Chapter 3Solids, Liquids, and

Gases

By: Eduardo TorresHilanne SimónRafael Villeda

Carolina Bendeck

Section 1: States of

Matter

Key Terms & Examples:

Solids: Have a definite shape and a definite volume.Ex) A desk, watch, computer.

Crystalline solids: Solids that are made up of crystals.Ex) Quartz is a crystalline solid. Its particles are arranged in a regular pattern.

Amorphous solids: The particles are not arranged in a regular pattern.

Ex) Plastics, rubber, and glass. Butter is an amorphous solid. Its particles are not arranged in a regular pattern.

Liquids: Have a definite volume but no shape of its own. Ex) Water lemonade

Fluid: Liquid, meaning “a substance that flows.” Surface tension: The result of an inward pull among the

molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface close together.Ex) Water beads up on a leaf due to attractions between the water molecules. Surface tension in water is strong enough to support the weight of an insect.

Viscosity: another property of liquids, a liquids “resistance to flowing”. Ex) High viscosity: honey. Low viscosity: water and vinegar.

Gases: Have no definite shape or volume.Ex) Air.

Key Terms & Examples:

Types of Matter

Shape Volume Particle Average

Particle movement

Solids Definite Definite Fixed in one position

Packed together closely

Particles vibrate in place

Liquids Undefinite Definite Move freely but slowly

Particles move freely and slowly

Gases Undefinite Undefinite Not packed Move fast

and freely

Particles move fast and freely

Section 2: Changes of

state

Melting: The change in state from a solid to a liquid. Melting point: The specific point were melting occurs. Freezing: The change of state from liquid to a solid. Vaporization: The change of state from liquid to gas. Evaporation: The surface of the liquid were vaporization

takes place. Boiling: Occurs when a liquid changes to a gas below its

surface as well as at the surface. Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid boils. Condensation: The opposite of vaporization. Sublimation: Occurs when the surface particles of a solid

gain enough energy to form a gas.

Key Terms & Examples:

Crystalline Amorphous

Surface tensión Viscosity

Evaporation Boiling

Particles: fixedPacked: closely together

Move freely close together

Move freely Far apart

Solid Liquid GasMelting

PointBoiling Point

Freezing Boiling

Sublimation

Decomposition

Melting Vaporization

MELTING

Changes between solid and liquid:

•At its melting point, the

particles of a solid substance are

vibrating so fast that they break free from their fixed position.

FREEZINGChanges

between liquid and solid:

•At its freezing temperature,

the particles of a liquid are moving so

slowly that they began to form

regular patterns.

EVAPORATION VS.

BOILING Changes between liquid and gas:

Vaporization takes place when the

particles in a liquid gain enough

energy to form a gas.

Boiling point and air pressure:

The boiling point of a substance

depends on the pressure of the air

above it.

CONDENSATION

Condensation occurs when particles in a

gas lose enough

thermal energy to form a

liquid.

SUBLIMATION

Changes Between solid

and gas:During

sublimation particles of a solid do not

pass through the liquid state as they form a

gas.

Section 3: Gas behavior

Measuring Gases

When working with gas, it is important to know its volume, temperature, and pressure.

Volume:Volume can be measured in volume cm3 and cm2 and in liters (L) and milliliters (ML).

Temperature: A measurement in degrees Celsius or in degrees Fahrenheit.

Changes in Pressure:The pressure of gas is the force of its outward push.Pressure is equal to force over area.

Pressure= Force Area

Boyle’s and Charles’s Laws:

Pressure and Volume= Boyle’s Law: He found out that when the pressure of a gas at constant temperature is increased, the volume of a gas decreases. When the pressure is decreased, the volume is increased.

Volume and Temperature: Charles’s Law: He found out that when the temperature of a gas is increased at constant pressure, its volume increases. When the temperature of a gas is decreased at constant pressure, its volume is decreased.

BOYLE’S LAW:

As weights are added, the gas particles occupy a smaller volume. The pressure

increases.

Greatest pressure,

least volume.

Increasing pressure,

decreasing volume.

Increasing pressure,

decreasing volume.

PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE:

Gas at low temperature

.

Gas at high temperature

.

When a gas is heated, the particles move faster and collide more with each other and with the walls of

their container. The pressure of the gas increases.

CHARLES’S LAW:

Lower temperature

, smaller volume.

Higher temperature

, greater volume.

Changing the temperature of a gas at constant pressure changes its

volume in a similar way.

Pressure and Volume

Boyle’s Law Inverse T P V P V

Pressure and temperature

_______________ Direct V P T P T

Volume and temperature

Charles’s Law Direct P V T V T

Section 4: Graphing

Gas Behavior

Key Terms Graph: Diagram that tells how two

variables, or factors that change, are related.

Origin: (0,0) Graphs that are directly proportional:

Two variables that pass through the origin in a straight line.

Graphs that vary inversely: Two variables form a curve.

Temperature and Volume:

Collecting Data: Scientists often work with gas temperatures in units called kelvins. To convert from Celsius degrees to kelvins (K), add 273. The kelvin temperatures will be used to graph the data.

The graph of Charles’s law shows that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its kelvin temperature under constant pressure.

The graph for Boyle’s law shows that the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume at constant temperature.

Graphing Charles’s Law: A graph of the data from the image shows the relationship known as Charles’s law. The dotted line predicts how the

graph would look if the gas could be cooled further.

Graphing Boyle’s Law: A graph of the data from the image shows the

relationship between pressure and volume known as Boyle’s law.

GRAPHING GAS BEHAVIOR:

The “y” axis is the responding variable and the “x” variable is the manipulated variable.

Boyle’s law is indirect (negative) and Charles’s law is direct (positive).

The manipulated variable in Boyle’s law is volume and the responding variable is pressure.

Meanwhile in Charles’s law, temperature is the manipulated variable and volume is the responding variable.

WORK CITED