ON THE PHILIPPINES: A GUIDE

by

Gerald H. Anderson

Dr. Anderson is Academic Dean of Union Theological Seminary, Manila, and author of a number of publications. He compiled the annotated Bibliography of the Theology of Missions in the Twentieth Century, of over 1,000 items, published by the Missionary Research Library LRev. ed. 1960; $1.527, and edited The Theology of the Christian Mission {New York: MCGraw-Hill, 19617.

This guide to readings on the Philippines is primarily for new missionaries and students who are approaching this area-stUdy for the first time and need help in selecting literature for their study and orientation. The list may be useful for seminary librarians who want either to begin, or to enlarge and update their Filipiniana sections. However, the listing is very selective and is prepared especially for the needs and interests of the new Protestant missionary. Preference is given to more recent publications, but a number of older important works are also included.

SOUTHEAST ASIA

First, it is important to see the Philippines, its role and relationships, histori ­cally, culturally and politically, within the larger framework of Southeast Asia. For this study The Peo~les of Malaysia by Fay-Cooper Cole,l South-East Asia: A Short History by Brian Harrison, and Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development by John F. Cady3 pro­vide a good background. The following books consider the contemporary ~ituation in the region: The New World of Southeast Asia by Lennox A. Mills and others, Governments and Politics of Southeast Asia edited by George M. Kahin,5 Southeast Asia in Perspective by John Kerry King,6 Social Forces in Southeast Asia by Cora Du Bois,? and Southeast Asia Among the World Powers by Amry Vandenbosch and Richard Butwell. 8 Many people have found helpful insights in The Mind of East Asia by Lily Abegg,9 and Southeast Asia: Crossroad

Single copies: 35¢. Orders should be addressed: Missionary Research Library, P .O. Box 590, Manhattanville Station, New York, New York, 10027.

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of Religions by Kenneth P. Landon. 10 A geographical viewpoint on the Philippines in re­lation to Southeast Asia is found in Joseph E. Spencer's chapter on "The Philippines: An Island Borderland" in Asia East by South. l l

The Church in Southeast Asia by Rajah B. Manikam and Winburn T. Thomas12 focuses attention upon the younger churches and the forces that challenge them. Christianity and the Asian Revolution, edited by Rajah B. Manikam,13 is a standard reference. Kenneth Scott Latourette studies the region briefly in volume five of his Christianity in a Revolutionary Age. 14 Two other valuable surveys of Christianity in Southeast Asia are the chapters by Winburn T. Thomas in Frontiers of the Christian World Mission Since 1938,15 and by John R. Fleming in The Prospects of Christianity Throughout the World. I6

PHILIPPINES - - GENERAL KISTORY

Philippine Saga: A Pictorial History of the Archipelago Si.nce Time Began by H. Otley Beyer and Jaime C. De Veyral7 contains much helpful material. Recent theories of the pre­historic and protohistoric periods are clearly summarized in Our Living Past: The Philip­pines from 250,000 B.C. to 1,500 A.D. by F. Landa Jocano. 18 All studies of the Spanish period depend a great deal on the original documents compiled and translated by Blair and Robertson in their 55-volume work, The Philippine Islands: 1493-1898. 19 The introduction at the beginning of each volume should be helpful for general readers. The Dictionary of Philippine Biography by E. Arsenio Manue120 is a basic reference work. The Encyclopedia of the Philippines may also be consulted, although it is very uneven in value and re­liability. 21

The Philippines: A Young Republic on the Move by Albert Ravenholt,22 a journalist, gives a comprehensive description of the country, its geography and people, its history and social organization. The treatment is brief, but generally reliable. History of the Philippines by Conrado Benitez,23 is a standard textbook in many Philippine schools and, in many respects, it is the best of the popular treatments. Philippine Political and Cultural History in two volumes by Gregorio F. Zaide,24 is larger than the work by Benitez but not superior to it. A useful one-volume work is that by Teodoro A. Agoncillo and Oscar M. Alfonso, A Short History of the Filipino People. 25

