8
Software for Systematics and Evolution Syst. Biol. 66(2):197–204, 2017 © The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] DOI:10.1093/sysbio/syw087 Advance Access publication October 1, 2016 Infomap Bioregions: Interactive Mapping of Biogeographical Regions from Species Distributions DANIEL EDLER 1,2,∗ ,THAÍS GUEDES 2,3,4 ,ALEXANDER ZIZKA 2 ,MARTIN ROSVALL 1 , AND ALEXANDRE ANTONELLI 2,5 1 Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; 2 Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; 3 Federal University of São Paulo, 09972-270 Diadema, Brazil; 4 Museum of Zoology of University of São Paulo, 04263-000 São Paulo, Brazil; 5 Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22A, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden; ∗ Correspondence to be sent to: Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; E-mail: [email protected]. Martin Rosvall and Alexandre Antonelli are senior authors of this paper. Received 1 December 2015; reviews returned 16 September 2016; accepted 26 September 2016 Associate Editor: James Albert Abstract.—Biogeographical regions (bioregions) reveal how different sets of species are spatially grouped and therefore are important units for conservation, historical biogeography, ecology, and evolution. Several methods have been developed to identify bioregions based on species distribution data rather than expert opinion. One approach successfully applies network theory to simplify and highlight the underlying structure in species distributions. However, this method lacks tools for simple and efficient analysis. Here, we present Infomap Bioregions, an interactive web application that inputs species distribution data and generates bioregion maps. Species distributions may be provided as georeferenced point occurrences or range maps, and can be of local, regional, or global scale. The application uses a novel adaptive resolution method to make best use of often incomplete species distribution data. The results can be downloaded as vector graphics, shapefiles, or in table format. We validate the tool by processing large data sets of publicly available species distribution data of the world’s amphibians using species ranges, and mammals using point occurrences. We then calculate the fit between the inferred bioregions and WWF ecoregions. As examples of applications, researchers can reconstruct ancestral ranges in historical biogeography or identify indicator species for targeted conservation. [Biogeography; bioregionalization; conservation; mapping.] Biodiversity is not randomly distributed. It is well known that species are grouped in space and patterns of distribution can be recognized at small and large scales. Depending on the size, source of data, and scientific discipline, these broadly used biogeographical regions have received various related names, but here we simply refer to them as bioregions (see Vilhena and Antonelli (2015) for a discussion of terminology). In many disciplines, working with bioregions rather than single species is more effective. Conservation biology is a prime example, since protecting bioregions with high levels of biodiversity or uniqueness may help protecting many species from extinction. In historical biogeography, bioregions may be used as operational areas for ancestral range reconstructions in order to estimate how lineages in a phylogeny have evolved their geographical occupancy over time (Ree and Smith 2008; Goldberg et al. 2011; Matzke 2014). Moreover, since different taxa exhibit different patterns of diversity, distribution, and evolutionary history, there is no set of universal bioregions for all circumstances. Accordingly, the most effective set of bioregions depends on the particular system under study and research question at hand. Therefore, researchers need simple, effective, and flexible tools for mapping relevant species distribution data into bioregions. While bioinformatic tools can now provide rapid and accurate coding of species into predefined areas (Töpel et al. 2016), choosing the areas in the first place has been a subjective procedure without quantitative support. Researchers have therefore developed a suite of algorithms for mapping grid cell areas into biologically relevant regions (Kozak and Wiens 2006; Kreft and Jetz 2010; Oliveira et al. 2015), but often they involve multiple and overly technical steps. As a consequence, most biogeographical studies still use arbitrarily defined areas. To make identification of bioregions simple and effective for any set of species distribution data, we present the web-based, interactive mapping tool Infomap Bioregions. The underlying method clusters bipartite networks that contain both species and grid cells. This method was recently shown to outperform approaches that abstract away the species into species similarities between grid cells in unipartite networks (Vilhena and Antonelli 2015). Moreover, the bipartite networks are clustered with the information-theoretic clustering algorithm known as Infomap (Rosvall and Bergstrom 2008), which has been acclaimed as the best network clustering algorithm in several comparative studies (Lancichinetti and Fortunato 2009; Aldecoa and Marín 2013). Thanks to its simple and effective design, Infomap Bioregions has wide applications in biogeography, ecology, evolutionary biology, conservation, and related disciplines. 197

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Page 1: Software for Systematics and Evolution

Software for Systematics and Evolution

Syst. Biol. 66(2):197–204, 2017© The Author(s) 2016. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permitsnon-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected]:10.1093/sysbio/syw087Advance Access publication October 1, 2016

Infomap Bioregions: Interactive Mapping of Biogeographical Regions fromSpecies Distributions

DANIEL EDLER1,2,∗, THAÍS GUEDES2,3,4, ALEXANDER ZIZKA2, MARTIN ROSVALL1, AND ALEXANDRE ANTONELLI2,5

1Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences,University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; 3Federal University of São Paulo, 09972-270 Diadema, Brazil; 4Museum of

Zoology of University of São Paulo, 04263-000 São Paulo, Brazil; 5Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22A, 413 19 Gothenburg, Sweden;∗Correspondence to be sent to: Integrated Science Lab, Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;

E-mail: [email protected] Rosvall and Alexandre Antonelli are senior authors of this paper.

Received 1 December 2015; reviews returned 16 September 2016; accepted 26 September 2016Associate Editor: James Albert

Abstract.—Biogeographical regions (bioregions) reveal how different sets of species are spatially grouped and therefore areimportant units for conservation, historical biogeography, ecology, and evolution. Several methods have been developedto identify bioregions based on species distribution data rather than expert opinion. One approach successfully appliesnetwork theory to simplify and highlight the underlying structure in species distributions. However, this method lackstools for simple and efficient analysis. Here, we present Infomap Bioregions, an interactive web application that inputsspecies distribution data and generates bioregion maps. Species distributions may be provided as georeferenced pointoccurrences or range maps, and can be of local, regional, or global scale. The application uses a novel adaptive resolutionmethod to make best use of often incomplete species distribution data. The results can be downloaded as vector graphics,shapefiles, or in table format. We validate the tool by processing large data sets of publicly available species distributiondata of the world’s amphibians using species ranges, and mammals using point occurrences. We then calculate the fitbetween the inferred bioregions and WWF ecoregions. As examples of applications, researchers can reconstruct ancestralranges in historical biogeography or identify indicator species for targeted conservation. [Biogeography; bioregionalization;conservation; mapping.]

Biodiversity is not randomly distributed. It is wellknown that species are grouped in space and patternsof distribution can be recognized at small and largescales. Depending on the size, source of data, andscientific discipline, these broadly used biogeographicalregions have received various related names, but herewe simply refer to them as bioregions (see Vilhena andAntonelli (2015) for a discussion of terminology). Inmany disciplines, working with bioregions rather thansingle species is more effective. Conservation biologyis a prime example, since protecting bioregions withhigh levels of biodiversity or uniqueness may helpprotecting many species from extinction. In historicalbiogeography, bioregions may be used as operationalareas for ancestral range reconstructions in order toestimate how lineages in a phylogeny have evolvedtheir geographical occupancy over time (Ree and Smith2008; Goldberg et al. 2011; Matzke 2014). Moreover,since different taxa exhibit different patterns of diversity,distribution, and evolutionary history, there is no set ofuniversal bioregions for all circumstances. Accordingly,the most effective set of bioregions depends on theparticular system under study and research question athand. Therefore, researchers need simple, effective, andflexible tools for mapping relevant species distributiondata into bioregions.

While bioinformatic tools can now provide rapidand accurate coding of species into predefined areas

(Töpel et al. 2016), choosing the areas in the first placehas been a subjective procedure without quantitativesupport. Researchers have therefore developed a suite ofalgorithms for mapping grid cell areas into biologicallyrelevant regions (Kozak and Wiens 2006; Kreft and Jetz2010; Oliveira et al. 2015), but often they involve multipleand overly technical steps. As a consequence, mostbiogeographical studies still use arbitrarily definedareas.

To make identification of bioregions simple andeffective for any set of species distribution data,we present the web-based, interactive mappingtool Infomap Bioregions. The underlying methodclusters bipartite networks that contain both speciesand grid cells. This method was recently shownto outperform approaches that abstract away thespecies into species similarities between grid cellsin unipartite networks (Vilhena and Antonelli 2015).Moreover, the bipartite networks are clustered withthe information-theoretic clustering algorithm knownas Infomap (Rosvall and Bergstrom 2008), whichhas been acclaimed as the best network clusteringalgorithm in several comparative studies (Lancichinettiand Fortunato 2009; Aldecoa and Marín 2013).Thanks to its simple and effective design, InfomapBioregions has wide applications in biogeography,ecology, evolutionary biology, conservation, and relateddisciplines.

197

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198 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 66

a) b) c)

f) e) d)

FIGURE 1. Step-by-step illustration of how Infomap Bioregions generates bioregions from species distribution data. Infomap Bioregions:a) inputs comma-separated values for point occurrences, b) adaptively bins species records into discrete geographical grid cells such that thedata density determines the spatial resolution, c) extracts a bipartite network between species and grid cells, d) clusters the bipartite networkwith the Infomap clustering algorithm, e) visualizes the grid cell clusters as bioregions on a zoomable map, f) exports the geographical map in svgor png format, the tables of top occurring and top indicative species for each bioregion in csv format, the species presence/absence matrix forthe bioregions in NEXUS format and the geographical information of the bioregions in shapefile or GeoJSON format.

DESCRIPTION

Infomap Bioregions is an interactive web applicationthat identifies taxon-specific bioregions from speciesdistribution data. We first present the application’sworkflow (Fig. 1), and then describe each step in detail.

Given user-provided species distribution data, theapplication first bins the data into geographical gridcells with adaptive spatial resolution. When the data aresparse, the grid size is large; and when the data are dense,the grid size is small. This novel adaptive resolutionoffers a considerable advantage over conventionaluniform binning when dealing with biodiversity data,which is unevenly distributed (Maldonado et al. 2015;Meyer et al. 2016).

The binning generates a bipartite network betweenspecies and grid cells, which is then clustered with theInfomap algorithm into bioregions (Edler and Rosvall2015). The application also identifies the most commonand the most indicative species in each grid cell andbioregion. The results are shown as an interactive maptogether with supporting tables containing informationabout each bioregion.

To facilitate the integration of bioregion delimitationand ancestral range reconstructions, Infomap Bioregionsalso supports loading a phylogenetic tree, whichmay be time-calibrated or not. Fitch’s method ofmaximum parsimony as originally described (Fitch1971) is implemented to provide a quick estimate ofancestral ranges. Species in the phylogeny that are notpresent in the distribution data set are ignored in the

ancestral range reconstruction, and ancestral ranges forthe remaining species are shown with pie charts basedon the bioregions identified (see Fig. 3). The bioregionscan also be exported to allow analyses under alternativemethods of ancestral range reconstruction.

Input DataFor species distribution data, Infomap Bioregions

supports both point occurrences and species range maps.Point occurrences are specified in a text file with eithercomma-separated (CSV) or tab-separated (TSV) values.The application requires a header with the columnnames, and the user must identify which columns thatshould be parsed as name, latitude, and longitude,respectively (Fig. 1a). Range maps are specified in theshapefile format, which includes multiple files: a .shpfile for species range polygons, a .dbf file for theattributes of each range polygon, and, optionally, a .prjfile for projection information. As for point occurrencedata, the user must identify which attribute to parse asthe name of the species.

For phylogenetic data, Infomap Bioregions supportsthe NEXUS and Newick tree formats.

Output DataThe map with bioregions can be exported in .svg

and .png format. The shapes of bioregions can beexported in .geojson and shapefile format, and aspecies presence/absence matrix for the bioregions can

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2016 EDLER ET AL.—INFOMAP BIOREGIONS 199

be exported in.nexus format for further analyses in, forexample, BioGeoBEARS (Matzke 2013), BayArea (Landiset al. 2013), and many other ancestral reconstruction toolsthat can handle such files.

Summary tables of the most common and the mostindicative species for each bioregion can be exportedin .csv format, and the tree can be exported in .svgformat.

Adaptive ResolutionWhere data are sparse, single cells can be clustered in

distinct bioregions. To avoid providing more detail thanthe data can support, Infomap Bioregions automaticallyadapts the grid size to the amount and spatialdistribution of the input data. This is done by mappingthe input data to a so-called quadtree data structure, asillustrated in Figure 1b.

The adaptive resolution algorithm uses the quadtreeto hierarchically partition geographical space intoquadratic grid cells of increasingly smaller size byrecursively subdividing each grid cell into fourquadrants. When the algorithm reaches the user-provided maximum cell size (default is 4◦), it aggregatesthe species into grid cells.

To make the resolution adaptive to the density ofthe data, each grid cell has a user-provided maximumcell capacity (default is 100 species occurrence records).The algorithm recursively subdivides all grid cells withmore records than the maximum cell capacity until itreaches the user-provided minimum cell size (default is1◦). However, if a grid cell after a subdivision containsless species than the user-provided minimum cell capacity(default is 10), the algorithm reverts the most recentsubdivision to avoid creating regions with too few datapoints.

With these criteria, Infomap Bioregions cansimultaneously identify high-resolution bioregionswhere data are abundant and low-resolution bioregionswhere data are sparse, and thereby avoid over- andunderfitting across all bioregions.

For point occurrence data, these criteria make theadaptive resolution straightforward. For range maps, theapplication first adds a species record to each grid cellof minimum size that intersects with the correspondingspecies range polygon, and then proceeds with theadaptive binning to satisfy the user-specified criteria.

It is also possible to interactively modify the resolutionof the bioregions by adjusting the Markov time for theInfomap clustering algorithm (Kheirkhahzadeh et al.2016). In this way, the user can tune Infomap to searchfor bigger or smaller bioregions that are still supportedby the data.

Bipartite NetworkWhen Infomap Bioregions aggregates the species into

geographical grid cells, it forms a bipartite network withspecies and grid cells as the two types of nodes. Eachspecies is connected by an unweighted link to each

grid cell in which it is present. We purposefully avoidweighting the links by the number of records, becausethat would make the results sensitive to spatially biasedsampling. Instead, we let the density of species recordsincrease the spatial resolution as described above. In thisway, dense data generate large networks.

Bioregions and Indicator SpeciesInfomap Bioregions clusters the bipartite network

with Infomap for bipartite networks (Kheirkhahzadehet al. 2016). The resulting clusters contain both grid cellsand species, and define the bioregions. The softwaredisplays the bioregions with different colors on a map,and provides a table for each bioregion includingsummary statistics and species lists. The application lists,for grid cells and bioregions, both the most commonspecies and the most indicative species with the highestrelative abundance. That is, for species s in grid cell orbioregion r, the indicative score Is|r is defined as the ratiobetween the frequency fs|r of the species in the region andthe frequency fs of the species in all regions, Is|r = fs|r/fs.Thus, an indicative score of 2 means that a species is twiceas frequent in the region than in the entire data set. Inthe bioregions tables, the most common and indicativespecies are displayed together with charts that show thedistribution of those species in other bioregions. Thisinformation makes it possible to find endemic species,unique or close to unique to a specific bioregion.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

To validate Infomap Bioregions, we applied it to rangemaps of amphibians and point occurrences of terrestrialmammals. For amphibians, we downloaded globaldistribution data as range polygons for 6069 speciesfrom the International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN, http://www.iucn.org, downloaded August 17,2015, from http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/spatial-data). For terrestrial mammals, wecompiled the global distribution of 5005 species from acollection of georeferenced observation records obtainedthrough the Global Biodiversity Information Facility(GBIF.org [11th November 2015; GBIF OccurrenceDownload http://doi.org/10.15468/dl.wnjjkc]). Wecleaned the mammal data set using the R functionsin the package speciesgeocodeR (Töpel et al. 2016),checking for obvious errors such as empty coordinates,terrestrial species reported in the sea, and coordinatesassigned to country or province centroids.

For the resolution, we allowed grid cells to rangebetween 4◦ and 2◦ to reflect spatial differences in datadensity. We used maximum cell capacity 100 and set theminimum cell capacity to 5. Below we show the bioregionmaps of the amphibians and mammals, and highlight afew bioregions.

