Welcome to the SOLAS

Summer School

29 Aug - 9 Sept 2005

Institut d'Etudes Scientifiques de Cargèse

Université de Corse, France

With assistance from: Casey Ryan, SOLAS International Project Officersolas@uea.ac.uk

Prof. Peter S. Liss

Chair, SOLAS SSCSchool of Environmental Sciences,

University of East Anglia, Norwich,

United Kingdom

P.Liss@uea.ac.uk

SOLAS Summer School Steering Committee

Corinne Le Quéré University of East Anglia and BAS, UK

Véronique Garçon Laboratoire d'Etudes en Geophysique et Océanographie Spatiales, Toulouse, France

Peter Liss University of East Anglia, UK

Wade McGillis Columbia University, US

Maurice Levasseur Laval University, Canada

Ulrich Platt University of Heidelberg, Germany

Mits Uematsu University of Tokyo, Japan

Rik Wanninkhof National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, US

Financial support

CNRS

What is SOLAS?

A Multidiciplinary and GlobalScale Research Programme

The Goal: “To achievequantitative understanding ofthe key biogeochemical-physical interactions andfeedbacks between the oceanand the atmosphere, andhow this coupled systemaffects and is affected byclimate and environmentalchange”.

Structure

SOLAS is Sponsored by SCOR,IGBP, CACGP and WCRP

IGBP Core Project

Part of the Earth SystemScience Partnership

The Scope of SOLAS

SOLAS Science Focus 1:Biogeochemical Interactions and

Feedbacks Between Ocean and Atmosphere

1.1 Marine ParticleEmissions and theirTransformations

1.2 Trace Gas Emissionsand PhotochemicalFeedbacks

1.3 DMS and Climate

1.4 Fe and MarineProductivity

1.5 Ocean-AtmosphereCycling of Nitrogen

Trichodesmium - an important N2-fixer that

requires large amounts of bioavailable Fe

Focus 2:Exchange Processes at the Air-Sea Interfaceand the Role of Transport and Transformation in theAtmospheric and Oceanic Boundary Layers

2.1 ExchangeAcross the Air-SeaInterface

2.2 Processes inthe OceanicBoundary Layer

2.3 Processes inthe AtmosphericBoundary Layer

Processes responsible for the exchange of mass,

momentum, and heat transport.

Focus 3: Air-Sea Flux of CO2 and OtherLong-Lived Radiatively Active Gases

3.1 Geographic andSub-Decadal Variabilityof Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes

3.2 Surface LayerCarbonTransformations in theOceans: Sensitivity toGlobal Change

3.3 Air-Sea Flux ofN2O and CH4

Net air-sea CO2 flux based on interpolation of

air-sea pCO2 differences (Takahashi et al.,

2002)

SOLAS Foci and Activities

FOCUS 1: BiogeochemicalInteractions and Feedbacksbetween Ocean andAtmosphere

FOCUS 2: ExchangeProcesses at the Air-SeaInterface and the Role ofTransport andTransformation in theAtmospheric and OceanicBoundary Layers

FOCUS 3: Air-Sea Flux ofCO2 and Other Long-LivedRadiatively Active Gases

Activity 1.1 Sea-salt Particle Formation andTransformations

Activity 1.2 Trace Gas Emissions and PhotochemicalFeedbacks

Activity 1.3 Dimethylsulphide and Climate

Activity 1.4 Iron and Marine Productivity

Activity 1.5 Ocean-Atmosphere Cycling of Nitrogen

Activity 2.1 Exchange Across the Air-Sea Interface

Activity 2.2 Processes in the Oceanic BoundaryLayer

Activity 2.3 Processes in the Atmospheric BoundaryLayer

Activity 3.1 Geographic and Sub-Decadal Variabilityof Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes

Activity 3.2 Surface Layer Carbon Transformationsin the Oceans: Sensitivity to Global Change

Activity 3.3 Air-Sea Flux of N2O and CH4

CROSS-CUTTINGACTIVITIES

Modelling

Remote

Sensing

Time Series

Studies

Palaeo

3 ImplementationPlans currently beingfinalised

Selected SOLAS Activities in 2004-5

Open ScienceConference

WG on SurfaceFluxes

and many more…

Products

www.solas-int.org

are you on the email list?