The Hispanization of the Philippines by John Leddy Phelan26 is a scholarly study of "Spanish aims and Filipino responses from 1565 to 1700'1. This is a very valuable study of the early Spanish period, and it is interesting that the ori.ginal manuscript was en­titled "The Christianization of the Philippines". The Manila Galleon by William Lytle Schurz27 tells "the romantic history of the Spanish galleons trading between Manila and Acapulco", an episode in the development of the Philippines from 1565 to 1815. Bureaucracy in the Philippines by Onofre D. Corpuz28 is a systematic survey of the origin and growth of Philippine bureaucracy from Spanish times up to the early 1950's. Two books by Cesar Adib Majul are important on the Revolutionary period: Mabini and the Philippine Revolution29 brings out the heroes, and The Political and Constitutional Ideas of the Philippine Revolution30 reveals Filipino aspirations and nationalism. Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan by Teodoro Agoncillo31 is a controversial, prize-winning biography with a strong nationalistic flavor. Philip­pine Masonry by Teodoro M. Kalaw32 relates the role of Masonry in the movement for freedom and independence.

For the beginning of the American period in the Philippines, read Little Brown Brother by Leon Wolff, 33 which tells the story of "How the United States Purchased and Pacified the Philippine Islands at the Century's Turn". This should be required reading for every new Protestant missionary, especially those coming from the United States. For additional study of the American period see The Philippines and the United States by Garel A. Grunder and William E. Live zey.34 The Philippines: A Study in

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National Development by J . Ralston Hayden 35 is a detailed and scholarly analysis of the development and characteristics of Philippine self-government until the Second World War. Philippine Freedom, 1.946-1958 by Robert Aura Smith36 is a brief history of the postwar Philippines .

Two basi.c books on Philippine geography are Land and People in the Philippines by Joseph E. Spencer;37 and Shadows on the Land: An Economic Geography of the Philippines by Robert E. Huke. 38

History of Industry and Trade of the Philippines by A. V. H. Hartendorp39 is a detailed account, of politics as well, by a long-time American resident of the Philip­pines. The Philippines : Public Policy and National Economic Development by Frank H. Golay40 gi.ve s the economi st I s macro-view.

/ JOSE RIZAL

Jose Rizal (1861-1896), the national hero of the Philippines, was a novelist, poet and physician. In his writings, Rizal severely criticized the Spanish friars and stir­red the Filipinos to national indignation against the evils of the Spanish colonial system. The Spanish authorities, with the backing of the friars, tried Rizal for treason and executed him in Manila in 1896. His two best-known novels, recently re­published in new English translations (but preferably to be read i 4the original Spanish, as no translations do them justi.ce), are Noli Me Tangere, 1 and its sequel El Fili.busterismo. 42 The two best biographies of Rizal are Austin Craig's Lineage? Life and Labors of Jose Rizal,43 and The Pride of the Malay Race by Rafael Palma.44 Unfortunately, the most recent work, The First Filipino by Leon Ma Guerrero,45 over­simplifies the controversy surrounding Rizalts supposed retraction and conversion to Roman Catholi.ci.sm just before his execution. A helpful analysis of Rizal1s writings may be found in The Religious Thought of Jose Rizal by Eugene A. Hessel. 46

PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND SOCIETY

The most valuable general reference for a syste4atic study of Philippine society is the four-volume Area Handbook on the Philippines. 7 See especially the sections on language, culture history, religion, geography, and the people.

Sociology in the Philippine Setting by Chester Hunt and others is an elementary textbook utilizing Philippine materials to illustrate the principles of social structure. 48 Philippine Social Issues from a Christian Perspective, edited by Richard P. Poethig,49 i.s the first attempt to provide a textbook on Christian ethics written by Protestant scholars who are working within the context of Philippine society.

