Solid Waste Management By Dora Sir

7/25/2019 Solid Waste Management By Dora Sir

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Solid waste management


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Introduction What is solid waste? Due to rapid increase in the production

and consumption processes, societies generate as well as reject

solid materials regularly from various sectors domestic,

agricultural, commercial, industrial and institutional. Therefore,

the solid wastes are the wastes arising from human and

animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded asuseless or unwanted.

Why study solid waste? The huge amount of waste generated

places an enormous strain on natural resources and seriously

undermines efficient and sustainable development. One of theways to control the situation is through efficient management of

solid wastes.

The solid waste management topic deals with mostly the

municipal solid waste (MSW).


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Problem of open dumpingOpen dumping may involve minimum effort

and expense, but this practice :

Is not sustainable

Is unsanitary, smelly and unsightly Attracts flies, pests and stray animals that

spreads diseases

Contaminates soil, water and air Creates fire hazard

Clogs drainage systems


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Sources and types of solid waste

Sources of solid wastes in a community are: Residential

Commercial

Institutional

Construction and Demolition

Municipal Services

Treatment Plant Sites

Industrial Agricultural

MSW includes all the community waste with the exception of industrial

process waste and agriculture wastes


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Sources and types of solid wasteTypes of solid wastesTypical facilities,

activities, locations

where wastes are

generated

Source

Food wastes, paper, cardboard,

plastics, textiles, leather, yard

wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes,special wastes (e.g., bulky items,

consumer electronics, batteries, oil,

tires), and household hazardous

wastes

Single and multifamily

dwellings

Residential

Industrial process waste, scrap

materials, etc. Non - industrial

waste including food wastes,

construction and demolition wastes,rubbish, ashes , hazardous wastes

Light and heavy

manufacturing,

fabrication, construction

sites, power andchemical plants

Industrial


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where wastes are

generated

Source

Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood,

food wastes, glass, metals,special wastes, hazardous wastes

Stores, hotels,

restaurants, markets,office buildings, etc.

Commercial

Same as commercialSchools, hospitals,

prisons, governmentcenters

Institutional

Wood, steel, concrete, dirt,

broken pieces of bricks, etc.

New construction sites,

road repair, renovation

sites, demolition ofbuildings, broken

pavement

Construction and

Demolition


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where wastes are

generated

Source

Street sweepings; landscape and

tree trimmings; general wastesfrom parks, beaches, and other

recreational areas; sludge

Street cleaning,

landscaping, parks,beaches, other

recreational areas, water

and wastewater

treatment plants

Municipal

Services (excludingtreatment facilities)

Spoiled food wastes, agricultural

wastes, rubbish, hazardous waste.

Field and row crops,

orchards, vineyards,

dairies, feeding place,

farms, etc.

Agricultural


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Classification of MSW Waste can be classified in several ways but the following list

represents a typical classification:

Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste, paper(canalso be recycled).

Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals,certain plastics, fabrics, clothes, batteries etc.

Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris.

Electrical and electronic waste - electrical appliances, TVs, computers,screens, etc.

Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such astoys.

Hazardous waste including most paints, chemicals, batteries

bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray cans, fertilizerand containers Toxic waste including pesticide, herbicides, fungicides

Medical waste
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_bulbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_waste


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Components of solid waste

management

The key steps in management of MSW are

Storage

Sorting and separation

Collection

Transfer and transport

Disposal

Recycling

Reuse


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Storage Storage is the first essential step because collection of wastes

never takes place at the source or at the time of theirgeneration.

Storage can be done in separate containers for different types

of wastes, for example, recyclables (paper, glass, plastic),

food wastes, etc. Storage bins may be colour coded for easyidentification for their waste types.

Some of the options for storage are plastic containers,

conventional dustbins (of households), litter bins (use me

bins) at public places, used oil drums, large storage bins (for

institutions and commercial areas or servicing depots), etc.


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Segregated storing Developed countries have recycling system starting from

household premises to curbside collection system. Separate

colored collections bins are provided to deposit separate waste

material


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Sorting and separation The sorting or separation of MSW can be done at their source, at

curbside trash collection points and at the destination.

Separation of waste according to their types makes the subsequent

steps in waste management process like recycling, recovery and

disposal convenient.


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Sorting and separationIn developed countries the sorting facilities are well organized and

materials are separated for further processing


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Sorting and separation In India this process is mostly done in a non-formal and

unorganized way through the Rag-pickers and kabbadiwalas.