For terrestrial mammals, we downloaded a set of 1000species-level phylogenies of all mammals from Faurbyand Svenning (2015) and calculated the maximum cladecredibility tree using TreeAnnotator in the package

http://www.iucn.org
http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/spatial-data
http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/spatial-data
GBIF.org
http://doi.org/10.15468/dl.wnjjkc
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200 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 66

FIGURE 2. Bioregion map of the world’s amphibians generated with Infomap Bioregions, using the IUCN species range maps. White areashave insufficient data and were excluded from the analysis. The inset shows a zoom-in of Central America, the West Indies, and northwesternSouth America, depicting many small bioregions that reflect high turnover of species assemblages and narrow-range distributions characteristicfor the region. Table 1 shows information about labeled bioregions.

TABLE 1. Selected amphibian bioregions

Location Records Species Cells Most common Most indicativespecies (records) species (score)

(a) South America 42,161 719 167 Trachycephalus venulosus (600) Lithobates palmipes (3.3)Veined tree frog Amazon River frog

(b) Africa 27,267 553 333 Kassina senegalensis (970) Hildebrandtia ornata (2.1)Senegal running frog African ornate frog

(c) Eurasia 13,083 103 313 Rana arvalis (1547) Triturus cristatus (1.3)Moor frog Northern crested newt

(d) Andes 121 75 1 Pristimantis nervicus (13) Pristimantis nervicus (157)— —

(e) Hispaniola 181 65 4 Hypsiboas heilprini (28) Osteopilus vastus (73)Los Bracitos tree frog Hispaniola tree frog

(f) Cuba 214 61 4 Osteopilus septentrionalis (28) Eleutherodactylus varleyi (73)Cuban tree frog —

Notes: For exact locations, the indices (a)–(f) are displayed on the bioregion map in Figure 2. Bioregions (a)–(c) are the most species-rich and(d)–(f) are hand-picked to illustrate how even small bioregions can contain relatively many species. Common names taken from Encyclopediaof Life at http://eol.org

BEAST v.1.8.2 (Drummond and Rambaut 2007). We wereable to match 4426 species between the phylogeny andthe georeferenced data set.

AmphibiansWe identified 87 bioregions of amphibians as

illustrated in Figure 3 (see Supplementary Materialavailable on Dryad at http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2s201 for detailed results). In Table 1, we detailthe three most species-rich bioregions and three smallbioregions with relatively many species. Most of thespecies belong to relatively large bioregions, but we alsoidentified smaller bioregions, such as in the Caribbeanwhere island endemics are common, and in the tropical

Andes where species turnover is high and many speciesare located in just a few cells.

The identified bioregions largely coincide with thosefound by Vilhena and Antonelli (2015), except forsome differences due to the adaptive resolution andits settings. For the Neotropics, our clustering seemsto reflect the regionalization proposed by Morrone(2006; 2014) for some subregions and provinces suchas the Amazonian subregion, the Parana subregion,and the Chacoan dominion. Infomap Bioregions alsosuccessfully identified small bioregions, for example, inthe island of Hispaniola and in the tropical Andes, whichcould be particularly considered for conservation. Otherexamples of relatively small-scale bioregions include theCape region in South Africa and the Dahomey gap inWest Africa (Fig. 2).

http://eol.org
http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2s201
http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2s201
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2016 EDLER ET AL.—INFOMAP BIOREGIONS 201