The Institute of Philippi.ne Culture at Ateneo de Mailia University is publishing a series of papers that are exceedingly valuable and helpful. Four Readings on Philippine Values (No.2 in this series), compiled by Frank Lynch, S. J.,50 is the most important single item that a new missionary could read for insights into Philippine cultural patterns. The Institute is also publishing a series of regional handbooks which give detailed information about the place and people i.n each of several areas of the Philippines. The first two handbooks to appear in this series are Northwest Luzon,-51 and Northeast Luzon;52 others will appear i.n the near future for eight ad~itional regions.

The Dynamics of Power in a Philippine Municipality by Mary R. Hollnsteiner53 is a very illuminating study of political behavior in a local community. A Survey of Local Government in the Philippines by John H. Romani and M. Ladd Thomas,54 and The Relation­ship of Local and National Government in the Philippines by Lloyd M. Short55 describe and discuss the structure of Philippine government.

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The Resources, Levels of Livi.ng, and Aspirations of Rural Households in Negros Oriental by Agaton Po Pal56 contains much material that would be of value for the missionary working in rural areas, Woman Enough by Carmen Guerrero Nakpil,57 Fi.lipina columnist of a Manila newspaper, is delightful and revealing, especially concerning the myth and reality of the Filipino woman, Understanding Ourselves by Delfin Batacan58 .Ls "a study of the peculiar social traits of the Filipinos", but there is no analysis or explanation provided, and little attempt at underat andfng , Barefeet in the Palace by Agne s Newton Keith59 give s an interesting and i.nformat i ve ace ount of daily life, especi.ally in the Manila area, as observed by a noted American writer, and would be of particular value for the new missionary wife. Those with some background in psychology would be interested in George Guthrie's The Filipino Child and Philippine SocietYo60

EDUCATION

Those who will be working in education are fortunate to have several good studies available for referenceo A History of Education in the Philippines, 1565-1930 by Encarnaci.on Alzona61 is still valuable for the historical perspect t ve. Essentials of the Philippine Educational System by Florencio P, Fresnoza62 is a recent study of the system today The Philippine Community School by Vitaliano Bernardino63, " .'0

describes one of the dynamic movements in the Philippine publi.c school system. A Survey of the Public Schools of the Philippi.nes, 196064 is the report of a com­prehensive survey by a staff of Americans and Filipinos chosen by the International Cooperation Administration of the United States and the National Economic Council of the Philippines For the Protestant schoo.Ls, Frank T. Wilson prepared a "Report of0

the Educational Survey of Twenty Church-Related Schools, United Church of Christ· . 0 0 0in the Philippines, to the Committee on Church-Related Schools and the Philip­

pine Consultative Committee, April 24,1959", which was mimeographed (50 pp,) and should be available in the New York offi.ces of the cooperating missi.on boards, Higher Education in the Philippines by Arthur Lo Carson,65 a long-time Protestant missionary and former president of Silliman Uni.versity, is the best and most recent general survey of the historical development of private and pub.l.I.c higher education, including in­formation on elementary and secondary schools, This volume, published by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, contains an extensive bibliography, tables of statistical data, and a directory of colleges and universities Dr 0 Carson0

has also written a history of Silliman University, 1901-1959,66 which is one of the best known Protestant schools in the Philippineso

LANGUAGE

The best general source to date is the secti.on on "Language" by Robert B. Fox and George H. Smith, Jr. in the Area Handbook on the Philippines (VoL I). Language Teachi.ng in the Phf.LippLnes, a report by Clifford H. Prator, .Ir , ,67 is an interesting and valuable survey of the language situation, the problems of the language of i n ­struction, and the possibilities of improving the teaching of EngLi.sh , The report, however, is already somewhat dated (1950) and does not accurately reflect the over­all situatlon today. Three important articles have been published in the Philippine Sociological Review (Manila): "The Philippine Language Scene" by Roderick J, Hemphill,68 "The Philippine Language Scene" by Donald N. Larson, 9 and "Some Problems Related to Filipino Multilingualism" by Amparo S. Buenaventura.70 AoVoH. Hartendorp also wr ot e an article on "Philippine Languages" in The American Chamber of Commerce Journal

71 (Manila) 0

Article XIV, Section 3 of the Philippine Constitution provides that the "/Jon­gress of the Philippine~ shall take steps towards the development and adoption of a

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common national language based on one of the existing native languages". Tagalog has been selected as the basis of the national language which is now called Pilipino. The Historical Development of the Philippine National Language by Ernest J. Frei72 tells the story of how this came about.