About 9-15% of urban solid waste are recycled by Rag-pickers in

India


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Collection The next step after storage is waste collection. The wastes

generated in residential areas or at other sources must be

removed within a week due to shortage of storage space and

presence of biodegradable material. The collected MSW is then

transported to other facilities for separation and recycling.

Collection can be provided under various managementarrangements, like:

municipal services

under various forms of contracts

involvement of NGOs

Collection can be done door-to-door by hand carts, tricycles, or

by motorised vehicles.


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Means of collection


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Means of collection


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Transfer and transport of MSW Transportation of waste from the sources to a common facility is an

essential step for further processing of MSW. This can be done

through a variety of vehicles such as: hand drawn small carts,bullock carts, tractors, trucks, etc.

This is the step is where maximum cost is involved. Therefore,

optimization of transportation system would considerably reduce the

MSW management cost. An efficient management of transportationof MSW would depend upon the quantity of waste, travelling

distance, road conditions and the traffic.

If the distance to the final site is long then smaller vehicles should be

used to collect and transfer the waste to a temporary storage facility,afterwards large vehicles should be used to transport to the final depot.

Collection and transport may be done early morning or late night to

avoid traffic problems and road congestion.


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Recycling, reuse and recovery The final step in management of MSW is safe

disposal of waste. Before disposing off the wasteseveral steps are taken to reduce the wastage and thecost of disposal, and to make the system sustainableby making a little profit from the management of

MSW. These steps are recycling, reuse and recovery(of any material and/or energy).

There are many benefits of these steps that include:reduction or prevention of green house gas emissions,reduction in release of pollutants, conservation of theresources, saving of energy and reducing the demandfor waste treatment technology and landfill space.


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Recycling

Recycling: Processing of a waste item into usable forms

The sorted and separated recyclable waste materials are usedas the raw material to produce new objects.

Waste paper and cardboard can be used by paper industry

Glass components are taken for sterilization and reuse while

broken glass is taken for remelting and manufacturing newglassware.

Cotton waste can be recycled to make new fabrics.

Plastic materials can also be recycled to new products.

Aerobic decomposition of biodegradable waste will generateexcellent quality manure.

For recycling to work, consumers must buy goods made from

recycled materials.


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Waste minimizationWaste minimization An important step in waste management is the

waste minimization, which means the preventionof waste being created.

This can be achieved through

reduction in waste production at the source

maximum reuse of the waste

training and educating public to participate

encouraging the public to choose reusable products

retailers making it mandatory for customers to take their

own reusable shopping bags


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Reduction and reuse of waste Source reduction, or preventing waste in the first place, is a better

option than disposal. This depends upon:

Optimum use of resources and materials In domestic front, steps should be taken to prevent wastage of food material

Personal/consumer behavior:

Use fewer items

Buy less-packaged and longer-lived goods

Reuse items by repairs than buying new Optimum use of consumer products

Buying second hand products

Donate reusable items to charity

Manufacturer behavior: Make goods with less packaging

Making products that can be refilled and repaired

Make longer-lived goods

Adopt more-efficient production methods


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Disposal

The ultimate step in the management of

MSW is safe disposal of the waste, whichcannot be recycled or reused, by:

Land filling

Incineration


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Land filling The disposal of waste by burying it in a site is called land filling. This remains a

common practice in most countries. Landfills are often established in abandoned or

unused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits away from the cities. A properly designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and relatively

inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. However, poorly designed

landfills or open dumps can create a number of adverse environmental impacts and

health hazards. The design of a modern landfill should include methods to contain the leachate by

clay or plastic lining material, otherwise it can contaminate the ground water. The

leachate should be properly treated before disposing.

The landfills generate gas due to biodegradation of waste. This gas (landfill gas)can be extracted by installing gas extraction systems and be used to generate

electricity.

The landfill site can be reclaimed afterwards and be used as a park or play ground.


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Incineration Incineration is controlled combustion of solid waste in presence of

oxygen.

The advantages of this method are:

Reduces volume by 90%

Requires little of landfill site and transportation cost to landfill

site is very low

Generation of electricity from the combustion of waste.