10 25 50 100 150 200Today

Ornithorhynchus anatinusMegalibgwilia ramsayi

Tachyglossus aculeatus

Zaglossus hackettiZaglossus bruijniiZaglossus attenboroughi

Zaglossus bartoniRhyncholestes raphanurusLestoros inca

Caenolestes caniventer

Caenolestes fuliginosusCaenolestes condorensis

Caenolestes convelatus

Glironia venustaCaluromysiops irrupta

Caluromys philanderCaluromys derbianus

Caluromys lanatus

Hyladelphys kalinowskii

Tlacuatzin canescensChacodelphys formosa

Marmosa rubraMarmosa mexicanaMarmosa robinsoni

Marmosa xerophilaMarmosa andersoniMarmosa lepida

Marmosa tylerianaMarmosa murina

Marmosa quichua

Micoureus paraguayanusMicoureus demerarae

Micoureus constantiae

Micoureus alstoniMicoureus regina

Micoureus phaeusMonodelphis kunsi

Monodelphis emiliae

Monodelphis maraxinaMonodelphis scalops

Monodelphis theresa

Monodelphis osgoodiMonodelphis umbristriataMonodelphis reigi

Monodelphis adustaMonodelphis rubidaMonodelphis unistriata

Monodelphis ronaldiMonodelphis dimidiata

Monodelphis sorex

Monodelphis americana

Monodelphis iheringiMonodelphis brevicaudata

Monodelphis domesticaMonodelphis glirina

Monodelphis palliolata

Metachirus nudicaudatusChironectes minimus

Lutreolina crassicaudata

Philander frenatus

Philander opossum

Philander mcilhennyiPhilander mondolfiiPhilander andersoni

Philander deltaeDidelphis virginiana

Didelphis auritaDidelphis marsupialisDidelphis albiventris

Didelphis imperfectaDidelphis pernigra

Marmosops incanus

Marmosops paulensisMarmosops noctivagus

Marmosops ocellatusMarmosops impavidus

Marmosops neblina

Marmosops fuscatusMarmosops bishopi

Marmosops pinheiroi

Marmosops juninensisMarmosops creightoni

Marmosops parvidensMarmosops handleyi

Marmosops invictus

Marmosops cracens

Lestodelphys halli

Thylamys karimii

Thylamys velutinus

Thylamys venustus

Thylamys cinderella

Thylamys sponsorius

Thylamys pusillus

Thylamys macrurusThylamys tatei

Thylamys pallidior

Thylamys elegans

Cryptonanus unduaviensis

Cryptonanus chacoensis

Cryptonanus guahybae

Cryptonanus agricolai

Cryptonanus ignitus

Gracilinanus dryasGracilinanus emiliae

Gracilinanus marica

Gracilinanus aceramarcaeGracilinanus agilis

Gracilinanus microtarsusDromiciops gliroides

Notoryctes caurinusNotoryctes typhlops

Chaeropus ecaudatusMacrotis lagotis

Macrotis leucura

Isoodon macrourusIsoodon obesulus

Isoodon auratusPerameles bougainville

Perameles gunniiPerameles nasuta

Perameles eremianaPeroryctinae GEN NOW

Peroryctes broadbenti

Peroryctes raffrayana

Peroryctes SP NOW

Microperoryctes longicauda

Microperoryctes papuensis

Microperoryctes murina

Microperoryctes aplini

Echymipera clara

Echymipera echinista

Rhynchomeles prattorum

Echymipera rufescens

Echymipera kalubu

Echymipera davidi

Myrmecobius fasciatus

Thylacinus cynocephalus

Planigale novaeguineae

Planigale maculata

Planigale ingramiPlanigale gilesi

Planigale tenuirostrisAntechinomys laniger

Sminthopsis granulipes

Sminthopsis longicaudata

Ningaui timealeyiNingaui yvonneae

Ningaui ridei

Sminthopsis crassicaudata

Sminthopsis bindiSminthopsis macroura

Sminthopsis douglasiSminthopsis virginiae

Sminthopsis aitkeniSminthopsis griseoventer

Sminthopsis ooldea

Sminthopsis psammophila

Sminthopsis youngsoni

Sminthopsis hirtipes

Sminthopsis dolichura

Sminthopsis leucopus

Sminthopsis murina

Sminthopsis gilberti

Sminthopsis archeri

Sminthopsis butleri

Sminthopsis fuliginosus

Phascogale calura

Phascogale tapoatafa

Phascogale pirata

Murexia habbema

Murexia rothschildi

Murexia melanurus

Murexia longicaudata

Murexia naso

Antechinus swainsonii

Antechinus minimus

Antechinus subtropicusAntechinus godmani

Antechinus stuartiiAntechinus adustus

Antechinus flavipes

Antechinus bellusAntechinus leo

Antechinus agilisDasyuroides byrnei

Dasykaluta rosamondae

Dasycercus cristicauda

Dasycercus blythi

Pseudantechinus bilarni

Pseudantechinus woolleyae

Pseudantechinus ningbing

Pseudantechinus macdonnellensis

Pseudantechinus roryi

Pseudantechinus mimulus

Parantechinus apicalis

Myoictis melas

Myoictis wallacei

Myoictis wavicus

Myoictis leucura

Neophascogale lorentzii

Phascolosorex dorsalis

Phascolosorex doriae

Sarcophilus harrisii

Dasyurus hallucatus

Dasyurus maculatus

Dasyurus albopunctatus

Dasyurus viverrinus

Dasyurus geoffroii

Dasyurus spartacus

Phascolarctos cinereus

Thylacoleo carnifex

Palorchestes azeal

Diprotodon optatum

Maokopia ronaldi

Zygomaturus trilobus

Vombatus ursinus

Vombatus hacketti

Phascolomys medius

Phascolonus gigas

Lasiorhinus krefftii

Lasiorhinus latifronsBurramys parvus

Cercartetus caudatus

Cercartetus lepidus

Cercartetus nanus

Cercartetus concinnus

Wyulda squamicaudata

Trichosurus vulpecula

Trichosurus caninus

Trichosurus cunninghami

Strigocuscus celebensis

Ailurops ursinus

Ailurops melanotis

Spilocuscus papuensis

Spilocuscus rufoniger

Spilocuscus wilsoni

Spilocuscus maculatus

Spilocuscus kraemeri

Strigocuscus pelengensis

Phalanger matanim

Phalanger ornatus

Phalanger lullulae

Phalanger gymnotis

Phalanger sericeus

Phalanger vestitus

Phalanger carmelitae

Phalanger intercastellanus

Phalanger alexandrae

Phalanger orientalis

Phalanger matabiru

Phalanger mimicus

Phalanger rothschildi

Acrobates pygmaeus

Distoechurus pennatus

Tarsipes rostratus

Gymnobelideus leadbeateri

Dactylonax palpator

Dactylopsila trivirgata

Dactylopsila tatei

Dactylopsila megalura

Dactylopsila kambuayai

Petaurus australis

Petaurus abidi

Petaurus brevicepsPetaurus biacensis

Petaurus gracilis

Petaurus norfolcensis

Pseudochirops archeri

Petropseudes dahli

Pseudochirops corinnae

Pseudochirops cupreus

Pseudochirops albertisii

Pseudochirops coronatus

Hemibelideus lemuroides

Petauroides volans

Petauroides ayamaruensis

Pseudocheirus peregrinus

Pseudocheirus occidentalis

Pseudochirulus herbertensis

Pseudochirulus cinereus

Pseudochirulus canescens

Pseudochirulus schlegeli

Pseudochirulus forbesi

Pseudochirulus larvatus

Pseudochirulus caroli

Pseudochirulus mayeri

Hypsiprymnodon moschatus

Potorous tridactylus

Potorous platyops

Potorous gilbertii

Potorous longipes

Caloprymnus campestris

Borungaboodie hatcheri

Aepyprymnus rufescens

Propleopus oscillans

Bettongia penicillata

Bettongia gaimardi

Bettongia tropica

Bettongia lesueur

Bettongia pusilla

Sthenurus andersoni

Sthenurus atlas

Sthenurus stirlingi

Sthenurus tindalei

Metasthenurus newtonae

Simosthenurus occidentalis

Procoptodon browneorum

Procoptodon goliah

Procoptodon gilli

Lagostrophus fasciatus

Troposodon minor

Onychogalea fraenata

Onychogalea unguifera

Onychogalea lunata

Setonix brachyurus

Lagorchestes asomatus

Lagorchestes hirsutus

Lagorchestes conspicillatus

Lagorchestes leporides

Macropus fuliginosus

Macropus giganteus

Macropus ferragus

Wallabia bicolor

Wallabia kitcheneri

Macropus bernardus

Macropus rufus

Macropus antilopinus

Macropus robustus

Macropus irma

Macropus rufogriseus

Macropus parryi

Macropus parma

Macropus dorsalis

Macropus agilis

Macropus eugenii

Macropus greyi

Dorcopsulus vanheurni

Dorcopsulus macleayi

Dorcopsis luctuosa

Dorcopsis muelleri

Dorcopsis atrata

Dorcopsis hageni

Protemnodon nombe

Protemnodon roechus

Protemnodon hopei

Protemnodon tumbuna

Protemnodon anak

Protemnodon brehus

Thylogale billardierii

Thylogale thetis

Thylogale stigmatica

Thylogale christenseni

Thylogale lanatus

Thylogale browni

Thylogale calabyi

Thylogale brunii

Dendrolagus inustus

Dendrolagus spadix

Dendrolagus matschiei

Dendrolagus pulcherrimus

Dendrolagus goodfellowi

Dendrolagus mbaiso

Dendrolagus lumholtzi

Dendrolagus bennettianus

Dendrolagus ursinus

Dendrolagus dorianus

Dendrolagus mayri

Dendrolagus notatus

Dendrolagus stellarum

Dendrolagus scottae

Petrogale persephone

Petrogale burbidgei

Petrogale concinna

Petrogale brachyotis

Petrogale xanthopus

Petrogale coenensis

Petrogale lateralis

Petrogale godmani

Petrogale rothschildi

Petrogale purpureicollis

Petrogale herberti

Petrogale penicillata

Petrogale assimilis

Petrogale sharmani

Petrogale inornata

Petrogale mareeba

Mixotoxodon larensis

Toxodon platensis

Trigonodops lopesi

Dugong dugon

Hydrodamalis gigas

Trichechus senegalensis

Trichechus inunguis

Trichechus manatus

Procavia capensis

Heterohyrax brucei

Dendrohyrax dorsalis

Dendrohyrax arboreus

Dendrohyrax validus

Mammut americanum

Cuvieronius hyodon

Stegomastodon platensis

Stegomastodon waringi

Stegodon florensis

Stegodon orientalis

Stegodon trigonocephalus

Mammuthus primigenius

Mammuthus columbi

Mammuthus exilis

Loxodonta africana

Elephas iolensis

Elephas maximus

Elephas mnaidriensis

Elephas naumanni

Elephas namadicus

Elephas cypriotes

Elephas tiliensis

Elephas antiquus

Orycteropus afer

Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis

Rhynchocyon chrysopygus

Rhynchocyon udzungwensis

Rhynchocyon petersi

Rhynchocyon cirnei

Macroscelides proboscideus

Elephantulus rozeti

Petrodromus tetradactylus

Elephantulus revoili

Elephantulus fuscipes

Elephantulus fuscus

Elephantulus myurus

Elephantulus pilicaudus

Elephantulus edwardii

Elephantulus rupestris

Elephantulus intufi

Elephantulus rufescens

Elephantulus brachyrhynchus

Chrysospalax trevelyani

Chrysospalax villosus

Calcochloris obtusirostris

Calcochloris leucorhinus

Calcochloris tytonis

Eremitalpa granti

Cryptochloris wintoni

Cryptochloris zyli

Chrysochloris stuhlmanni

Chrysochloris asiatica

Chrysochloris visagiei

Chlorotalpa duthieae

Chlorotalpa sclateri

Carpitalpa arendsi

Neamblysomus gunningi

Neamblysomus julianae

Amblysomus marleyi

Amblysomus corriae

Amblysomus hottentotus

Amblysomus septentrionalis

Amblysomus robustus

Potamogale velox

Micropotamogale lamottei

Micropotamogale ruwenzorii

Setifer setosus

Echinops telfairi

Tenrec ecaudatus

Hemicentetes semispinosus

Hemicentetes nigriceps

Geogale aurita

Oryzorictes hova

Oryzorictes tetradactylus

Limnogale mergulus

Microgale soricoides

Microgale macpheei

Microgale nasoloi

Microgale parvula

Microgale drouhardi

Microgale cowani

Microgale brevicaudata

Microgale dobsoni

Microgale pusilla

Microgale gymnorhyncha

Microgale gracilis

Microgale taiva

Microgale majori

Microgale monticola

Microgale principula

Microgale jobihely

Microgale fotsifotsy

Microgale talazaci

Microgale dryas

Microgale thomasi

Microgale longicaudata

Microgale jenkinsae

Cyclopes didactylus

Myrmecophaga tridactyla

Tamandua mexicana

Tamandua tetradactyla

Bradypus torquatus

Bradypus tridactylus

Bradypus variegatus

Bradypus pygmaeus

Nothrotherium maquinense

Nothrotheriops shastense

Eremotherium laurillardi

Megatherium americanum

Megatherium tarijense

Scelidotherium leptocephalum

Catonyx cuvieri

Scelidodon chiliensis

Valgipes deformis

Paramylodon harlani

Mylodon darwinii

Glossotherium robustum

Lestodon armatus

Choloepus hoffmanni

Choloepus didactylus

Neocnus comes

Neocnus dousman

Neocnus toupiti

Megalonyx jeffersonii

Diabolotherium nordenskioldi

Acratocnus odontrigonus

Acratocnus ye

Parocnus browni

Parocnus serus

Megalocnus zile

Megalocnus rodens

Priodontes maximus

Tolypeutes tricinctus

Tolypeutes matacus

Cabassous chacoensis

Cabassous centralis

Cabassous unicinctus

Cabassous tatouay

Chlamyphorus truncatus

Chlamyphorus retusus

Euphractus sexcinctus

Zaedyus pichiy

Eutatus seguini

Chaetophractus villosus

Chaetophractus vellerosus

Chaetophractus nationi

Propraopus sulcatus

Propraopus punctatus

Dasypus kappleri

Dasypus novemcinctus

Dasypus yepesi

Dasypus bellus

Dasypus sabanicola

Dasypus hybridus

Dasypus septemcinctus

Dasypus pilosus

Pampatherium humboldti

Pampatherium typum

Holmesina septentrionalis

Holmesina occidentalis

Holmesina paulacoutoi

Neosclerocalyptus paskoenis

Panochthus tuberculatus

Hoplophorus euphractus

Glyptodon clavipes

Glyptodon reticulatus

Doedicurus clavicaudatus

Neuryurus trabeculatus

Glyptotherium cylindricum

Glyptotherium floridanum

Solenodon paradoxus

Solenodon cubanus

Solenodon marcanoi

Nesophontes edithae

Nesophontes SP A

Nesophontes SP B

Nesophontes paramicrus

Nesophontes hypomicrus

Nesophontes major

Nesophontes zamicrus

Nesophontes micrus

Neurotrichus gibbsii

Scaptonyx fusicaudus

Scapanulus oweni

Parascalops breweri

Scalopus aquaticus

Scapanus latimanus

Scapanus orarius

Scapanus townsendii

Urotrichus talpoides

Dymecodon pilirostris

Galemys pyrenaicus

Desmana moschata

Condylura cristata

Uropsilus soricipes

Uropsilus andersoni

Uropsilus investigator

Uropsilus gracilis

Talpa altaica

Talpa levantis

Talpa stankovici

Talpa caucasica

Talpa romana

Talpa caeca

Talpa europaea

Talpa occidentalis

Talpa davidiana

Euroscaptor mizura

Euroscaptor micrura

Scaptochirus moschatus

Euroscaptor longirostris

Euroscaptor parvidens

Euroscaptor grandis

Euroscaptor klossi

Parascaptor leucura

Mogera uchidai

Mogera insularis

Mogera tokudae

Mogera etigo

Mogera imaizumii

Mogera wogura

Mogera robusta

Echinosorex gymnura

Podogymnura truei

Podogymnura aureospinula

Neohylomys hainanensis

Neotetracus sinensis

Hylomys parvus

Hylomys suillus

Hylomys megalotis

Hemiechinus auritus

Hemiechinus collaris

Mesechinus hughi

Mesechinus dauuricus

Paraechinus hypomelas

Paraechinus aethiopicus

Paraechinus micropus

Paraechinus nudiventris

Atelerix frontalis

Atelerix algirus

Atelerix albiventris

Atelerix sclateri

Erinaceus europaeus

Erinaceus amurensis

Erinaceus concolor

Erinaceus roumanicus

Anourosorex squamipes

Anourosorex assamensis

Anourosorex schmidi

Anourosorex yamashinai

Megasorex gigas

Notiosorex villai

Notiosorex evotis

Notiosorex cockrumi

Notiosorex crawfordi

Neomys fodiens

Neomys teres

Neomys anomalus

Episoriculus fumidus

Chodsigoa sodalis

Chodsigoa caovansunga

Chodsigoa parca

Chodsigoa lamula

Chodsigoa parva

Chodsigoa salenskii

Chodsigoa hypsibia

Chodsigoa smithii

Soriculus nigrescens

Nesiotites hidalgo

Nesiotites similis

Episoriculus macrurus

Episoriculus leucops

Episoriculus caudatus

Nectogale elegans

Chimarrogale hantu

Chimarrogale phaeura

Chimarrogale sumatrana

Chimarrogale styani

Chimarrogale himalayica

Chimarrogale platycephalus

Blarinella wardi

Blarinella griselda

Blarinella quadraticauda

Blarina hylophaga

Blarina carolinensis

Blarina brevicauda

Cryptotis gracilis

Cryptotis endersi

Cryptotis magna

Cryptotis squamipes

Cryptotis montivaga

Cryptotis meridensis

Cryptotis peregrina

Cryptotis mexicana

Cryptotis phillipsii