Those who appreciate a more technical linguistic study should see "A Classifi­cation of Twenty-One Philippine Languages" by Douglas Chretien in The Philippine Journal of Science LVol. 91, No.4 (Dec. 196217.

PAGAN MINORITIES

There i.s no single book covering all the minority groups, although many individual articles, and books exist on specific groups. Each of the works cited here is considered to be something of a classic in anthropological studies on the Philippines. One of the early works (1919, revised for a second edition in 1943), was Peoples of the Philippines by Alfred L. Kroeber. 7 3 Then came the works of Roy F. Barton, especially The Kalingas: Their ,Institutions and Custom Law,74 and The Religion of the Ifugaos.75 And we now have Felix M. Keesing's posthumously published work on The Ethnbhistory of Northern Luzon.76

PHILIPPINE MUSLIMS

The Muslims, or "Moros" as they are called i.n the Philippines, comprise the largest cultural minority group in the country. Concentrated in the southern island of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago, the Muslims constitute a persistent challenge to the Christian Gospel.

Fortunately there are now avai.lable three important works on the Muslims by re­liable'scholars. The History of Sulu by Najeeb M. Saleeby, first published in 1908, was republished in 1963 by the Filipiniana Book Guild with an introduction by Cesar Adib Majul. 77 This book, as Professor Majul points out in his introduction, "is the first and, so far, the only attempt to present in a historical narrative the origins of the Sulu sultanate, i.ts days of glory and vicissitudes up to the eve of its decline during the Spanish regime in the Philippines. Since its publication it has remained a classic and an almost unchallenged source on the subject. It

Mosque and Moro by Peter G. GOW.ing78 is an admirable introduction to the general history and problems of the Muslim minority, and includes an extensive bibliography. Sulu's People and Their Art, edited by Frank Lynch, S.J.,79 presents two papers dealing with the "Social Organization of the Muslim Peoples of Sulu", and "A Survey of Art in Sulu".

ROMAN CATHOLICISM

The year 1965 marks the 400th anniversary of the permanent establishment of Christianity in the Philippines, and today 84 per cent of the population claims or is claimed to be Roman Catholic. Surprisingly, there is very little literature of substance in print in English on Roman Catholicism in th8Islands. The Jesuits in the Philippines: 1581-1768 by Horacio de la Costa, S.J., 0 is a definitive study by the leading historian in the Philippines today. Survey-type articles on the Roman Catholic Church can be found in the Catholic Encyclopedia ("The Philippines", Supplement II, Second Section), and in the Area Handbook on the Philippines (Vol. II). A concise report on the Philippines from the viewpoint of a Roman Catholic misseonary is given i.n The Philippines: Christian Bulwark in Asia by Joseph W. Regan, M.M. 1 "Four Centuries of Christianity in the Philippines: An Interpretation" by Gerald H.

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Anderson and Peter G. Gowing in the summer) 1964 issue (Vol. 25) No.3) of Encounter (Indianapolis) is a succinct survey and critical discussi on of the whole per i od ) taking into account tge non-Roman churches as well. Philippine Religious Imagery by Fernando Zobel de Ayala 2 contains 147 ph otographs and. many drawings) devoted almost exclusively to Roman Catholi.c objects .

PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH

In 1902 a major split occurred in the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines under the leadership of a Filipino priest) Gr egor i o Aglipay. The dissident group founded an i ndi genous church in the Catholic tradition) called the Iglesia Filipina Independiente) which has had a tumultuous history) and today has approximately 1) 500 )000 members. In recent years there has been a great deal of research and writing on the Philippine Independent Church) especially as it prepared to enter into a Concordat of full inter-communion with the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1961 . Religi ous Revolution in the Philippines is a highly critical two-volume study of "The Life and Church of Gr egor i o Agli~~Y: 1860-1960 '· by two Jesuit scholars) Pedro S . de Achtitegui and Miguel A. Bernad. Struggle for Freedom is a highly favorable study of the "Historsof the Philippine Independent Church" by Lewis Bliss Whittemore) an Episcopal bishop. 4

PROTESTANTISM

Considering the brief history (since 1899) of Protestant work in the Islands) a good deal of substantial literature on Protestantism has been published. Three of the older st~dard Protestant studies are The People of the Philippines by Frank C. Laubach) 5 who began his world ministry as a Congregational miss80nary on the island of Mindanao; Forty Years in the Philippines by James B. Rodgers) 6 a Presbyterian who was the first regularly appointed Protestant missionary to arrive in the Philippines; and From Carabao to Clipper by E.K. and I.W . Higdon) di.stinguished missionaries :from the Disciples of Christ .87

Several small books published since World War II tell something of more recent Protestant movements in the Philippines. That They May Be One) by Enrique C. Sobrepena)88 is "a brief account of the United Church Movement i n the Philippines") as told by one who played a major role in the movement. Christianity in the Philippines by Dwight E. Stevenson89 is a brief but valuable survey) with emphasis on Protestanti.sm in general and the Disciples of Christ in particular. Beyond Cotabato by Curran L. Spottswood90 is a popular account of the personal experiences of Methodism's "Flying Missionary" i n the Philippines since the Second World War.

A special "Philippine Issue" (JUly 1962) of The Sout h East Asia Journal of Theology (Singapore) presented a miscellany of important articles and book reviews concerned with the mission of the church in the Philippines. For those who read German we would call attention to the chapter on the Philippines in Weltmission in okumenischer Zeit) edited by Ger hard Brennecke; 91 and also to the special "Philippine Issue" (May 1964) of Evangelische Missions-Zeitschrift (Hamburg).

Those who have a special interest and responsibility in ministerial education should read the comprehensive Survey Report on Theological Education in the Philippines by Walter N. Roberts and others)92 which includes a detailed study of five seminaries and six colleges) in addition to a wealth of other valuable information. The Evangelical Ministry in the Phi l i ppi ne s and Its Future by Albert J. Sanders93 presents the problems and prospects that are peculiar in some measure to the ministry in the Phi.lippines; the author was a long-term missionary in the Philippines and formerly president of Union Theological Seminary in Manila.

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Missionaries who will work with the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (uecp) wou~d do well to read Multiplying Churches in the Philippines by Donald A. McGavran)9 a study of church growth and evangelistic strategy in the UCCP. The Book of Common Worship)95 and The Book of Government: Constitution and By-Laws96 of the uecp are essential documents which reflect the faith and order of the largest Protestant denomination in the Philippines .

IGLESIA NI CRISTO

A unique and significant movement on the Philippine religious scene is the Iglesia ni Cristo. This sect) which is actually a rather remarkable indigenous heresy) was founded in 1914 by Felix Manalo (Who died in 1963) and today has nearly 300)000 members , More impressive than its numbers) however) are its internal dis­ci.pline) its completely indigenous organization and support) and its unitarian theo­logy based on a peculiar form of Biblical literalism. A Protestant View of the Iglesia ni :Cristo by Albert J . Sanders97 is the best study of this group.