Implementation Plans coming soon

SOLAS National Reps

Australia Neil Tindale ntindale@usc.edu.auBelgium Christian Lancelot lancelot@ulb.ac.beBrazil Amauri Pereira de Oliveira apodlive@usp.brCanada Maurice Levasseur SOLAS@dal.caChile Giovanni Daneri gdaneri@udelmar.clChina (Beijing) Guang-Yu Shi shigy@mail.iap.ac.cnChina (Taipai) Gwo-Ching Gong gcgong@mail.ntou.edu.twDenmark Søren E. Larsen Soeren.Larsen@risoe.dkFrance Catherine Goyet cgoyet@univ-perp.fr

Rémi Losno losno@lisa.univ-paris12.frGermany Uli Platt Ulrich.Platt@iup.uni-heidelberg.de

Doug Wallace dwallace@ifm.uni-kiel.deIndia Dileep Kumar dileep@darya.nio.orgIreland Colin O'Dowd colin.odowd@cmas.demon.co.ukItaly Maurizio Ribera d'Alcala maurizio@szn.itJapan Mitsuo Uematsu uematsu@ori.u-tokyo.ac.jpKorea (ROK) Sung Yang sryang@hosim.kwangju.ac.krNetherlands Hein de Baar debaar@nioz.nlNew Zealand Phil Boyd pboyd@alkali.otago.ac.nzNorway Truls Johannessen truls@gfi.uib.noRussia Sergey Gulev gul@sail.msk.ruSpain Emilio Fernández esuarez@uvigo.esSweden David Turner david@amc.chalmers.seUK Philip Williamson p.williamson@uea.ac.ukUSA Wade R McGillis wrm2102@columbia.edu

SOLAS Scientific Steering CommitteeMembership

Peter Liss (Chair) UKWade McGillis USAPeter Schlosser USABill Miller CanadaOsvaldo Ulloa ChileChristiane Lancelot BelgiumShigenobu Takeda JapanTruls Johannessen NorwayDoug Wallace GermanyPatricia Matrai (Vice-Chair) USAUlrich Platt GermanyBarry Huebert USAMitsuo Uematsu JapanElsa Cortijo FranceKen Denman CanadaDileep Kumar IndiaGerrit de Leeuw NetherlandsTim Jickells UKGuang-Yu Shi China

Structure

SOLAS Science 2007

6-9 March 2007, Xiamen China

Canada ($7.5M, 80 scientists)

UK ($20M, 5 years)• UK NERC funding the IPO for 5 years

• Plans for a monitoring stationon Cape Verde

National Programmes

Canada

UK

NZ, China (Beijing) 8M), Japan, Brazil,Belgium and France have funded SOLASprogrammes. EU SOLAS STREPS to be fundedshortly.

Germany and Norway have submittedproposals.

Networks being built in the USA, India,South Korea, Russia, Chile and China (Taipei)

National Programmes

NASA Margulis & Lovelock

Science Highlights

a new response to Fe addition

direct measurements of gas

exchange

organics in aerosols

interannual variability in CO2 flux

effects of lowered seawater pH

iodine biogeochemistry

Jickells et al 2005

Fe addition to the ocean

S. Turner

SEEDS 1

Plankton net samples (100mm, 0-20m)in the patch on day 2 and day 11

Day 11 Day 2

NW Pacific Iron Enrichment

2004.07.27

SEEDS II

7-day backward trajectories during July, 2004 -SEEDS II

Thanks to Atsushi Tsuda

7-day backward trajectories during July, 2003

Thanks to Atsushi Tsuda

NZ SOLAS Air-sea Gas Exchange Experiment

Inside

Patch

Outside

Patch

J.Hall, NIWA

Trace gas response

SoFex

(Wingenter,PNAS 2004)

Trace gas response

EisenEx

(Liss et al,Tellus 2005)