Cryptotis nelsoni

Cryptotis obscura

Cryptotis brachyonyx

Cryptotis colombiana

Cryptotis goodwini

Cryptotis thomasi

Cryptotis equatoris

Cryptotis medellinia

Cryptotis merriami

Cryptotis mayensis

Cryptotis nigrescens

Cryptotis mera

Cryptotis tropicalis

Cryptotis parva

Cryptotis orophila

Cryptotis hondurensis

Cryptotis griseoventris

Cryptotis goldmani

Cryptotis peruviensis

Cryptotis alticola

Cryptotis tamensis

Sorex alpinus

Sorex cylindricauda

Sorex excelsus

Sorex bedfordiae

Sorex mirabilis

Sorex raddei

Sorex roboratus

Sorex samniticus

Sorex arcticus

Sorex maritimensis

Sorex tundrensis

Sorex asper

Sorex daphaenodon

Sorex coronatus

Sorex granarius

Sorex araneus

Sorex satunini

Sorex antinorii

Sorex arunchi

Sorex gracillimus

Sorex shinto

Sorex caecutiens

Sorex cansulus

Sorex unguiculatus

Sorex milleri

Sorex isodon

Sorex sinalis

Sorex yukonicus

Sorex minutissimus

Sorex hosonoi

Sorex minutus

Sorex volnuchini

Sorex kozlovi

Sorex thibetanus

Sorex ventralis

Sorex buchariensis

Sorex planiceps

Sorex arizonae

Sorex trowbridgii

Sorex merriami

Sorex veraecrucis

Sorex stizodon

Sorex mediopua

Sorex saussurei

Sorex veraepacis

Sorex ixtlanensis

Sorex dispar

Sorex emarginatus

Sorex fumeus

Sorex tenellus

Sorex macrodon

Sorex vagrans

Sorex ornatus

Sorex monticolus

Sorex neomexicanus

Sorex sonomae

Sorex alaskanus

Sorex palustris

Sorex sclateri

Sorex bendirii

Sorex pacificus

Sorex bairdi

Sorex leucogaster

Sorex rohweri

Sorex hoyi

Sorex cinereus

Sorex longirostris

Sorex oreopolus

Sorex orizabae

Sorex camtschatica

Sorex jacksoni

Sorex nanus

Sorex ugyunak

Sorex portenkoi

Sorex pribilofensis

Sorex lyelli

Sorex haydeni

Sorex preblei

Surdisorex norae

Surdisorex polulus

Congosorex verheyeni

Congosorex phillipsorum

Congosorex polli

Myosorex zinki

Myosorex schalleri

Myosorex kihaulei

Myosorex geata

Myosorex blarina

Myosorex rumpii

Myosorex longicaudatus

Myosorex tenuis

Myosorex sclateri

Myosorex okuensis

Myosorex varius

Myosorex eisentrauti

Myosorex cafer

Myosorex babaulti

Feroculus feroculus

Sylvisorex lunaris

Sylvisorex johnstoni

Sylvisorex vulcanorum

Sylvisorex howelli

Suncus remyi

Suncus infinitesimus

Suncus varilla

Suncus zeylanicus

Suncus aequatorius

Suncus lixus

Suncus ater

Ruwenzorisorex suncoides

Suncus megalura

Scutisorex somereni

Sylvisorex konganensis

Sylvisorex morio

Sylvisorex isabellae

Sylvisorex granti

Sylvisorex camerunensis

Sylvisorex oriundus

Sylvisorex ollula

Sylvisorex pluvialis

Solisorex pearsoni

Suncus malayanus

Suncus madagascariensis

Suncus etruscus

Suncus fellowesgordoni

Suncus hosei

Suncus mertensi

Suncus dayi

Suncus stoliczkanus

Suncus murinus

Suncus montanus

Crocidura pachyura

Crocidura russula

Crocidura katinka

Crocidura nanilla

Crocidura macarthuri

Paracrocidura schoutedeni

Paracrocidura maxima

Paracrocidura graueri

Crocidura douceti

Crocidura muricauda

Crocidura nimbae

Crocidura wimmeri

Crocidura parvipes

Crocidura lamottei

Crocidura vorax

Crocidura fulvastra

Crocidura viaria

Crocidura goliath

Crocidura olivieri

Crocidura mutesae

Crocidura kivuana

Crocidura nigrofusca

Crocidura flavescens

Crocidura yankariensis

Crocidura ansellorum

Crocidura usambarae

Crocidura hirta

Crocidura andamanensis

Crocidura greenwoodi

Crocidura tansaniana

Crocidura xantippe

Crocidura hutanis

Crocidura zimmeri

Crocidura caliginea

Crocidura crenata

Crocidura ludia

Crocidura polia

Crocidura grassei

Crocidura telfordi

Crocidura fuscomurina

Crocidura planiceps

Crocidura pitmani

Crocidura maquassiensis

Crocidura montis

Crocidura lusitania

Crocidura allex

Crocidura jouvenetae

Crocidura crossei

Crocidura arabica

Crocidura roosevelti

Crocidura jacksoni

Crocidura dolichura

Crocidura latona

Crocidura cyanea

Crocidura gracilipes

Crocidura zaphiri

Crocidura silacea

Crocidura mariquensis

Crocidura baluensis

Crocidura desperata

Crocidura voi

Crocidura fischeri

Crocidura maurisca

Crocidura denti

Crocidura congobelgica

Crocidura smithii

Crocidura lea

Crocidura ultima

Crocidura macowi

Crocidura virgata

Crocidura bottegoides

Crocidura hildegardeae

Crocidura hilliana

Crocidura religiosa

Crocidura grandiceps

Crocidura theresae

Crocidura foxi

Crocidura longipes

Crocidura batesi

Crocidura turba

Crocidura tarella

Crocidura nigeriae

Crocidura buettikoferi

Crocidura attila

Crocidura poensis

Crocidura phaeura

Crocidura harenna

Crocidura musseri

Crocidura rhoditisatagnolearudicorC Crocidura levicula

Crocidura leucodon

Crocidura zimmermanni

Crocidura pasha

Crocidura ramona

Crocidura sicula

Crocidura canariensis

Crocidura tarfayensis

Crocidura susiana

Crocidura obscurior

Crocidura bottegi

Crocidura lanosa

Crocidura monax

Crocidura littoralis

Crocidura stenocephala

Crocidura macmillani

Crocidura grandis

Crocidura fumosa

Crocidura selina

Crocidura luna

Crocidura vosmaeri

Crocidura glassi

Crocidura nana

Crocidura thalia

Crocidura somalica

Crocidura dhofarensis

Crocidura baileyi

Crocidura lucina

Crocidura pullata

Crocidura arispa

Crocidura armenica

Crocidura serezkyensis

Crocidura pergrisea

Crocidura zarudnyi

Crocidura shantungensis

Crocidura aleksandrisi

Crocidura caspica

Crocidura sibirica

Crocidura floweri

Crocidura suaveolens

Crocidura gmelini

Diplomesodon pulchellum

Crocidura orii

Crocidura eisentrauti

Crocidura niobe

Crocidura horsfieldii

Crocidura cinderella

Crocidura hikmiya

Crocidura manengubae

Crocidura miya

Crocidura nigricans

Crocidura erica

Crocidura tanakae

Crocidura attenuata

Crocidura trichura

Crocidura paradoxura

Crocidura raineyi

Crocidura hispida

Crocidura indochinensis

Crocidura wuchihensis

Crocidura fuliginosa

Crocidura tenuis

Crocidura dsinezumi

Crocidura lasiura

Crocidura whitakeri

Crocidura rapax

Crocidura nicobarica

Crocidura jenkinsi

Crocidura watasei

Crocidura maxi

Crocidura monticola

Crocidura mindorus

Crocidura foetida

Crocidura nigripes

Crocidura palawanensis

Crocidura grayi

Crocidura negrina

Crocidura beatus

Crocidura negligens

Crocidura malayana

Crocidura elgonius

Crocidura brunnea

Crocidura orientalis

Crocidura lepidura

Crocidura thomensis

Crocidura beccarii

Crocidura picea

Equus ovodovi

Equus hydruntinus

Hippidion principale

Hippidion devillei

Equus ferus

Equus semiplicatus

Equus africanus

Equus zebra

Equus grevyi

Equus quagga

Equus hemionus

Equus kiang

Tapirus indicus

Tapirus augustus

Tapirus bairdii

Tapirus copei

Tapirus veroensis

Tapirus rondoniensis

Tapirus terrestris

Tapirus pinchaque

Elasmotherium sibiricum

Diceros bicornis

Ceratotherium simum

Rhinoceros sondaicus

Rhinoceros unicornis

Dicerorhinus sumatrensis

Coelodonta antiquitatis

Stephanorhinus hemitoechus

Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis

Smutsia temminckii

Smutsia gigantea

Uromanis tetradactyla

Phataginus tricuspis

Manis culionensis

Manis javanica

Manis paleojavanica

Manis pentadactyla

Manis crassicaudata

Nandinia binotata

Prionodon pardicolor

Prionodon linsang

Homotherium latidens

Homotherium serum

Smilodon fatalis

Smilodon populator

Neofelis nebulosa

Neofelis diardi

Panthera tigris

Panthera uncia

Panthera pardus

Panthera onca

Panthera leo

Panthera spelaea

Panthera atrox

Leptailurus serval

Caracal caracal

Caracal aurata

Pardofelis marmorata

Pardofelis temminckii

Pardofelis badia

Leopardus pardalis

Leopardus wiedii

Leopardus amnicola

Leopardus jacobita

Leopardus colocolo

Leopardus tigrinus

Leopardus guigna

Leopardus geoffroyi

Acinonyx jubatus

Puma yagouaroundi

Puma concolor

Miracinonyx trumani

Lynx rufus

Lynx pardinus

Lynx canadensis

Lynx lynx

Felis chaus

Felis nigripes

Felis margarita

Felis silvestris

Otocolobus manul

Prionailurus rubiginosus

Prionailurus planiceps

Prionailurus bengalensis

Prionailurus viverrinus

Cynogale bennettii

Chrotogale owstoni

Hemigalus derbyanus

Diplogale hosei

Arctogalidia trivirgata

Arctictis binturong

Paguma larvata

Macrogalidia musschenbroekii

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus

Paradoxurus jerdoni

Paradoxurus zeylonensis

Viverricula indica

Civettictis civetta

Viverra tangalunga

Viverra zibetha

Viverra megaspila

Viverra civettina

Poiana richardsonii

Poiana leightoni

Genetta cristata

Genetta thierryi

Genetta abyssinica

Genetta servalina

Genetta victoriae

Genetta johnstoni

Genetta piscivora

Genetta genetta

anirgitatteneG

Genetta angolensis

Genetta maculata

Genetta bourloni

Genetta poensis

Genetta pardina

Crocuta crocuta

Proteles cristata

Hyaena hyaena

Hyaena brunnea

Fossa fossana

Eupleres goudotii

Cryptoprocta ferox

Cryptoprocta spelea

Galidia elegans

Salanoia concolor

Mungotictis decemlineata

Galidictis fasciata

Galidictis grandidieri

Liberiictis kuhni

Mungos mungo

Mungos gambianus

Suricata suricatta

Dologale dybowskii

Helogale parvula

Helogale hirtula

Crossarchus alexandri

Crossarchus ansorgei

Crossarchus obscurus

Crossarchus platycephalus

Herpestes ichneumon

Herpestes pulverulentus

Herpestes flavescens

Herpestes sanguineus

Herpestes ochraceus

Ichneumia albicauda

Rhynchogale melleri

Paracynictis selousi

Cynictis penicillata

Bdeogale nigripes

Bdeogale jacksoni

Bdeogale crassicauda

Bdeogale omnivora

Atilax paludinosus

Herpestes naso

Herpestes smithii

Herpestes brachyurus

Herpestes urva

Herpestes vitticollis

Herpestes fuscus

Herpestes edwardsii

Herpestes javanicus

Herpestes semitorquatus

Urocyon cinereoargenteus

Urocyon littoralis

Otocyon megalotis

Nyctereutes procyonoides

Vulpes zerda

Vulpes cana

Vulpes chama

Vulpes pallida

Vulpes velox

Vulpes macrotis

Alopex lagopus

Vulpes vulpes

Vulpes rueppellii

Vulpes bengalensis

Vulpes corsac

Vulpes ferrilata

Canis adustus

Canis mesomelas

Lycaon pictus

Cuon alpinus

Cynotherium sardous

Canis dirus

Canis lupus

Canis rufus

Canis aureus

Canis simensis

Canis latrans

Speothos venaticus

Chrysocyon brachyurus

Dusicyon australis

Dusicyon avus

Atelocynus microtis

Protocyon troglodytes

Cerdocyon thous

Theriodictis tarijensis

Pseudalopex culpaeus

Pseudalopex fulvipes

Pseudalopex sechurae

Pseudalopex vetulus

Pseudalopex griseus

Pseudalopex gymnocercus

Ailuropoda melanoleuca

Tremarctos ornatus

Tremarctos floridanus

Arctodus simus

Arctotherium tarijense

Arctotherium wingei

Helarctos malayanus

Melursus ursinus

Ursus thibetanus

Ursus americanus

Ursus spelaeus

Ursus maritimus

Ursus arctos

Odobenus rosmarus

Callorhinus ursinus

Otaria flavescens

Arctocephalus pusillus

Arctocephalus tropicalis

Eumetopias jubatus

Zalophus japonicus

Zalophus californianus

Zalophus wollebaeki

Arctocephalus gazella

Phocarctos hookeri

Neophoca cinerea

Arctocephalus philippii

Arctocephalus townsendi

Arctocephalus forsteri

Arctocephalus australis

Arctocephalus galapagoensis

Monachus monachus

Monachus schauinslandi

Monachus tropicalis

Mirounga angustirostris

Mirounga leonina

Ommatophoca rossii

Lobodon carcinophaga

Hydrurga leptonyx

Leptonychotes weddellii

Erignathus barbatus

Cystophora cristata

Pagophilus groenlandicus

Histriophoca fasciata

Phoca largha

Phoca vitulina

Halichoerus grypus

Pusa sibirica

Pusa hispida

Pusa caspica

Mydaus marchei

Mydaus javanensis

Brachyprotoma obtusata

Conepatus leuconotus

Conepatus chinga

Conepatus humboldtii

Conepatus semistriatus

Mephitis mephitis

Mephitis macroura

Spilogale pygmaea

Spilogale gracilis

Spilogale putorius

Spilogale angustifrons

Ailurus fulgens

Potos flavus

Bassariscus astutus

Bassariscus sumichrasti

Procyon lotor

Procyon cancrivorus

Procyon pygmaeus

Nasua nasua

Nasua narica

Nasuella olivacea

Bassaricyon beddardi

Bassaricyon pauli

Bassaricyon lasius

Bassaricyon alleni

Bassaricyon gabbii

Taxidea taxus

Mellivora capensis

Arctonyx collaris

Meles meles

Meles leucurus

Meles anakuma

Eira barbara

Martes pennanti

Gulo gulo

Martes flavigula

Martes gwatkinsii

Martes foina

Martes melampus

Martes zibellina

Martes martes

Martes americana

Melogale orientalis

Melogale everetti

Melogale moschata

Melogale personata

Lyncodon patagonicus

Galictis vittata

Galictis cuja

Vormela peregusna

Ictonyx libyca

Ictonyx striatus

Poecilogale albinucha

Pteronura brasiliensis

Lontra canadensis

Lontra longicaudis

Lontra provocax

Lontra felina

Enhydra lutris

Lutra maculicollis

Lutra lutra

Lutra sumatrana

Aonyx cinerea

Lutrogale perspicillata

Aonyx capensis

Aonyx congicus

Neovison vison

Neovison macrodon

Mustela frenata

Mustela felipei

Mustela africana

Mustela nudipes

Mustela strigidorsa

Mustela kathiah

Mustela erminea

Mustela altaica

Mustela nivalis

Mustela subpalmata

Mustela lutreolina

Mustela itatsi

Mustela sibirica

Mustela putorius

Mustela eversmanii

Mustela nigripes

Mustela lutreola

Neolicaphrium recens

Macrauchenia patachonica

Xenorhinotherium bahiense

Camelus dromedarius

Camelus ferus

Palaeolama weddeli

Palaeolama major

Palaeolama mirifica

Camelops hesternus

Hemiauchenia macrocephala

Hemiauchenia paradoxa

Lama guanicoe

Vicugna vicugna

Tayassu pecari

Platygonus compressus

Mylohyus nasutus

Catagonus wagneri

Catagonus stenocephalus

Pecari tajacu

Pecari maximus

Babyrousa togeanensis

Babyrousa babyrussa

Babyrousa celebensis

Potamochoerus larvatus

Potamochoerus porcus

Hylochoerus meinertzhageni

Kolpochoerus majus

Metridiochoerus compactus

Phacochoerus aethiopicus

Phacochoerus africanus

Porcula salvania

Sus scrofa

Sus celebensis

Sus bucculentus

Sus philippensis

Sus cebifrons

Sus barbatus

Sus ahoenobarbus

Sus oliveri

Sus verrucosus

Sus brachgnathus

Choeropsis liberiensis

Hexaprotodon sivalensis

Hippopotamus lemerlei

Hippopotamus amphibius

Phanourios minutes

Hippopotamus madagascariensis

Eubalaena australis

Balaena mysticetus

Eubalaena japonica

Eubalaena glacialis

Caperea marginata

Eschrichtius robustus

Balaenoptera bonaerensis

Balaenoptera acutorostrata

Balaenoptera musculus

Megaptera novaeangliae

Balaenoptera physalus

Balaenoptera edeni

Balaenoptera borealis

Balaenoptera omurai

Physeter macrocephalus

Kogia breviceps

Kogia sima

Platanista gangetica

Berardius bairdii

Berardius arnuxii

Tasmacetus shepherdi

Ziphius cavirostris

Hyperoodon planifrons

Hyperoodon ampullatus

Mesoplodon bidens

Mesoplodon layardii

Mesoplodon bowdoini

Mesoplodon carlhubbsi

Mesoplodon mirus

Mesoplodon europaeus

Mesoplodon traversii

Mesoplodon ginkgodens