DIRECTORIES AND JOURNALS

The Catholic Directory of the Philippines98 is an annual publication) listing every diocese, parish and priest in the Philippines) together wi.th statistical tables and much historical information. The Protestant counterpart to this is the 1962-1963 Philippines Christian Yearbook) edited by Benjamin I. Guansing)99 which includes a listing of Protestant denominations) missionari.es) Filipino pastors) church-related institutions) and several interpretative articles. There is also The National Directory of the Philippine Independent Church) 1963.100

Together with the International Review of Missions (Geneva)) and The South East Asia Journal of Theology (Singapore)) the most important Philippine journals for missionary studies are: Philippine Studies)lOl published by the Jesuits at Ateneo de Manila University; Si.lliman Journal)I02 published by Silliman University) which in­cludes a "Selected Philippine Periodical Indexlt in each issue; Comment) The Filipino Journal of Ideas) Discussion and the Arts that is affiliated with the Congress for Cultural Freedom;103 Church and Community)104 published by the Department of Public Welfare of the United Church of Christ; and the Philippine Sociological Review)105 official journal of the Philippine Sociological Society. Publication of the Philippine Christian Advance by the National Council of Churches was suspended) temporarily at least) in March) 1964) but a perusal of back issues would still be informative. Esso Si.langan i.s also a good so~ce for 'gener al material) notable especially for the paint­

l O ings by Fili.pino artists o

For gener al statistical data see Census of the Philippi~es) 1960; 107 The Philip­pine Statistical Survey of Households Bulletin;I08 and The Statistical Reporter. I 09

FOOTNOTES

1< New York: D. Van Nostrand Co.) 1945 < 354 pp.

2 . Second edition. London: Macmillan) New York: St. Martin's Press) 1963. 270 pp.

3. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co,) 1964, 657 pp.

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4. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, London: Oxford University Press, 1949. 445 pp.

5. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1959. 531 pp. Two other works in this area that might be mentioned are: Southeast Asia Today and Tomorrow by Richard Butwell {New York: Praeger, 19 1. 1 2 pp. and The Diplomacy of Southeast Asia, 1945-1958 by Russell H. Fifield New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958. 584 pp~

6. New York: Macmillan Co., 1956. 309 pp .

7. Second printing. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1959. 78 pp.

8. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1957; reissued,with supplement, 1958. 360 pp.

9. London : Thames and Hudson, 1952. 344 pp . Translated from the Ger man Ostasien Denkt Anders.

10. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947, 215 pp.

11. New York: John Wiley & Sons} 1954. pp. 284-99 .

12. New York: Friendship Press, 1956. 171 pp .

13· New York: Friendship Press) 1954. 293 pp.

14. New York: Harper & Row) 1962. Chapter XII) pp. 332-70.

15. Edited by Wilber C. Harr . New York: Harper & Brothers) 1962. Chapter II) pp . 23-61.

16. Edited by M. Searle Bates and Wilhelm Pauck. {New York: Charles Scribner's Sons ) 1964 . 286 pp~ Chapter 16) pp. 261-279.

17. Third edition. Manila: Capitol Publishing House) Inc.) 1952. 152 pp.

18. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House) 1963. 75 pp .

19. 55 vols. Cleveland) Ohio: A. H. Clark Co.) 1903-1909. Republished in the Philippines) 1962. This is a monumental collection of source material.

20. Quezon City: Filipiniana Publications) 1955. 512 pp.

21. Edited by Zoilo M. Galang . 20 vols. Manila: Exequiel Floro) 1950.

22. Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Co.) 1962. 204 pp.

23. Revised edition. Boston: Gi nn & Co.) 1954. 522 pp.

24. Revised edition. Manila: Philippine Education Co.) 1957. Vol. I: "The Philippines Since Pre-Spanish Times". 407 pp. Vol. II: "The Philippines Since the British Envas i on'". 408 pp.

25. Quezon City: University of the Philippines) 1960. 629 pp.

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26 0 Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959. 218 pp o

27. New York: Eo P. Dutton & Co., 1939. Dutton Paperback edition, 1959. 453 pp.

280 Manila: University of the Philippines, Institute of Public Administration, 1957. 268 pp.

29. Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 19600 477 pp.

30. Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 1957. 212 ppo

31. Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 1956. 456 pp. The sequel to this book by the same author is Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic. Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 1960. 831 pp.