Day since fertilisation

In

Out

SOLAS synthesis and planning

meeting in October 2005Led by Phil Boyd and Tim Jickells

Changes in various ice core and marine sediment parameters between the Holocene and the end of the last ice age. a) delta18O(a temperature proxy), Fe and MSA (an atmospheric oxidation product of DMS) from Antarctic ice cores. b) CO2 from theVostok ice core; TOC (total organic carbon), alkenones and dinosterol (proxies for surface ocean productivity) in a sedimentcore from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean . (Turner et al., 1996)

Science Highlights

a new response to Fe addition

direct measurements of gas

exchange

organics in aerosols

interannual variability in CO2 flux

effects of lowered seawater pH

iodine biogeochemistry0

20

40

60

80

100

0 5 10 15 20

Tracer N-2000Tracer Wat-91Tracer-WannRnC-14bombC-14 natk, 600 W-92k, 600 L&MS-86W-99

k, 600 (

cm

/hr)

U10

(m/s)

with thanks to Rik Wanninkhof

Parameterisations of transfer velocity

high wind speedmeasurement of gasexchange

dual tracers (SF6 / 3He)

with different solubilities

SOLAS hopes to advanceunderstanding so thatflux can be obtainedfrom measurements ofCw and Ca

few data at high winds,where parameterisationsdiffer most

windspeed

gas t

ransfe

r velo

city

Flux = k (Cw - Ca)

Global uptakesLiss and Merlivat-83: 1 Pg C/yrWanninkhof-92: 1.85 Pg C /yrWanninkhof&McGillis-99: 2.33 Pg C/yrZemmelink-03: 2.45 Pg C/yr

with thanks to Rik Wanninkhof (Takahashi et al., 2002)

Direct gas exchange measurements of DMS

Science Highlights

a new response to Fe addition

direct measurements of gas

exchange

organics in aerosols

interannual variability in CO2 flux

effects of lowered seawater pH

iodine biogeochemistry

Marine biogenic particles-aerosol-cloud interactions

Leck et al, 2004

Arctic Ocean Expedition 2003

DMS

NH3

I2

org-I

VOCs…

From O’Dowd et al. 2004 Nature

Mace HeadIreland

Science Highlights

a new response to Fe addition

direct measurements of gas

exchange

organics in aerosols

interannual variability in CO2

flux

effects of lowered seawater pH

iodine biogeochemistry

Interannual variability in air-sea CO2 flux

McKinley et al (2004) Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol 18

Interannual CO2 flux variabilityi) in the Pacific

Interannual CO2 flux variabilityii) in the Southern Ocean

Every month has >1observation within a 4°by 5° grid box

2 of 3 months has >1observation within box

1 of 3 months has >1observation within box

Seawater pCO2 measurements

SOLAS IPY

2007/9R. Bellerby

Science Highlights

a new response to Fe addition

direct measurements of gas

exchange

organics in aerosols

interannual variability in CO2 flux

effects of lowered seawater pH

iodine biogeochemistry

The effect of lowered pH:i) in the lab

300 ppmv

750 ppmv

(2100)

Mesocosm experiments in Bergen 2003. More planned for 200as part of CarboOcean, an EU SOLAS project

The effect of lowered pH:ii) in mesocosms

DMSPp DMSPd DMS

Future 1

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 4 7 10 13 16 19

day

nM

Present 4

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 4 7 10 13 16 19

day

nM

Past 7

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 4 7 10 13 16 19

day

nM

Mesocosm 2004, Bergen(data from Valia Avgoustidi) Science Highlights

a new response to Fe addition

direct measurements of gas

exchange

organics in aerosols

interannual variability in CO2 flux

effects of lowered seawater pH

iodine biogeochemistry

Iodine Chemistryin the MBL

John Plane, UEA, co-chairImplementation Group 1, with

Maurice Levasseur Chair,Canadian SOLAS

Carpenter et al, 2001

B. Allan, UEA F. Fordyce et al.

BGS

Capacity Building

Summer School

Open Science Conference

Travel grants

• APN, SCOR, IAI, IOCCorsica, France, 2003

& 2005. Plans for 2007

IPO Staff

Jeff Hare,new Executive Officer

Emily Breviere

Susanne V. Kadner

Martin Johnson

Casey Ryan