Mesoplodon hectori

Indopacetus pacificus

Mesoplodon grayi

Mesoplodon perrini

Mesoplodon peruvianus

Mesoplodon densirostris

Mesoplodon stejnegeri

Lipotes vexillifer

Inia geoffrensis

Pontoporia blainvillei

Delphinapterus leucas

Monodon monoceros

Neophocaena phocaenoides

Phocoenoides dalli

Phocoena phocoena

Phocoena sinus

Phocoena spinipinnis

Phocoena dioptrica

Lagenorhynchus acutus

Lissodelphis borealis

Lissodelphis peronii

Lagenorhynchus obliquidens

Lagenorhynchus obscurus

Lagenorhynchus cruciger

Lagenorhynchus australis

Cephalorhynchus heavisidii

Cephalorhynchus hectori

Cephalorhynchus eutropia

Cephalorhynchus commersonii

Lagenorhynchus albirostris

Sotalia fluviatilis

Orcinus orca

Orcaella brevirostris

Orcaella heinsohni

Steno bredanensis

Pseudorca crassidens

Grampus griseus

Feresa attenuata

Peponocephala electra

Globicephala melas

Globicephala macrorhynchus

Lagenodelphis hosei

Stenella attenuata

Sousa chinensis

Sousa teuszii

Stenella longirostris

Delphinus capensis

Delphinus delphis

Stenella coeruleoalba

Stenella clymene

Tursiops aduncus

Stenella frontalis

Tursiops truncatus

Moschiola indica

Moschiola kathygre

Moschiola meminna

Hyemoschus aquaticus

Tragulus williamsoni

Tragulus javanicus

Tragulus kanchil

Tragulus versicolor

Tragulus napu

Tragulus nigricans

Giraffa camelopardalis

Okapia johnstoni

Antilocapra americana

Capromeryx minor

Stockoceros conklingi

Tetrameryx shuleri

Moschus anhuiensis

Moschus berezovskii

Moschus fuscus

Moschus chrysogaster

Moschus moschiferus

Moschus leucogaster

Moschus cupreus

Hydropotes inermis

Capreolus capreolus

Capreolus miyakoensis

Capreolus pygargus

Alces scotti

Alces alces

Alces americanus

Rangifer tarandus

Agalmaceros blicki

Morenelaphus brachyceros

Morenelaphus lujanensis

Pudu puda

Pudu mephistophiles

Mazama nemorivaga

Mazama gouazoubira

Blastocerus dichotomus

Ozotoceros bezoarticus

Hippocamelus antisensis

Hippocamelus bisulcus

Paraceros fragilis

Navahoceros fricki

Odocoileus virginianus

Odocoileus hemionus

Sangamona fugitiva

Antifer ultra

Mazama rufina

Mazama chunyi

Mazama bororo

Mazama nana

Mazama bricenii

Mazama temama

Mazama americana

Mazama pandora

Elaphodus cephalophus

Dicroceros sp

Muntiacus reevesi

Muntiacus atherodes

Muntiacus vaginalis

Muntiacus muntjak

Muntiacus montanus

Muntiacus vuquangensis

Muntiacus truongsonensis

Muntiacus putaoensis

Muntiacus crinifrons

Muntiacus gongshanensis

Muntiacus feae

Muntiacus rooseveltorum

Megaceroides algericus

Sinomegaceros yabei

Sinomegaceros ordosianus

Megaloceros giganteus

Praemegaceros cazioti

Candiacervus dorothensis

Candiacervus SpII

Candiacervus cretensis

Candiacervus rethymnensis

Candiacervus ropalophorus

Candiacervus major

Dama dama

Dama mesopotamica

Rucervus eldii

Rucervus schomburgki

Rucervus duvaucelii

Axis axis

Axis calamianensis

Axis porcinusAxis kuhlii

Elaphurus davidianus

Rusa unicolor

Rusa timorensis

Rusa alfredi

Rusa marianna

Przewalskium albirostris

Cervus elaphus

Cervus nippon

Cervus astylodon

Tetracerus quadricornis

Boselaphus tragocamelus

Tragelaphus angasii

Tragelaphus derbianus

Tragelaphus oryx

Tragelaphus strepsiceros

Tragelaphus buxtoni

Tragelaphus spekii

Tragelaphus scriptus

Tragelaphus imberbis

Tragelaphus eurycerus

Bison bison

Bos mutus

Bison bonasus

Bos primigenius

Bos sauveli

Bos javanicus

Bos gaurus

Pseudoryx nghetinhensis

Syncerus caffer

Pelorovis antiquus

Bubalus mindorensis

Bubalus palaeokerabau

Bubalus arnee

Bubalus depressicornis

Bubalus quarlesi

Aepyceros melampus

Nesotragus moschatus

Neotragus batesi

Neotragus pygmaeus

Philantomba maxwellii

Philantomba monticola

Sylvicapra grimmia

Cephalophus zebra

Cephalophus jentinki

Cephalophus dorsalis

Cephalophus silvicultor

Cephalophus spadix

Cephalophus adersi

Cephalophus niger

Cephalophus ogilbyi

Cephalophus weynsi

Cephalophus callipygus

Cephalophus leucogaster

Cephalophus harveyisis

nelata

nsuhpol

ahpeC Cephalophus rufilatus

Cephalophus nigrifrons

Raphicerus campestris

Raphicerus melanotis

Raphicerus sharpei

Dorcatragus megalotis

Madoqua guentheri

Madoqua kirkii

Madoqua saltiana

Madoqua piacentinii

Ourebia ourebi

Procapra picticaudata

Procapra gutturosa

Procapra przewalskii

Saiga tatarica

Litocranius walleri

Antidorcas bondi

Antidorcas marsupialis

Antidorcas australis

Ammodorcas clarkei

Antilope cervicapra

Nanger dama

Nanger soemmerringii

Nanger granti

Spirocerus kiakhtensis

Eudorcas thomsonii

Eudorcas albonotata

Eudorcas rufifrons

Eudorcas rufina

Gazella gazella

Gazella spekei

Gazella saudiya

Gazella dorcas

Gazella bilkis

Gazella subgutturosa

Gazella bennettii

Gazella leptoceros

Gazella tingitana

Gazella cuvieri

Gazella atlantica

Oreotragus oreotragus

Pelea capreolus

Redunca fulvorufula

Redunca redunca

Redunca arundinum

Kobus ellipsiprymnus

Kobus megaceros

Kobus lecheKobus kob

Kobus vardonii

Hippotragus niger

Hippotragus equinus

Hippotragus leucophaeus

Addax nasomaculatus

Oryx beisa

Oryx gazella

Oryx dammah

Oryx leucoryx

Rusingoryx atopocranion

Connochaetes taurinus

Connochaetes gnou

Beatragus hunteri

Alcelaphus buselaphus

Megalotragus priscus

Damaliscus lunatus

Damaliscus pygargus

Damaliscus hypsodon

Damaliscus niro

Pantholops hodgsonii

Capricornis crispus

Ovibos moschatus

Capricornis sumatraensis

Capricornis swinhoei

Capricornis milneedwardsii

Capricornis thar

Capricornis rubidus

Megalovis guangxiensis

Bootherium bombifrons

Euceratherium collinum

Naemorhedus goral

Naemorhedus caudatus

Naemorhedus griseus

Naemorhedus baileyi

Oreamnos americanus

Oreamnos harringtoni

Rupicapra rupicapra

Rupicapra pyrenaica

Myotragus balearicus

Budorcas taxicolor

Nilgiritragus hylocrius

Ovis ammon

Ovis orientalis

Ovis nivicola

Ovis canadensisOvis dalli

Arabitragus jayakari

Ammotragus lervia

Caprini indet

Pseudois schaeferi

Pseudois nayaur

Hemitragus jemlahicus

Hemitragus cedrensis

Soergelia minor

Capra sibiricaCapra ibex

Capra pyrenaicaCapra walie

Capra nubiana

Capra falconeri

Capra aegagrus

Capra caucasica

Capra cylindricornis

Rhinopoma microphyllum

Rhinopoma muscatellum

Rhinopoma hardwickii

Rhinopoma macinnesi

Craseonycteris thonglongyai

Cardioderma cor

Macroderma gigasLavia frons

Megaderma lyra

Megaderma spasma

Rhinolophus rufus

Rhinolophus landeri

Rhinolophus guineensis

Rhinolophus alcyone

Rhinolophus yunanensis

Rhinolophus blasii

Rhinolophus mehelyi

Rhinolophus euryale

Rhinolophus denti

Rhinolophus simulator

Rhinolophus swinnyi

Rhinolophus capensis

Rhinolophus virgo

Rhinolophus euryotis

Rhinolophus sedulus

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum

Rhinolophus celebensis

Rhinolophus madurensis

Rhinolophus paradoxolophus

Rhinolophus clivosus

Rhinolophus bocharicus

Rhinolophus hillorum

Rhinolophus ruwenzorii

Rhinolophus maclaudi

Rhinolophus hilli

Rhinolophus ziama

Rhinolophus darlingi

Rhinolophus hildebrandti

Rhinolophus inops

Rhinolophus trifoliatus

Rhinolophus fumigatus

Rhinolophus eloquens

Rhinolophus maendeleo

Rhinolophus hipposideros

Rhinolophus mitratus

Rhinolophus formosae

Rhinolophus beddomei

Rhinolophus luctus

Rhinolophus pearsonii

Rhinolophus cognatus

Rhinolophus subbadius

Rhinolophus affinis

Rhinolophus creaghi

Rhinolophus canuti

Rhinolophus osgoodi

Rhinolophus stheno

Rhinolophus shameli

Rhinolophus subrufus

Rhinolophus arcuatus

Rhinolophus deckenii

Rhinolophus thomasi

Rhinolophus sinicus

Rhinolophus rouxii

Rhinolophus malayanus

Rhinolophus acuminatus

Rhinolophus borneensis

Rhinolophus nereis

Rhinolophus megaphyllus

Rhinolophus adami

Rhinolophus pusillus

Rhinolophus shortridgei

Rhinolophus lepidus

Rhinolophus sakejiensis

Rhinolophus rex

Rhinolophus philippinensis

Rhinolophus montanus

Rhinolophus marshalli

Rhinolophus coelophyllus

Rhinolophus silvestris

Rhinolophus keyensis

Rhinolophus robinsoni

Rhinolophus macrotis

Rhinolophus siamensis

Rhinolophus convexus

Asellia tridens

Asellia patrizii

Aselliscus stoliczkanus

Aselliscus tricuspidatus

Paracoelops megalotis

Coelops hirsutus

Coelops frithii

Coelops robinsoni

Cloeotis percivali

Rhinonicteris aurantia

Triaenops auritus

Triaenops furculus

Triaenops persicus

Triaenops rufus

Hipposideros gigas

Hipposideros commersoni

Hipposideros thomensis

Hipposideros vittatus

Hipposideros camerunensis

Hipposideros cyclops

Hipposideros corynophyllus

Hipposideros stenotis

Hipposideros wollastoni

Hipposideros semoni

Hipposideros muscinus

Hipposideros edwardshilli

Hipposideros boeadii

Hipposideros speoris

Anthops ornatus

Hipposideros jonesi

Hipposideros obscurus

Hipposideros megalotis

Hipposideros cervinus

Hipposideros galeritus

Hipposideros coxi

Hipposideros pygmaeus

Hipposideros pratti

Hipposideros scutinares

Hipposideros lylei

Hipposideros armiger

Hipposideros turpis

Hipposideros sorenseni

Hipposideros madurae

Hipposideros grandis

Hipposideros sumbae

Hipposideros larvatus

Hipposideros lekaguli

Hipposideros inexpectatus

Hipposideros dinops

Hipposideros pelingensis

Hipposideros lankadiva

Hipposideros inornatus

Hipposideros diadema

Hipposideros demissus

Hipposideros calcaratus

Hipposideros coronatus

Hipposideros beatus

Hipposideros curtus

Hipposideros macrobullatus

Hipposideros ruber

Hipposideros lamottei

Hipposideros abae

Hipposideros fuliginosus

Hipposideros papua

Hipposideros caffer

Hipposideros breviceps

Hipposideros fulvus

Hipposideros ridleyi

Hipposideros marisae

Hipposideros ater

Hipposideros dyacorum

Hipposideros crumeniferus

Hipposideros doriae

Hipposideros halophyllus

Hipposideros orbiculus

Hipposideros khaokhouayensis

Hipposideros rotalis

Hipposideros pomona

Hipposideros nequam

Hipposideros cineraceus

Hipposideros durgadasi

Hipposideros maggietaylorae

Hipposideros bicolor

Hipposideros hypophyllus

Eidolon helvum

Eidolon dupreanum

Pteropus leucopterus

Pteropus insularis

Pteropus pselaphon

Pteropus subniger

Notopteris macdonaldi

Notopteris neocaledonica

Paranyctimene raptor

Paranyctimene tenax

Nyctimene aello

Nyctimene certans

Nyctimene cyclotis

Nyctimene draconilla

Nyctimene minutus

Nyctimene albiventer

Nyctimene keasti

Nyctimene robinsoni

Nyctimene major

Nyctimene cephalotes

Nyctimene malaitensis

Nyctimene masalai

Nyctimene rabori

Nyctimene vizcaccia

Nyctimene sanctacrucis

Melonycteris melanops

Melonycteris woodfordi

Melonycteris fardoulisi

Pteralopex taki

Pteralopex anceps

Pteralopex flanneryi

Pteralopex atrata

Pteralopex pulchra

Mirimiri acrodonta

Neopteryx frosti

Styloctenium wallacei

Styloctenium mindorensis

Acerodon mackloti

Acerodon leucotis

Acerodon celebensis

Acerodon humilis

Acerodon jubatus

Pteropus molossinus

Pteropus woodfordi

Pteropus mahaganus

Pteropus tokudae

Pteropus neohibernicus

Pteropus tonganus

Pteropus pelewensis

Pteropus yapensis

Pteropus ualanus

Pteropus lombocensis

Pteropus mariannus

Pteropus speciosus

Pteropus hypomelanus

Pteropus admiralitatum

Pteropus conspicillatus

Pteropus ocularis

Pteropus alecto

Pteropus griseus

Pteropus pohlei

Pteropus macrotis

Pteropus nitendiensis

Pteropus vetulus

Pteropus tuberculatus

Pteropus temminckii

Pteropus anetianus

Pteropus cognatus

Pteropus chrysoproctus

Pteropus rayneri

Pteropus rennelli

Pteropus fundatus

Pteropus pilosus

Pteropus samoensis

Pteropus brunneus

Pteropus capistratus

Pteropus poliocephalus

Pteropus ornatus

Pteropus voeltzkowi

Pteropus personatus

Pteropus caniceps

Pteropus howensis

Pteropus livingstonii

Pteropus aruensis

Pteropus keyensis

Pteropus melanopogon

Pteropus coxi

Pteropus scapulatus

Pteropus gilliardorum

Pteropus dasymallusPteropus pumilus

Pteropus faunulus

Pteropus rodricensis

Pteropus vampyrus

Pteropus intermedius

Pteropus giganteus

Pteropus lylei

Pteropus argentatus

Pteropus allenorum

Pteropus melanotus

Pteropus niger

Pteropus seychellensis

Pteropus aldabrensis

Pteropus rufus

Pteropus loochoensis

Dyacopterus spadiceus

Dyacopterus brooksi

Sphaerias blanfordi

Balionycteris maculata

Aethalops alecto

Aethalops aequalis

Latidens salimalii

Penthetor lucasi

Chironax melanocephalus

Thoopterus nigrescens

Alionycteris paucidentata

Otopteropus cartilagonodus

Haplonycteris fischeri

Ptenochirus jagori

Ptenochirus minor

Megaerops wetmorei

Megaerops ecaudatus

Megaerops niphanae

Megaerops kusnotoi

Cynopterus nusatenggara

Cynopterus horsfieldii

Cynopterus titthaecheilus

Cynopterus sphinx

Cynopterus brachyotis

Cynopterus luzoniensis

Cynopterus minutus

Macroglossus minimus

Macroglossus sobrinus

Syconycteris hobbit

Syconycteris australis

Syconycteris carolinae

Rousettus bidens

Aproteles bulmerae

Harpyionycteris celebensis

Harpyionycteris whiteheadi

Dobsonia emersa

Dobsonia minorDobsonia peronii

Dobsonia moluccensis

Dobsonia anderseni

Dobsonia exoleta

Dobsonia chapmani

Dobsonia pannietensis

Dobsonia praedatrix

Dobsonia inermis

Dobsonia beauforti

Dobsonia viridis

Dobsonia crenulata

Casinycteris argynnis

Scotonycteris zenkeri

Scotonycteris ophiodon

Rousettus aegyptiacus

Rousettus spinalatus

Rousettus amplexicaudatus

Rousettus linduensis

Rousettus leschenaultii

Rousettus madagascariensis

Rousettus obliviosus

Rousettus celebensis

Eonycteris spelaeaEonycteris robusta

Eonycteris major

Rousettus lanosus

Megaloglossus woermanni

Lissonycteris angolensis

Myonycteris relicta

Myonycteris brachycephala

Myonycteris torquata

Plerotes anchietae

Hypsignathus monstrosus

Epomops dobsonii

Epomops franqueti

Epomops buettikoferi

Nanonycteris veldkampii

Micropteropus pusillus

Micropteropus intermedius

Epomophorus wahlbergi

Epomophorus angolensis

Epomophorus grandis

Epomophorus anselli

Epomophorus labiatus

Epomophorus minimus

Epomophorus gambianus

Epomophorus crypturus

Mystacina tuberculataMystacina robusta

Thyroptera discifera

Thyroptera lavali

Thyroptera tricolor

Thyroptera devivoi

Amorphochilus schnabliiFuripterus horrens

Noctilio leporinus

Noctilio albiventris

Mormoops megalophylla

Mormoops blainvillei

Mormoops magna

Pteronotus parnellii

Pteronotus paraguanensis

Pteronotus personatus

Pteronotus macleayii

Pteronotus quadridens

Pteronotus gymnonotusPteronotus davyi

Lampronycteris brachyotis

Micronycteris schmidtorum

Micronycteris minuta

Micronycteris hirsuta

Micronycteris sanborni

Micronycteris brosseti

Micronycteris megalotis

Micronycteris microtis