320 Translated from the Spanish by Frederic H. Stevens and Antonio Amechazurra. Manila: McCullough Printing Co., 1956 0 250 pp.

33. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1961 0 383 pp.

34. Norman, Oklao: University of Oklahoma Press, 1951. 315 pp.

35. New York: Macmillan, 1942. 984 pp.

36. New York: Columbia University Press, 1958. 375 pp.

37. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1952. 282 pp.

38. Manila: Bookmark, 1963. 428 pp.

390 VoL I: "From Pre-Spanish Times to the End of the Quirino Admtrit st.r-atd on'' . Manila: American Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines, 1958. 743 pp.

VoL II : "The Magsaysay Admfnt st.r-atd.on'". Manila: Philippine Education Co, , 1961. 532 ppo

40. Ithica, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 19610 455 pp.

41. The Lost Eden. A new English translation by Leon Ma. Guerrero of Noli Me Tangere, with foreword by James A. Michener. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Pressj and London: Longmans Green & Co., 1961. 407 pp.

420 The Subversive. A new English translation by Leon Ma. Guerrero of El Filibusterismo o Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Pressj and London: Longmans Green & Co., 1962. 299 pp.

43· Manila: Philippine Education Co., 1913. 287 pp.

44. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1949. 385 pp.

45. Manila: National Heroes Commission, 1963. 549 pp.

46. Manila: Philippine Education Co., 1961. 289 pp o

47. Fred Eggan, Evett D. Hester, and Norton S. Ginsburg, Supervisors. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, for the Human Relations Area Files, Inco, 1956. 4 volso 1,832 pp.

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48. Revised edition. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, 1963. 373 pp.

49. Manila: United Church of Christ in the Philippines, 1963. 222 pp.

50. Second revised edition. IPC Papers, No.2. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1964. 113 pp ,

51. Frank Lynch and Mary R. Hollnsteiner (eds.). IPC Regional Handbook Series. To be published in 19640 250 pp . (approx.).

52. Loc . cit.

53. Quezon City: University of the Philippines, Community Development Research Council, 1963. 227 pp.

54. Manila: University of the Philippines, Institute of Public Administration, 1954. 151 pp.

55. Manila: University of the Philippines, Institute of Public Administration, 1955· 72 pp.

56. Quezon City: University of the Philippines, Community Development Research Council, 1963. 429 pp.

57. Quezon City: Vibal Publishing Co., 1963. 149 pp.

58. Manila: Philaw Publishing, 1956. 301 pp.

59· Boston: Little, Brown, 1955. 370 pp.

60. Manila: Philippine Normal College Press, 1961. 142 pp.

6l. Manila: University of the Philippines Press, 1932. 390 pp.

62. Manila: Abiva Publishing House, 1957. 564 pp.

63. Quezon City: Phoenix Press, 1958 . 318 pp.

64. Manila: United States Operations Mission to the Philippinesj Carmelo and Bauermann, Inc., 1960. 594 pp.

65. Bulletin 1961, No. 29, OE-14065. Washington, D.C o: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfarej Office of Education, U.S. Government Printing Office. 251 pp.

66. New York: United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia. To be pub­lished in 1964 .

670 Manila: United States Educational Foundation in the Philippines, 1950; second printing, 1956. 96 pp.

680 Vol. X, Nos . 1-2 (January-April, 1962), 26-33.

69. Vol. XI, Nos. 1-2 (January-April, 1963), 4-12. An expansion of this study was duplicated and privately distributed by the Interchurch Language School, Box 3096, Manila, 1963. 86 pp.

70. Ibid., 142-47.

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71. Vol. XXX, No.3 (1954), 92-93, 91, 108.

72. First published in The Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review. Vol . XIV} No.4 (Dec. 1949)} 367-400; Vol . XV} No .1 (March 1950)} 45-79; Vol. XV} No.2 (June 1950)} 163-94.

Later republished by the Institute of National Language. Manila: Bureau of Printing} 1959· 92 pp .