The disadvantages are :

It can create new chemical compounds and emit toxic and

environmentally harmful gases from the stacks


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Hazardous wastes Hazardous wastes refer to wastes that may, or tend to, cause

adverse effects, either alone or in combination with other

materials, on public health or the environment. The six basic characteristics of hazardous wastes as

recognised by Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF),

India, are:

Ignitability

Corrosivity

Reactivity

Toxicity

Acute toxicity

Infectious property


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Characteristics Ignitability: Ignitable (or flammable) wastes can create fires

under certain conditions, are spontaneously combustible, or

have a flash point less than 60 C (140 F). Examples: wasteoils and used solvents.

Corrosivity: Corrosive wastes are acids or bases (pH 2, or 12.5) and/or are capable of corroding metal containers, such

as storage tanks, drums, and barrels. Battery acid is anexample.

Reactivity

Toxicity Acute toxicity

Infectious property


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Characteristics Ignitability


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Segregating HW - Storage Facilities

Storage facilities for Hazardous Waste should be.

Safe and secure from unauthorised entry

Clearly signed as to the hazards of their contents

Suitably bunded for liquid containment

Designed to facilitate effective segregation

Designed to minimise the chance of accidents


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Segregating HW - Suitable ContainersSuitable containers for Hazardous Waste should

be.

Original Containers where possible

For many substances the original containers are themost suitable for storing them as waste

Robust and Sealable For other wastes, clinical waste bags in lidded bins or

other strong sealable containers are suitable

Properly Labelled Name, Description, Hazard Code(s) and EWC Code


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Segregating HW - Management

ControlManaged control of Hazardous Waste should include

the following.

Active Inventory Control Exceeding 23,000 litres of liquid or 50m of Hazardous

Waste on a Premises requires a licence Dedicated Personnel Trained personnel for undertaking the handling and

storage of Hazardous Waste

Audit Provision Audit of your HW management system will be

necessary to satisfy EA Regulators


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Information and training people Inform and train employees.

Retain all training records.

Implement and enforce rules and standards.

Conduct internal inspections.

Request assistance from Safety Office whenneeded!.


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COMMON SOLUTIONS: Proper Supervision

Daily Inspections

Continuous Training By lab P.I.

By Safety Office

Use Reference Materials MSDS

Safety Handbooks

Container labels

Knowledgeable Co-workers

Use Common Sense

Ask Questions Be Aware

Safety First

10 RULES OF HAZARDOUS


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10 RULES OF HAZARDOUS

WASTE MANAGEMENT: Label all chemical

containers.

Add words hazardouswaste, start date, filldate, name, phone#,and dept. to containerlabels.

Use secondarycontainment for allliquids.

Segregate containers by

hazard class. Keep containers closed

at all times.

6. Fill out tags for wastecollection

7. DO NOT dispose ofhazardous waste in thetrash, down drains, orevaporate in fume hoods.

8. Maintain emergencyequipment and know whatto do in the event of a spill,

fire, release or explosion.9. Use pollution prevention

techniques to reduceamounts of hazardous

waste.10. Document all training.


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Structure/Composition Of Municipal

Solid Waste


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RECYCLABLE WASTES PCB ballasts and capacitors

Batteries Oil, oil filters, and antifreeze

Mercury

In thermometers (See our web page for mercurythermometer replacement program)

In switches

In amalgam fillings

Circuit boards and color monitors

Fluorescent and HID lamps


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Separation of Recyclable and Placing Separately


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These Scavengers Collect the Recyclables and Separate in their

Own Premises


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Recyclables collected from scavengers are

deposited in one place


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About 9-15% of Urban Solid Waste

are recycled by Rag Pickers in India


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WASTE MINIMISATIONWASTE MINIMISATION

Prevention of waste being created is known as wastereduction which is an important method of waste

management.

The modern concepts based on the three Rs are:

Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

Methods of avoidance include reuse of second handproducts, designing products to be refillable orreusable, repairing broken items instead of buyingnew etc.


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Waste to energy Many incinerators now generate electricity from waste

combustion.

Waste to energy (WTE) facilities use heat from furnaces to

boil water. Steam turns turbines and generators.

WTE is efficient and effective, but income from power is low

and expense is high, so it takes many years to recoup the

investment.


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Hazardous wastes Hazardous wastes refer to wastes that may, or tend

to, cause adverse effects, either alone or in

combination with other materials, on public health or

the environment. These wastes pose, present or carry

potential risks to human health or living organisms,

due to the fact that they:

are non-degradable or persistent in nature

can be biologically magnified

are highly toxic and even lethal at very low

concentrations.

are highly corrosive, reactive and flammable

Documents

Solid Waste Management By Dora Sir