Micronycteris matses

Macrotus californicus

Macrotus waterhousii

Diphylla ecaudataDiaemus youngi

Desmodus stocki

Desmodus puntajudensis

Desmodus rotundus

Desmodus draculae

Vampyrum spectrum

Chrotopterus auritus

Trachops cirrhosus

Macrophyllum macrophyllum

Phyllostomus discolor

Tonatia bidensTonatia saurophila

Lophostoma carrikeri

Lophostoma schulzi

Lophostoma brasilienseLophostoma evotis

Lophostoma silvicolumLophostoma yasuni

Lophostoma aequatorialis

Phylloderma stenops

Phyllostomus latifolius

Phyllostomus hastatus

Phyllostomus elongatusMimon cozumelae

Mimon bennettii

Mimon crenulatumMimon koepckeae

Lonchorhina orinocensis

Lonchorhina fernandezi

Lonchorhina inusitata

Lonchorhina aurita

Lonchorhina marinkelleiAnoura fistulata

Anoura luismanueliAnoura caudifer

Anoura cultrata

Anoura latidensAnoura geoffroyi

Hylonycteris underwoodi

Musonycteris harrisoni

Lichonycteris obscura

Scleronycteris ega

Choeronycteris mexicana

Choeroniscus minor

Choeroniscus godmani

Choeroniscus periosus

Erophylla bombifrons

Erophylla sezekorni

Brachyphylla cavernarumBrachyphylla nana

Phyllonycteris aphylla

Phyllonycteris poeyi

Phyllonycteris major

Monophyllus redmani

Monophyllus plethodon

Leptonycteris nivalis

Leptonycteris curasoae

Leptonycteris yerbabuenae

Glossophaga commissarisi

Glossophaga soricina

Glossophaga leachii

Glossophaga longirostris

Glossophaga morenoi

Lonchophylla orcesi

Lonchophylla mordax

Lonchophylla thomasi

Lonchophylla handleyi

Lonchophylla bokermanni

Lonchophylla chocoana

Lionycteris spurrelli

Platalina genovensiumXeronycteris vieirai

Lonchophylla concava

Lonchophylla robusta

Lonchophylla hesperia

Lonchophylla dekeyseriTrinycteris niceforiNeonycteris pusilla

Glyphonycteris daviesi

Glyphonycteris sylvestris

Glyphonycteris behnii

Carollia perspicillataCarollia castanea

Carollia brevicaudaCarollia subrufaCarollia sowelliCarollia manu

Rhinophylla fischeraeRhinophylla pumilio

Rhinophylla alethinaSturnira bidens

Sturnira sorianoiSturnira nana

Sturnira aratathomasi

Sturnira erythromosSturnira luisi

Sturnira magna

Sturnira oporaphilumSturnira ludovici

Sturnira thomasiSturnira mordax

Sturnira bogotensisSturnira liliumSturnira tildae

Sturnira mistratensisVampyressa bidens

Vampyressa nymphaeaVampyressa brocki

Chiroderma salviniChiroderma doriae

Chiroderma trinitatumChiroderma villosum

Chiroderma improvisum

Uroderma magnirostrum

Uroderma bilobatum

Mesophylla macconnelli

Vampyressa pusilla

Vampyressa thyoneVampyressa melissa

Platyrrhinus lineatusPlatyrrhinus recifinus

Platyrrhinus chocoensis

Platyrrhinus helleri

Platyrrhinus matapalensis

Platyrrhinus brachycephalus

Vampyrodes caraccioliPlatyrrhinus vittatus

Platyrrhinus albericoi

Platyrrhinus aurariusPlatyrrhinus nigellus

Platyrrhinus masu

Platyrrhinus ismaeliPlatyrrhinus dorsalis

Platyrrhinus infuscus

Platyrrhinus umbratusEnchisthenes hartii

Ectophylla albaStenoderma rufumPhyllops falcatus

Phyllops silvai

Ariteus flavescensArdops nichollsi

Sphaeronycteris toxophyllumCenturio senex

Pygoderma bilabiatumAmetrida centurio

Artibeus phaeotisArtibeus toltecus

Artibeus aztecusArtibeus cinereus

Artibeus anderseniArtibeus gnomus

Artibeus glaucus

Artibeus rosenbergiiArtibeus concolorArtibeus watsoni

Artibeus incomitatusArtibeus anthonyi

Artibeus inopinatusArtibeus hirsutus

Artibeus fraterculus

Artibeus jamaicensisArtibeus lituratus

Artibeus fimbriatusArtibeus obscurus

Artibeus planirostrisArtibeus amplus

Nycteris thebaicaNycteris gambiensis

Nycteris madagascariensisNycteris macrotis

Nycteris vinsoniNycteris woodi

Nycteris parisiiNycteris grandis

Nycteris hispidaNycteris aurita

Nycteris javanicaNycteris tragataNycteris nana

Nycteris argeNycteris major

Nycteris intermediaSaccolaimus peli

Saccolaimus mixtus

Saccolaimus saccolaimus

Saccolaimus flaviventrisTaphozous hamiltoni

Taphozous nudiventris

Taphozous hildegardeae

Taphozous perforatusTaphozous longimanus

Taphozous mauritianus

Taphozous melanopogonTaphozous achates

Taphozous theobaldiTaphozous hilli

Taphozous kapalgensisTaphozous australis

Taphozous georgianus

Taphozous troughtoniMosia nigrescens

Emballonura atrata

Emballonura tiavatoColeura afra

Coleura seychellensisEmballonura serii

Emballonura beccarii

Emballonura semicaudataEmballonura raffrayana

Emballonura dianaeEmballonura furax

Emballonura alectoEmballonura monticola

Rhynchonycteris nasoCentronycteris centralis

Centronycteris maximiliani

Saccopteryx canescensSaccopteryx gymnura

Saccopteryx lepturaSaccopteryx bilineata

Saccopteryx antioquensisBalantiopteryx plicata

Balantiopteryx infuscaBalantiopteryx io

Peropteryx leucopteraPeropteryx trinitatis

Peropteryx kappleri

Peropteryx macrotisCormura brevirostris

Cyttarops alectoDiclidurus isabellus

Diclidurus scutatusDiclidurus ingens

Diclidurus albusMyzopoda aurita

Myzopoda schliemanni

Chilonatalus tumidifronsChilonatalus micropus

Nyctiellus lepidusNatalus stramineusNatalus lanatus

Natalus tumidirostrisNatalus mexicanus

Natalus primusNatalus jamaicensis

Natalus espiritosantensisNatalus major

Tomopeas ravusPlatymops setiger

Mormopterus beccarii

Mormopterus norfolkensisMormopterus planiceps

Mormopterus loriaeMormopterus doriae

Mormopterus jugularisMormopterus acetabulosus

Mormopterus phrudus

Mormopterus kalinowskiiMormopterus minutus

Cheiromeles torquatusCheiromeles parvidens

Myopterus daubentoniiMyopterus whitleyi

Molossops aequatorianus

Molossops mattogrossensisMolossops neglectus

Molossops temminckiiCynomops abrasusCynomops paranus

Cynomops planirostrisCynomops greenhalli

Cynomops mexicanus

Otomops martiensseni

Otomops madagascariensisOtomops formosus

Otomops johnstoneiOtomops papuensis

Otomops wroughtoniOtomops secundus

Sauromys petrophilusNyctinomops macrotis

Nyctinomops aurispinosus

Nyctinomops femorosaccusNyctinomops laticaudatus sila

rtnec

spom

orPPromops nasutus

Molossus sinaloaeMolossus currentium

Molossus rufusMolossus pretiosus

Molossus molossusMolossus barnesi

Molossus coibensisMolossus aztecus

Eumops underwoodiEumops auripendulusEumops bonariensis

Eumops patagonicusEumops hansaeEumops perotis

Eumops trumbulliEumops dabbenei

Eumops maurusEumops glaucinus

Eumops floridanusTadarida australis

Tadarida kuboriensisTadarida fulminans

Tadarida lobataTadarida ventralis

Tadarida latoucheiTadarida teniotis

Tadarida insignisTadarida brasiliensis

Tadarida aegyptiacaTadarida jobimena

Tadarida russataTadarida gallagheriTadarida tomensisTadarida nigeriae

Tadarida plicataTadarida major

Tadarida midasTadarida mops

Tadarida niangaraeTadarida congicaTadarida pumila

Tadarida aloysiisabaudiaeTadarida bivittata

Tadarida ansorgeiTadarida bemmeleni

Tadarida jobensis inipa

hcadi

rada

TTadarida solomonis

Tadarida johorensisTadarida bregullaeTadarida trevori

Tadarida sarasinorumTadarida leucostigma

Tadarida demonstrator

Tadarida niveiventerTadarida condylura

Tadarida petersoniTadarida thersites

Tadarida nanulaTadarida brachyptera

Tadarida spurrelli sus

onigil

uf sur

etpoini

M Miniopterus schreibersiiMiniopterus tristis

Miniopterus robustiorMiniopterus magnater ie

gdirtr

ohs s

uretp

oiniM

Miniopterus oceanensisMiniopterus macrocneme

Miniopterus pusillusMiniopterus paululus sis

nelata

n sure

tpoini

M

sulucr

oros s

uretp

oiniM Miniopterus newtoniMiniopterus inflatus ro

nim s

uretp

oiniM

sulucr

etarf

suretp

oiniM

Miniopterus fuscusMiniopterus medius id

uaevi

rg sur

etpoini

M Miniopterus petersoniMiniopterus manavi in

elg s

uretp

oiniM

Miniopterus majori silart

sua s

uretp

oiniM

Eudiscopus denticulusCistugo seabraeCistugo lesueuri sili

carg a

ssee

gohR

Rhogeessa ioRhogeessa hussoni

Rhogeessa genowaysiRhogeessa alleni

iilhu

k suli

hpoto

cS

sunill

oc sul

ihpot

ocS Scotophilus nux

Scotophilus marovazaScotophilus heathii sis

nebel

ec sul

ihpot

ocS

retsa

gocu

el sulih

potoc

S

allecu

n suli

hpoto

cS

anafe

rdnat

sulih

potoc

S Scotophilus robustusScotophilus nigrita sidi

riv s

ulihp

otocS

Scotophilus borbonicus iinag

nid s

ulihp

otocS

Harpiola isodon aesir

g aloi

praH

aipra

h sula

hpec

oipra

H Harpiocephalus mordaxMurina puta in

ottuh

aniru

MMurina leucogaster

Murina aurata ifrod

neglih

anir

uM Murina fuscaMurina cyclotis sir

anibut

anir

uM Murina aenea ilaad

nezor

anir

uM

muirol

f anir

uM

allius

aniru

MMurina tenebrosa

Murina ussuriensis inosi

rrah a

niruM

Murina ryukyuanaPhoniscus papuensis xor

ta su

csino

hP

iirog

aj suc

sinoh

P

alleng

a alu

ovire

K Kerivoula lanosa

asorp

uc alu

ovire

K

allery

m alu

ovire

K

Kerivoula lenis asolli

pap a

luovi

reK

Kerivoula kachinensis arolf

aluovi

reK

atuni

m alu

ovire

KKerivoula argentata ain

atit al

uovir

eK

aidem

retni

aluovi

reK

arohp

oire a

luovi

reK

aneal

ahp a

luovi

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neuar

k alu

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K

adicul

lep a

luovi

reK

idae

hetih

w alu

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K

anaci

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uovir

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drah a

luovi

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iihti

ms alu

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K

atcip

aluovi

reK

eohta

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toyM

sucin

atsaja

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iitdn

arb si

toyM

Myotis insularumMyotis volans sil

ados

sitoy

M

snedi

trof s

itoyM

isevi

v sito

yM

suluci

rua si

toyM

silan

oirtnet

pes s

itoyM

Myotis csorbai sucin

rofila

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iibiel

sito

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speci

nalp s

itoyM

murbal

oilic s

itoyM

sunih

ronal

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oyM

inell

ea sit

oyM

suguf

icul

sitoy

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sutlu

cco s

itoyM

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k sito

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sitov

e sito

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sedo

nasy

ht sit

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Myotis keaysi rebur

sito

yM

sumis

sitoy

M

suira

pir sit

oyM

snag

ele si

toyM

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pirort

sua s

itoyM Myotis grisescens ref

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itoyM

sisne

namu

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yMsis

nena

boc s

itoyM

sisne

olihc

sitoy

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sutoy

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oyM

sivel

sitoy

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iyeld

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oyM

snaci

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itoyM

sulop

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sitoy

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siralu

snine

p sito

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sebla

sito

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susol

ip sit

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sisne

uqinitr

am si

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macat

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sisne

cinim

od sit

oyM

muracc

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itoyM

roloci

rt sit

oyM

sutani

grame

sitoy

M

isirro

m sito

yM Myotis scotti iigac

ob sit

oyM

iihcst

iwlew

sito

yM Myotis formosus inam

reh si

toyM

sisne

nauoj

na sit

oyM

itodu

og sit

oyM

sutcip

ofur s

itoyM

iilleni

d sito

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emen

cysa

d sito

yM

alocir

um si

toyM

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itoyM

snatc

enna

sitoy

M

sisne

gnotn

amog

sitoy

M

suso

niurp

sitoy

M

suga

vitno

m sito

yM

sisner

abna

y sito

yM

sisnel

apin s

itoyM

sunic

atsym

sito

yM

snec

sarua

sitoy

M

ivoki

nnoki

sito

yM

iretei

d sito

yM

muirat

la sit

oyM

saiero

sito

yM

suira

cis si

toyM

iiniet

shce

b sito

yM

iinotn

ebua

d sito

yM

retarf

sitoy

M

sisner

ahcu

b sito

yM

sucin

up sit

oyM

sitoy

m sito

yM

iihtyl

b sito

yM

sisne

nihc s

itoyM

ibua

hcs s

itoyM

suiniu

qep s

itoyM

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tan s

itoyM

sunib

mob s

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susre

vda s

itoyM

sutair

bmif

sitoy

M

iidiv

ad sit

oyM

sisner

ogilis

sito

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regin

al sit

oyM

sepig

nol si

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mann

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yM

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capa

c sito

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itess

or sit

oyM

silart

sua s

itoyM

iyeld

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oyM

supor

cam s

itoyM

iitles

sah s

itoyM

iidlei

fsroh

sitoy

M

sulytc

adorc

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susra

torca

m sito

yM

irekla

ts sit

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sitolly

hp sir

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silare

muh s

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mutalu

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suiger

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silaer

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sullet

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salem

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allet

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sudill

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ass

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suni

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hronyr

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suna

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sisnerabalac subecotcrAsuerua subecotcrA

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singisni rumelyhcaP

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silanoidirem rumelapaH

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sisnertoala rumelapaHretnevirbur rumeluE

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siralloc rumeluEspecierenic rumeluE