73· Sec ond and revised edition. New York : American Museum of Natural History Handbook Series} No. 8} 1943. 230 pp.

74 . Chicago: University of Chicago Press} 1949. 275 pp. Plates.

75. Memoir Series of the American Anthropological Association} No. 65 (1946). American Anthropologist} Vol. XLVIII} No.4} Part 2 (October 1946)} 219 pp.

76 . Stanford Anthropological Series} No.4. Stanford} California: Stanford University Press} 1962. 362 pp.

77. Manila: Filipiniana Book Gui l d } Inc.} 1963. 264 pp.

78. Manila: Philippine Federation of Christian Churches} 1964. 120 pp.

79 . IPC Papers} No. 3. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press} 1963. 66 pp.

80. Cambridge} Mass.: Harvard University Press} 1961. 702 pp.

81. World Horizon. Reports} No. 21. Maryknoll} N.Y.: Maryknoll Publications} 1957. 41 pp .

82 . Manila: Ateneo de Manila; distributed by Bookmark} 1963. 154 pp.

83. Manila: Ateneo de Manila; distributed by Bookmark. Vol. I (2nd ed.)} 1962. 588 pp . Vol . II to be published in 1964.

84. Greenwich} Conn.: Seabury Press; and London: S.P.C.K.} 1961. 228 pp.

85 . New York: Geor ge H. Doran Co.} 1925. 515 pp.

86 . New York: The Board of Foreign Missions of The Presbyterian Church in the U. S .A .} 1940. 205 '.pp.

87 . New York: Friendship Press} 1941. 120 pp.

88 . Second edition. Manila: United Church of Christ in the Philippines} 1964. 177 pp. Two additional references of considerable importance will be published in 1964: "Christianity in the Philippines Today" by Peter G. Gowi ng will appear in a forthcoming issue of the Occasional Bulletin of the Missionary Research Library} New York City; and Philippine Church History in Outline} a small book by the same author} will be published by the College of Theology at Silliman University} Dumaguete City} Philippines.

89. Lexington} Kentucky: The College of the Bible} 1956. 48 pp.

90. Westwood} N.J .: Fleming H. Revell Co.} 1961 . 256 pp.

91. stuttgart: Evang. Missionsverlag GmbH, 1961. pp. 51-56.

92. Quezon City : Philippine Federation of Christian Churches, 1962. 207 pp. (Mimeographed)

93. To be published in 1964 by the National Council of Churches in the Philippines for Union Theological Seminary, Manila.

94. Manila: United Church of Christ in the Philippines LI95~. 145 pp.

95. Quezon City: United Church of Christ in the Philippines, 1962. 186 pp.

96. Quezon City: United Church of Christ in the Philippines L?d~. 72 pp.

97. Quezon City: Philippine Federation of Christian Churches, 1962. 77 pp.

98. Manila: Catholic Trade School, 1964 . 805 pp.

99. Manila: LUnion Theological Seminarn, 1962. 161 pp. Revised edition for 1964-1965 in preparation.

100. Manila: The National Directory Committee of the Philippine Independent Church, 1963.

101. Ateneo de Manila; P.O. Box 154, Manila. Quarterly.

1020 Silliman University, Dumaguete City. Quarterly.

103. 1729 J.P. Laurel St , , San Miguel, Manila. Quarterly.

104. United Church of Christ in the Philippines; P.O. Box 118, Manila. Bi-monthly.

105 0 P.O. Box 154, Manila. Quarterly.

106. Esso Standard Eastern, Inco, 1071 United Nations Avenue, Manila. Quarterly.

107. See Vol. II, Summary Report on Population and Housing . Manila: Bureau of the Census and Statistics, 1963. 26 pp.

108. Manila: Bureau of the Census and Statistics. Periodically.

109. Manila: Office of Statistical Coordination and Standards, National Economic Council . Quarterly.

N.B. Books from the Philippines may be ordered from The Methodist Book Room, 900 United Nations Avenue, Box 756, Manila, Philippines.

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