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sisnezalamahas rumelipeL

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murosemaj rumelipeL

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silasrod rumelipeL

sisnenarakna rumelipeL

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suvar suelagoriehC

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sisnegnelep suisraT

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sisnenreb xirhtollitnA

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snorfirgin subecillaC

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sillocirgin suniugaS

sucuelonalem suniugaS

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arassiac sucehtipotnoeL

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silimuh allebillaC

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mech

owi

Cryp

tomys

zech

iCr

yptom

ys bo

cage

iCr

yptom

ys da

rlingi

Cryp

tomys

dama

rensis

Cryp

tomys

anse

lliCr

yptom

ys ka

fuens

is

Chae

tomys

subs

pinos

us

Erethi

zon d

orsatu

mEc

hinop

rocta

rufes

cens

Coen

dou b

icolor

Coen

dou n

ycthe

mera

Coen

dou p

rehen

silis

Coen

dou q

uichu

aCo

endo

u san

ctama

rtae

Coen

dou r

othsch

ildi

Sphig

gurus

mex

icanu

s

Sphig

gurus

spino

sus

Sphig

gurus

villos

usSp

higgu

rus ve

stitus

Sphig

gurus

pruin

osus

Sphig

gurus

mela

nurus

Sphig

gurus

ichillu

s

Sphig

gurus

insid

iosus

Sphig

gurus

roos

malen

orum

Cunic

ulus t

acza

nows

kii

Cunic

ulus p

aca

Myop

rocta

acou

chy

Myop

rocta

pratti

Dasyp

rocta

kalino

wskii

Dasyp

rocta

ruatan

ica

Dasyp

rocta

lepori

na

Dasyp

rocta

prymn

oloph

a

Dasyp

rocta

fuligin

osa

Dasyp

rocta

azara

e

Dasyp

rocta

coiba

eDa

syproc

ta gu

amara atatcnupatcorpysaD

Dasyp

rocta

mexic

ana

Dasyp

rocta

crista

taDo

lichoti

s pata

gonu

mDo

lichoti

s salin

icola

Kerod

on ru

pestr

isKe

rodon

acrob

ata

Neoc

hoeru

s aes

opi

Hydro

choe

rus hy

droch

aeris

Hydro

choe

rus ist

hmius

Galea

mon

aster

iensis

Galea

mus

teloid

esGa

lea sp

ixiiGa

lea fla

viden

sMi

croca

via au

stralis

Micro

cavia

niata

Micro

cavia

shipt

oni

Cavia

mag

naCa

via fu

lgida

Cavia

apere

aCa

via ts

chud

iiCa

via in

terme

diaDin

omys

branic

kii

Lago

stomu

s max

imus

Lago

stomu

s cras

sus

Chinc

hilla c

hinch

illa

Chinc

hilla l

anige

ra

Lagid

ium pe

ruanu

m

Lagid

ium vis

cacia

Lagid

ium wo

lffsoh

ni

Cusco

mys a

shanin

kaCu

scomy

s obla

tiva

Abroc

oma b

enne

ttii

Abroc

oma b

olivien

sis

Abroc

oma c

inerea

Abroc

oma s

histac

ea

Abroc

oma v

accaru

m

Abroc

oma b

udini

Abroc

oma f

amatin

a

Abroc

oma u

spallat

a

Tymp

anoct

omys

barre

rae

Pipan

acocto

mys a

ureus

Octom

ys mim

axOc

todon

tomys

gliroid

es

Spala

copus

cyanu

s

Acon

aemy

s port

eriAc

onae

mys s

agei

Acon

aemy

s fuscu

sSa

linocto

mys lo

schalc

haler

osorum

Octod

on lun

atus

Octod

on br

idgesi

Octod

on de

gus

Octod

on pa

cificus

Cteno

mys fl

amari

oni

Cteno

mys a

ustral

isCte

nomy

s port

eousi

Cteno

mys a

zarae

Cteno

mys b

ergi

Cteno

mys y

oland

ae

Cteno

mys b

onett

oiCte

nomy

s rion

egren

sis

Cteno

mys d

orsalis

Cteno

mys m

endo

cinus

Cteno

mys fo

chi

Cteno

mys p

undti

Cteno

mys ta

larum

Cteno

mys b

rasilie

nsis

Cteno

mys to

rquatu

s

Cteno

mys la

miCte

nomy

s minu

tus

Cteno

mys p

earso

ni

Cteno

mys r

oigi

Cteno

mys d

orbign

yi

Cteno

mys p

erren

si

Cteno

mys o

svaldo

reigi

Cteno

mys m

agella

nicus

Cteno

mys h

aigi

Cteno

mys c

oyhaiq

uensi

s

Cteno

mys fo

dax

Cteno

mys s

ericeu

sCte

nomy

s tucum

anus

Cteno

mys p

eruan

us

Cteno

mys ju

risCte

nomy

s latro

Cteno

mys p

ilaren

sis

Cteno

mys a

rgentin

us

Cteno

mys o

ccultus

Cteno

mys m

aulinu

s

Cteno

mys s

teinba

chi

Cteno

mys b

olivien

sis

Cteno

mys g

oodfe

llowi

Cteno

mys le

ucodo

n

Cteno

mys tu

conax

Cteno

mys s

ociab

ilis

Cteno

mys c

onove

riCte

nomy

s lewis

i

Cteno

mys e

milian

us

Cteno

mys v

alidus

Cteno

mys fr

ater

Cteno

mys b

udini

Cteno

mys s

ylvan

us

Cteno

mys s

cagliai

Cteno

mys s

altariu

s

Cteno

mys c

olburn

i

Cteno

mys p

ontife

x

Cteno

mys o

pimus

Cteno

mys k

nighti

Cteno

mys v

iperin

us

Cteno

mys tu

lduco

Cteno

mys fa

mosus

Cteno

mys jo

hann

is

Cteno

mys c

oludo

Cteno

mys fu

lvus

Hexol

obod

on ph

enax

Hexol

obod

ontina

eGen

NOW

Sp NO

W

Ambly

rhiza

inund

ata

Quem

isia gr

avis

Xaym

aca fu

lvopu

lvis

Isolob

odon

mon

tanus

Isolob

odon

porto

ricensi

s

Rhizo

plagio

dontia

lemkei

Plagio

dontia

aediu

m

Plagio

dontia

ipnae

um

Capro

mys p

iloride

s

Capro

mys S

P Now

Geoca

promy

s brow

nii

Geoca

promy

s thora

catus

Geoca

promy

s SP A

Geoca

promy

s SP B

Geoca

promy

s ingra

hami

Geoca

promy

s colu

mbian

us

Mesoc

aprom

ys na

nus

Mesoc

aprom

ys au

ritus

Mesoc

aprom

ys san

felipe

nsis

Mesoc

aprom

ys an

gelca

brerai

Mysat

eles g

arrido

i

Mysat

eles m

eridio

nalis

Mysat

eles m

elanu

rus

Mysat

eles g

undla

chi

Mysat

eles p

rehen

silis

Myoca

stor c

oypus

Hoplo

mys g

ymnu

rus

Proech

imys p

oliopu

s

Proech

imys c

hrysae

olus

Proech

imys d

ecuma

nus

Proech

imys o

conne

lli

Proech

imys lo

ngica

udatu

s

Proech

imys e

chino

thrix

Proech

imys s

emisp

inosus

Proech

imys b

revica

uda

Proech

imys g

oeldii

Proech

imys q

uadru

plicatu

s

Proech

imys c

uvieri

Proech

imys r

obert

i

Proech

imys p

atton

i

Proech

imys tr

initatu

s

Proech

imys k

ulinae

Proech

imys c

anico

llis

Proech

imys g

uyann

ensis

Proech

imys s

teerei

Proech

imys h

oplom

yoide

s

Proech

imys s

imonsi

Proech

imys g

ardne

ri

Proech

imys u

richi

Proech

imys m

incae

Proech

imys g

uaira

e

Proech

imys m

agda

lenae

Thrich

omys

inerm

is

Thrich

omys

apere

oides

Thrich

omys

pachy

urus

Euryz

ygoma

tomys

spino

sus

Carte

rodon

sulcid

ens

Clyom

ys lati

ceps

Clyom

ys bis

hopi

Trino

mys g

ratios

us

Trino

mys ih

ering

i

Trino

mys d

imidia

tus

Trino

mys m

yosuro

s

Trino

mys y

onen

agae

Trino

mys a

lbispin

us

Trino

mys s

etosus

Trino

mys e

liasi

Trino

mys m

oojen

i

Trino

mys p

aratus

Trino

mys m

irapita

nga

eailimexirhtohcnoL Isothr

ix pag

urus

Isothr

ix sinn

amari

ensis

Isothr

ix neg

rensis

Isothr

ix bistr

iata

Mesom

ys his

pidus

Mesom

ys occ

ultus

Mesom

ys len

iceps

Mesom

ys stim

ulax

Brotom

ys vor

atus

Heter

opsom

ys ins

ulans

Borom

ys off

ellaBo

romys

torrei

Kann

abate

omys

ambly

onyx

Olallam

ys alb

icaud

a

Olallam

ys ed

axDa

ctylom

ys da

ctylinu

s

Dacty

lomys

perua

nus

Dacty

lomys

bolivi

ensis

Santa

marta

mys r

ufodo

rsalis

Diplom

ys can

iceps

Diplom

ys lab

ilis

Callis

tomys

pictus

Makal

ata ob

scura

Makal

ata did

elpho

ides

Makal

ata m

acrura

Makal

ata rh

ipidura

Torom

ys gra

ndis

Patto

nomy

s occa

sius

Patto

nomy

s sem

ivillos

us

Echim

ys chr

ysurus

Echim

ys sat

urnus

Echim

ys vie

irai

Phyllo

mys n

igrisp

inus

Phyllo

mys d

asythr

ix

Phyllo

mys u

nicolo

r

Phyllo

mys th

omasi

Phyllo

mys m

antiqu

eiren

sis

Phyllo

mys p

atton

i

Phyllo

mys lu

ndi

Phyllo

mys la

marum

Phyllo

mys k

erri

Phyllo

mys b

rasilie

nsis

Phyllo

mys b

lainvill

ii

Phyllo

mys m

edius

Musca

rdinu

s avel

lanari

us

Selev

inia be

tpakda

laensi

s

Myom

imus r

oachi

Myom

imus p

erson

atus

Myom

imus s

etzeri

Chae

tocau

da sic

huan

ensis

Dryom

ys lan

iger

Dryom

ys nite

dula

Dryom

ys nie

thamm

eri

Eliom

ys qu

ercinu

s

Eliomy

s morp

heus

Eliomy

s mela

nurus

Eliom

ys mu

nbyanu

s

Glis g

lisGli

rulus ja

ponicu

s

Graph

iurus n

agtgla

sii

Graphi

urus c

rassic

audat

us

Graphi

urus p

latyops

Graphi

urus a

ngolen

sis

Graphi

urus m

onardi

Graphi

urus o

cularis

Graphi

urus c

hristyi

Graphi

urus m

icrotis

Graphi

urus m

urinus

Graphi

urus lo

rraine

us

Graphi

urus k

elleni

Graphi

urus jo

hnston

i

Graphi

urus ru

picola

Graphi

urus s

urdus

Aplod

ontia r

ufa

Sperm

ophilop

sis lep

todact

ylus

Xerus

rutilu

sXe

rus er

ythrop

us

Atlant

oxerus

getulu

s

Xerus

princ

eps

Xerus

inauris

Helios

ciurus

ruwe

nzorii

Helios

ciurus

undul

atus

Helios

ciurus

gamb

ianus

Helios

ciurus

punct

atus

Helios

ciurus

rufob

rachiu

m

Helios

ciurus

mutab

ilis

Epixe

rus eb

ii

Protox

erus s

tanger

i

iinnibuasurexotorP Myosc

iurus p

umilio

Funis

ciurus

carru

thersi

Funis

ciurus

lemnis

catus

Funis

ciurus

subst

riatus

Funis

ciurus

pyrro

pus

Funis

ciurus

leucog

enys

Funis

ciurus

congi

cus

Funis

ciurus

bayon

ii

Funis

ciurus

anery

thrus

Funis

ciurus

isabel

la

Funis

ciurus

ducha

illui

Parax

erus c

ooperi

Parax

erus p

alliatu

s

Parax

erus b

oehmi

Parax

erus v

incent

i

Parax

erus v

exillar

ius

Parax

erus o

chrace

us

Parax

erus p

oensis

Parax

erus c

epapi

Parax

erus a

lexand

ri

Parax

erus fl

avovitt

is

Parax

erus lu

cifer

Sciuro

tamias

david

ianus

Sciuro

tamias

forres

ti

Tamia

s sibir

icus

Tamia

s minim

us

Tamia

s spec

iosus

Tamia

s quad

rimacu

latus

Tamia

s pana

mintinu

s

Tamia

s alpin

usTa

mias d

uranga

e

Tamia

s bulle

riTa

mias c

anipes

Tamia

s rufus

Tamia

s quad

rivittat

us

Tamias

dorsa

lis

Tamias

cinere

icollis

Tamias

palmeri

Tamias

umbrin

us

Tamias

merriam

i

Tamias

obscu

rus

Tamias

amoen

us

Tamias

rufica

udus

Tamias

siskiy

ou

Tamias

senex

Tamias

sonom

ae

Tamias

ochro

genys

Tamias

striatu

s

Tamias

townse

ndii

Ammosp

ermoph

ilus int

erpres

Ammosp

ermoph

ilus ha

rrisii

Ammosp

ermoph

ilus leu

curus

Ammosp

ermoph

ilus ne

lsoni

Sperm

ophilus

varieg

atus

Sperm

ophilus

beech

eyi

Sperm

ophilus

atrica

pillus

Sperm

ophilus

latera

lis

Sperm

ophilus

satur

atus

Sperm

ophilus

madrens

is

Marmota

flaviv

entris

Marmota

olympus

Marmota

vanco

uveren

sis

Marmota

caliga

ta

Marmota

monax

Marmota

brow

eri

Marmota

marmota

Marmota

menzbie

ri

Marmota

cauda

ta

Marmota

bobak

Marmota

baiba

cina

Marmota

camtsc

hatica

Marmota

himala

yana

Marmota

sibiric

a

Cynom

ys mexi

canus

Cynom

ys lud

ovicia

nus

Cynom

ys par

videns

Cynom

ys leu

curus

Cynom

ys gun

nisoni

Sperm

ophilus

annul

atus

Sperm

ophilus

adoce

tus

Sperm

ophilus

musicus

Sperm

ophilus

pygm

aeus

Sperm

ophilus

major

Sperm

ophilus

dauric

us

Sperm

ophilus

suslic

us

Sperm

ophilus

xanth

oprym

nus

Sperm

ophilus

citellu

s

Sperm

ophilus

tauren

sis

Sperm

ophilus

eryth

rogeny

s

Sperm

ophilus

fulvus

Sperm

ophilus

brevi

cauda

Sperm

ophilus

relict

us

Sperm

ophilus

ralli

Sperm

ophilus

pallid

icauda

Sperm

ophilus

alasha

nicus

Sperm

ophilus

mexican

us

Sperm

ophilus

tridece

mlineatu

s

Sperm

ophilus

frankl

inii

Sperm

ophilus

perot

ensis

Sperm

ophilus

spilos

oma

Sperm

ophilus

teretic

audus

Sperm

ophilus

mohaven

sis

Sperm

ophilus

beldin

gi

Sperm

ophilus

washi

ngtoni

Sperm

ophilus

townse

ndii

Sperm

ophilus

brunn

eus

Sperm

ophilus

canus

Sperm

ophilus

mollis

Sperm

ophilus

armatu

s

Sperm

ophilus

colum

bianus

Sperm

ophilus

undul

atus

Sperm

ophilus

parry

ii

Sperm

ophilus

richar

dsonii

Sperm

ophilus

elegan

s

Funam

bulus

tristria

tus

Funam

bulus

pennan

tii

Funam

bulus

palmaru

m

Funam

bulus

subline

atus

Funam

bulus

layard

i

Exilis

ciurus

exilis

Exilisc

iurus c

oncinn

us

Exilisc

iurus w

hitehea

di

Hyosc

iurus h

einrich

i

Hyosc

iurus il

eile

Rubris

ciurus

rubrive

nter

Prosci

urillus

abstru

sus

Prosci

urillus

leucom

us

Prosci

urillus

rosenb

ergii

Prosci

urillus

murinus

Prosci

urillus

weber

i

Rhino

sciuru

s latica

udatus

Tamiop

s rodol

phii

Tamiop

s macc

lelland

ii

Tamiop

s swin

hoei

Tamiop

s marit

imus

Dremom

ys lok

riah

Dremom

ys per

nyi

Dremom

ys gul

aris

Dremom

ys rufi

genis

Dremom

ys pyr

rhomeru

s

Dremom

ys eve

retti

Sunda

sciuru

s frate

rculus

Sunda

sciuru

s lowii

Sunda

sciuru

s broo

kei

Sunda

sciuru

s tenui

s

Sunda

sciuru

s jentin

ki

Sunda

sciuru

s stee

rii

Sunda

sciuru

s juven

cus

Sunda

sciuru

s dave

nsis

Sunda

sciuru

s rabor

i

Sunda

sciuru

s sam

arensi

s

Sunda

sciuru

s moel

lendor

ffi

Sunda

sciuru

s hipp

urus

Sunda

sciuru

s mind

anensi

s

Sunda

sciuru

s hoog

straali

Sunda

sciuru

s phili

ppinen

sis

Nanno

sciuru

s mela

notis

Callos

ciurus

prevos

tii

Callos

ciurus

pyger

ythrus

Callos

ciurus

nigrov

ittatus

Callos

ciurus

albesc

ens

Menetes

berdm

orei

Larisc

us ins

ignis

Larisc

us hos

ei

Larisc

us obs

curus

Larisc

us nio

be

Glyphot

es sim

us

Callos

ciurus

quinq

uestria

tus

Callos

ciurus

melanog

aster

Callos

ciurus

phayr

ei

Callos

ciurus

balue

nsis

Callos

ciurus

inorna

tus

Callos

ciurus

notatu

s

Callos

ciurus

adam

si

Callos

ciurus

oreste

s

Callos

ciurus

finlay

sonii

Callos

ciurus

canic

eps

Callos

ciurus

erythra

eus

Sciuril

lus pu

sillus

Ratufa

macrour

a

Ratufa

indica

Ratufa

affinis

Ratufa

bicolo

r

Tamias

ciurus

hudso

nicus

Tamias

ciurus

mearnsi

Tamias

ciurus

dougl

asii

Rheith

rosciu

rus macr

otis

Synthe

osciuru

s broc

hus

Sciuru

s stram

ineus

Sciuru

s ignitu

s

Microsci

urus a

lfari

Microsci

urus s

antand

erensi

s

Microsci

urus fl

aviven

ter

Microsci

urus m

imulus

Sciuru

s aber

ti

Sciuru

s gilvig

ularis

Sciuru

s anom

alus

Sciuru

s varie

gatoid

es

Sciuru

s flam

mifer

Sciuru

s gran

atensi

s

Sciuru

s caro

linensi

s

Sciuru

s nige

r

Sciuru

s depp

ei

Sciuru

s naya

ritensi

s

Sciuru

s puch

eranii

Sciuru

s yuca

tanens

is

Sciuru

s vulg

aris

Sciuru

s aest

uans

Sciuru

s pyrrh

inus

Sciuru

s aure

ogaste

r

Sciuru

s lis

Sciuru

s sanb

orni

Sciuru

s colli

aei

Sciuru

s richm

ondi

Sciuru

s allen

i

Sciuru

s grise

us

Sciuru

s ocul

atus

Sciuru

s arizo

nensis

Sciuru

s igniv

entris

Sciuru

s spad

iceus

Petau

rista le

ucogen

ys

Petau

rista x

anthot

is

Petau

rista p

hilippe

nsis

Petau

rista e

legans

Petau

rista p

etauris

ta

Petau

rista m

agnific

us

Petau

rista a

lborufu

s

Petau

rista n

obilis

Pterom

ys vol

ans

Pterom

ys mom

onga

Eupet

aurus

cinere

us

Aerom

ys tep

hromela

s

Aerom

ys tho

masi

Pterom

yscus

pulver

ulentu

s

Aerete

s mela

nopteru

s

Trogop

terus x

anthip

es

Belom

ys pea

rsonii

Biswam

oyopte

rus bis

wasi

Eogla

ucomys

fimbria

tus

Glaucom

ys vol

ans

Glaucom

ys sab

rinus

Iomys

horsfie

ldii

Iomys

sipora

Petino

mys gen

ibarbis

Petino

mys hag

eni

Petino

mys crin

itus

Petino

mys mind

anensi

s

Petino

mys sag

itta

Petino

mys vor

dermann

i

Petino

mys lug

ens

Petino

mys set

osus

Petino

mys fus

cocapi

llus

Petaur

illus ho

sei

Petaur

illus kin

lochii

Petaur

illus em

iliae

Hylopet

es pha

yrei

Hylopet

es wins

toni

Hylopet

es alb

oniger

Hylopet

es nig

ripes

Hylopet

es spa

diceus

Hylopet

es sip

ora

Hylopet

es bar

telsi

Hylopet

es lep

idus

Hylopet

es pla

tyurus

Castoro

ides o

hioens

is

Castor c

anaden

sis

Castor f

iber

Thomom

ys mont

icola

Thomom

ys clu

sius

Thomom

ys talp

oides

Thomom

ys maza

ma

Thomom

ys ida

hoensi

s

Thomom

ys bul

bivoru

s

Thomom

ys tow

nsendi

i

Thomom

ys bot

tae

Thomom

ys um

brinus

Geomys

attwate

ri

Geomys

tropica

lis

Geomys

person

atus

Geomys

pinetis

Geomys

brevice

ps

Geomys

bursar

ius

Geomys

texens

is

Geomys

knoxjo

nesi

Geomys

arenar

ius

Zygoge

omys

trichop

us

Orthogeo

mys his

pidus

Orthogeo

mys lan

ius

Orthogeo

mys und

erwood

i

Orthogeo

mys cav

ator

Orthogeo

mys che

rriei

Orthogeo

mys mata

galpae

Orthogeo

mysdar

iensis

Orthogeo

mys het

erodus

Orthogeo

mys tha

eleri

Orthogeo

mys gra

ndis

Orthogeo

mys cun

iculus

Pappog

eomys

bulleri

Pappog

eomys

alcorn

i

Cratogeo

mys fum

osus

Cratogeo

mys pla

niceps

Cratogeo

mys cas

tanops

Cratogeo

mys gol

dmani

Cratogeo

mys per

otensi

s

Cratogeo

mys fulv

escens

Cratogeo

mys merri

ami

Microdip

odops

megacep

halus

Microdip

odops

pallidu

s

Dipodom

ys des

erti

Dipodom

ys ord

ii

Dipodom

ys spe

ctabilis

Dipodom

ys nel

soni

Dipodom

ys com

pactus

Dipodom

ys phi

llipsii

Dipodom

ys ela

tor

Dipodom

ys nitr

atoide

s

Dipodom

ys merri

ami

Dipodom

ys ins

ularis

Dipodom

ys marg

aritae

Dipodom

ys cal

ifornic

us

Dipodom

ys ven

ustus

Dipodom

ys sim

ulans

Dipodom

ys agi

lis

Dipodom

ys ing

ens

Dipodom

ys gra

vipes

Dipodom

ys micro

ps

Dipodom

ys ste

phensi

Dipodom

ys hee

rmanni

Dipodom

ys pan

aminti

nus

Liomys

salvin

i

Liomys

adsper

sus

Liomys

irroratu

s

Liomys

pictus

Liomys

specta

bilis

Heterom

ys nel

soni

Heterom

ys ore

sterus

Heterom

ys gau

meri

Heterom

ys oas

icus

Heterom

ys aus

tralis

Heterom

ys ano

malus

Heterom

ys des

marestia

nus

Heterom

ys tele

us

Perogna

thus fa

sciatus

Perogna

thus fla

vescen

s

Perogna

thus a

lticolus

Perogna

thus p

arvus

Perogna

thus fla

vus

Perogna

thus m

erriam

i

Perogna

thus a

mplus

Perogna

thus in

ornatu

s

Perogna

thus lo

ngimem

bris

Chaetod

ipus ru

dinoris

Chaetod

ipus b

aileyi

Chaetod

ipus fo

rmosus

Chaetod

ipus h

ispidus

Chaetod

ipus in

termedi

us

Chaetod

ipus n

elsoni

Chaetod

ipus lin

eatus

Chaetod

ipus g

oldmani

Chaetod

ipus a

rtus

Chaetod

ipus p

enicilla

tus

Chaetod

ipus e

remicus

Chaetod

ipus p

ernix

Chaetod

ipus sp

inatus

Chaetod

ipus ca

lifornicu

s

Chaetod

ipus fa

llax

Chaetod

ipus d

alques

ti

Chaetod

ipus a

renariu

s

Pedetes

capen

sis

Pedetes

surda

ster

Zenker

ella ins

ignis

Idiurus

macrotis

Idiurus

zenke

ri

Anomalu

rus de

rbianus

Anomalu

rus pu

sillus

Anomalu

rus be

ecrofti

Anomalu

rus pe

lii

Sicista s

trandi

Sicista c

audata

Sicista a

rmenica

Sicista c

oncolo

r

Sicista c

aucasic

a

Sicista s

evertzo

vi

Sicista t

iansha

nica

Sicista n

apaea

Sicista k

azbegi

ca

Sicista b

etulina

Sicista p

seudon

apaea

Sicista s

ubtilis

Sicista k

luchoric

a

Allactod

ipus b

obrinsk

ii

Pygeretm

us pla

tyurus

Pygeretm

us pum

ilio

Pygeretm

us zhit

kovi

Euchore

utes n

aso

Eozapus

setch

uanus

Napaeoz

apus in

signis

Zapus

hudson

ius

Zapus

trinota

tus

Zapus

princep

s

Allactag

a euph

ratica

Allactag

a willia

msi

Allactag

a sibir

ica

Allactag

a balik

unica

Allactag

a bulla

ta

Allactag

a tetrad

actyla

Allactag

a elate

r

Allactag

a firou

zi

Allactag

a seve

rtzovi

Allactag

a hots

oni

Allactag

a majo

r

Allactag

a vino

gradov

i

Paradip

us cte

nodact

ylus

Cardiocr

anius

parado

xus

Salping

otulus

michaelis

Salping

otus ko

zlovi

Salping

otus h

eptner

i

Salping

otus p

allidus

Salping

otus cr

assicau

da

Eremodi

pus lich

tenste

ini

Dipus sa

gitta

Jaculu

s orien

talis

Jaculu

s jaculu

s

Jaculu

s blan

fordi

Stylodip

us sun

gorus

Stylodip

us and

rewsi

Stylodip

us telu

m

Platacan

thomys l

asiurus

Typhlo

mys cine

reus

Eospala

x roths

childi

Eospala

x fonta

nierii

Eospala

x smithii

Myospal

ax psilu

rus

Myospala

x aspala

x

Myospala

x myos

palax

Tachyo

ryctes s

plenden

s

Tachyo

ryctes m

acroce

phalus

Rhizomys s

inensis

Rhizomys s

umatre

nsis

Rhizomys p

ruinosu

s

Cannom

ys badiu

s

Spalax eh

renber

gi

Spalax ne

hringi

Spalax le

ucodon

Spalax gr

aecus

Spalax m

icropht

halmus

Spalax ze

mni

Spalax ar

enarius

Spalax gi

ganteu

s

Spalax ur

alensis

Calomysc

us hotso

ni

Calomysc

us mysta

x

Calomysc

us elbur

zensis

Calomysc

us bailw

ardi

Calomysc

us gran

dis

Calomysc

us tsolo

vi

Calomysc

us urart

ensis

Calomysc

us baluc

hi

Monticol

omys k

oopmani

Macrota

rsomys p

etteri

Macrota

rsomys b

astardi

Macrota

rsomys i

ngens

Hypogeo

mys antim

ena

Hypogeo

mys austr

alis

Brachyu

romys r

amiroh

itra

Brachyu

romys b

etsileoe

nsis

Nesomys a

udeber

ti

Nesomys r

ufus

Nesomys l

amber

toni

Brachyta

rsomys a

lbicaud

a

Brachyta

rsomys v

illosa

Gymnurom

ys robe

rti

Voalavo g

ymnocaud

us

Voalavo a

ntsahab

ensis

Eliurus gr

andidie

ri

Eliurus an

tsingy

Eliurus m

ajori

Eliurus da

nieli

Eliurus ta

nala

Eliurus w

ebbi

Eliurus el

lermani

Eliurus m

inor

Eliurus pe

tteri

Eliurus m

yoxinus

Eliurus pe

nicillatu

s

Mystrom

ys albic

audatu

s

Delanymys b

rooksi

Petromysc

us collin

us

Petromysc

us barb

ouri

Petromysc

us mont

icularis

Petromysc

us shor

tridgei

Beamys h

indei

Cricetom

ys gam

bianus

Cricetom

ys emini

Saccosto

mus cam

pestris

Saccosto

mus mear

nsi

Malacoth

rix typic

a

Prionom

ys bate

si

Dendrop

rionom

ys rous

seloti

Steatom

ys kreb

sii

Steatom

ys cupp

edius

Steatom

ys jack

soni

Steatom

ys caur

inus

Steatom

ys prate

nsis

Steatom

ys parv

us

Steatom

ys boca

gei

Steatom

ys opim

us

Megaden

dromus n

ikolaus

i

Dendrom

us kivu

Dendrom

us orea

s

Dendrom

us vern

ayi

Dendrom

us kahu

ziensis

Dendrom

us mysta

calis

Dendrom

us insig

nis

Dendrom

us mess

orius

Dendrom

us nyika

e

Dendrom

us meso

melas

Dendrom

us melan

otis

Dendrom

us lova

ti

Nelsonia

goldmani

Nelsonia

neotom

odon

Hodomys a

lleni

Xenomys n

elsoni

Neotoma ci

nerea

Neotoma m

exicana

Neotoma pa

latina

Neotoma go

ldmani

Neotoma al

bigula

Neotoma st

ephens

i

Neotoma ch

rysomelas

Neotoma br

yanti

Neotoma le

pida

Neotoma de

via

Neotoma ph

enax

Neotoma fu

scipes

Neotoma m

acrotis

Neotoma m

agister

Neotoma m

artinens

is

Neotoma flo

ridana

Neotoma ne

lsoni

Neotoma m

icropus

Neotoma an

gustapa

lata

Neotoma le

ucodon

Neotoma bu

nkeri

Neotoma an

thonyi

Ochrotom

ys nutta

lli

Scotinom

ys xera

mpelinus

Scotinom

ys tegu

ina

Baiomys m

usculus

Baiomys t

aylori

Isthmomys p

irrensis

Isthmomys f

lavidus

Reithrod

ontomys c

hrysops

is

Reithrod

ontomys m

ontanus

Reithrod

ontomys r

aviventr

is

Reithrod

ontomys h

umulis

Reithrod

ontomys h

irsutus

Reithrod

ontomys f

ulvesce

ns

Reithrod

ontomys s

umichrasti

Reithrod

ontomys z

acateca

e

Reithrod

ontomys m

egalotis

Reithrod

ontomys b

urti

Reithrod

ontomys c

reper

Reithrod

ontomys d

arienen

sis

Reithrod

ontomys m

exicanu

s

Reithrod

ontomys b

revirost

ris

Reithrod

ontomys s

pectabi

lis

Reithrod

ontomys g

racilis

Reithrod

ontomys p

aradox

us

Reithrod

ontomys t

enuiros

tris

Reithrod

ontomys b

akeri

Reithrod

ontomys m

icrodon

Reithrod

ontomys r

odrigue

zi

Onychom

ys aren

icola

Onychom

ys leuc

ogaster

Onychom

ys torri

dus

Megadon

tomys c

ryophilu

s

Megadon

tomys t

homasi

Megadon

tomys n

elsoni

Osgoodo

mys band

eranus

Peromysc

us goss

ypinus

Peromysc

us leuc

opus

Peromysc

us slevi

ni

Peromysc

us neso

dytes

Peromysc

us keen

i

Peromysc

us manic

ulatus

Peromysc

us polio

notus

Peromysc

us melan

otis

Peromysc

us sejug

is

Peromysc

us crinit

us

Peromysc

us califo

rnicus

Peromysc

us pembert

oni

Peromysc

us canic

eps

Peromysc

us merria

mi

Peromysc

us erem

icus

Peromysc

us pseud

ocrinitu

s

Peromysc

us inter

parietal

is

Peromysc

us frate

rculus

Peromysc

us guard

ia

Peromysc

us dicke

yi

Peromysc

us eva

Podomys f

loridanu

s

Neotomodo

n alstoni

Peromyscus h

ooperi

Peromysc

us poliu

s

Peromysc

us maye

nsis

Peromysc

us mega

lops

Peromysc

us stirto

ni

Peromyscus y

ucatani

cus

Peromysc

us perfu

lvus

Peromysc

us melan

ophrys

Peromysc

us mekis

turus

Peromyscus m

elanoca

rpus

Peromysc

us melan

urus

Peromysc

us zarhyn

chus

Peromyscus m

exicanu

s

Peromyscus g

ymnotis

Peromysc

us aztecu

s

Peromyscus g

uatemalen

sis

Peromyscus g

randis

Peromysc

us pecto

ralis

Peromysc

us ochrave

nter

Peromysc

us furvu

s

Peromyscus t

ruei

Peromyscus g

ratus

Peromyscus a

ttwateri

Peromysc

us nasutu

s

Peromyscus diffic

ilis

Peromysc

us bullatus

Habromys simulatu

s

Habromys delic

atulus

Habromys schmidlyi

Habromys lophurus

Habromys lepturus

Habromys ixtla

ni

Habromys chinanteco

Peromysc

us sagax

Peromysc

us spicile

gus

Peromysc

us hylocetes

Peromyscus winkelmanni

Peromyscus beatae

Peromysc

us schmidlyi

Peromyscus le

vipes

Peromyscus m

adrensis

Peromyscus st

ephani

Peromyscus sim

ulus

Peromyscus boylii

Phodopus roborovski

i

Phodopus sungorus

Phodopus campbelli

Mesocricetus auratus

Mesocricetus newtoni

Mesocricetus brandti

Mesocricetus ra

ddei

Mesocricetus ra

thgeberi

Tscherski

a triton

Cricetus cr

icetus

Cansumys canus

Allocricetulus eversm

anni

Allocricetulus cu

rtatus

Cricetulus lo

ngicaudatus

Cricetulus so

kolovi

Cricetulus m

igratorius

Cricetulus barabensis

Cricetulus altico

la

Cricetulus ka

mensis

Cricetulus la

ma

Cricetulus tib

etanus

Prometheomys schaposch

nikowi

Neofiber alleni

Ondatra zibethicus

Synaptomys borealis

Synaptomys cooperi

Myopus schistic

olor

Lemmus trimucronatus

Lemmus portenkoi

Lemmus lemmus

Lemmus sibiricu

s

Lemmus amurensis

Phenacomys intermedius

Phenacomys ungava

Arborimus pomo

Arborimus longicaudus

Arborimus albipes

Dicrostonyx n

elsoni

Dicrostonyx u

nalascensis

Dicrostonyx v

inogradovi

Dicrostonyx g

roenlandicus

Dicrostonyx n

unatakensis

Dicrostonyx t

orquatus

Dicrostonyx r

ichardsoni

Dicrostonyx h

udsonius

Hyperacrius fe

rtilis

Hyperacrius wynnei

Caryomys eva

Caryomys inez

Eothenomys melanogaster

Eothenomys cachinus

Eothenomys miletus

Eothenomys custos

Eothenomys chinensis

Eothenomys wardi

Eothenomys olitor

Eothenomys proditor

Myodes smithii

Myodes andersoni

Myodes rex

Myodes rufocanus

Myodes regulus

Myodes shanseius

Myodes glareolus

Myodes centralis

Myodes rutilus

Myodes californicus

Myodes gapperi

Alticola lemminus

Alticola stre

lzowi

Alticola argentatus

Alticola semicanus

Alticola albicaudus

Alticola roylei

Alticola barakshin

Alticola macrotis

Alticola sto

liczkanus

Alticola montosa

Alticola tuvinicus

Alticola olchonensis

Dinaromys bogdanovi

Pliomys lenki

Arvicola sapidus

Arvicola amphibius

Arvicola sch

erman

Ellobius lutescens

Ellobius alaicus

Ellobius talpinus

Ellobius fuscocapillus

Ellobius tancrei

Lagurus lagurus

Eolagurus luteus

Eolagurus przewalskii

Chionomys nivalis

Chionomys roberti

Chionomys gud

Lemmiscus cu

rtatus

Proedromys bedfordi

Proedromys liangshanensis

Microtus gregalis

Lasiopodomys fuscus

Lasiopodomys mandarinus

Lasiopodomys brandtii

Phaiomys leucurus

Volemys millice

ns

Volemys musseri

Neodon juldaschi

Neodon sikimensis

Neodon irene

Neodon forresti

Microtus clarkei

Microtus oeconomus

Microtus montebelli

Microtus kikuchii

Microtus sachalinensis

Microtus fortis

Microtus limnophilus

Microtus middendorffii

Microtus mongolicus

Microtus maximowiczii

Microtus mujanensis

Microtus evoronensis

Microtus nasarovi

Microtus agrestis

Blanfordimys bucharensis

Blanfordimys afghanus

Microtus richardsoni

Microtus cabrerae

Microtus xanthognathus

Microtus oregoni

Microtus longicaudus

Microtus canicaudus

Microtus townsendii

Microtus montanus

Microtus pennsylvanicus

Microtus breweri

Microtus ochrogaster

Microtus californicus

Microtus mexicanus

Microtus chrotorrhinus

Microtus umbrosus

Microtus miurus

Microtus abbreviatus

Microtus guatemalensis

Microtus oaxacensis

Microtus quasiater

Microtus pinetorum

Microtus levis

Microtus transcaspicus

Microtus arvalis

Microtus ilaeus

Microtus schelkovnikovi

Microtus dogramacii

Microtus guentheri

Microtus socialis

Microtus schidlovski

i

Microtus anatolicus

Microtus irani

Microtus paradoxus

Microtus majori

Microtus subterraneus

Microtus daghestanicus

Microtus thomasi

Microtus felteni

Microtus henseli

Microtus tatricus

Microtus hyperboreus

Microtus savii

Microtus brachycercus

Microtus qazvinensis

Microtus multiplex

Microtus liechtensteini

Microtus bavaricus

Microtus gerbei

Microtus duodecimcostatus

Microtus lusitanicus

Nyctomys s

umichrasti

Otonyctomys h

atti

Ototylomys phyllotis

Tylomys tumbalensis

Tylomys panamensis

Tylomys watsoni

Tylomys nudicaudus

Tylomys bullaris

Tylomys mirae

Tylomys fulvive

nter

Chibchanomys trichotis

Chibchanomys orcesi

Rheomys thomasi

Rheomys raptor

Rheomys mexicanus

Rheomys underwoodi

Sigmodon alstoni

Sigmodon peruanus

Sigmodon leucotis

Sigmodon fulviventer

Sigmodon ochrognathus

Sigmodon inopinatus

Sigmodon arizonae

Sigmodon mascotensis

Sigmodon hispidus

Sigmodon toltecus

Sigmodon hirsutus

Sigmodon alleni

Sigmodon planifrons

Anotomys leander

Ichthyomys pittieri

Ichthyomys stolzmanni

Ichthyomys tweedii

Ichthyomys hydrobates

Neusticomys m

onticolus

Neusticomys o

yapocki

Neusticomys p

eruviensis

Neusticomys v

enezuelae

Neusticomys fe

rreirai

Neusticomys m

ussoi

Phaenomys ferrugineus

Rhipidomys leucodactylu

s

Rhipidomys latimanus

Rhipidomys wetzeli

Rhipidomys caucensis

Rhipidomys venezuelae

Rhipidomys austrin

us

Rhipidomys cariri

Rhipidomys macconnelli

Rhipidomys ochrogaster

Rhipidomys nitela

Rhipidomys fulviventer

Rhipidomys modicus

Rhipidomys couesi

Rhipidomys venustus

Rhipidomys gardneri

Rhipidomys mastacalis

Rhipidomys emiliae

Rhipidomys macrurus

Aepeomys lugens

Aepeomys reigi

Chilomys instans

Abrawayaomys ruschii

Thomasomys apeco

Thomasomys laniger

Thomasomys rosalinda

Thomasomys incanus

Thomasomys notatus

Thomasomys niveipes

Thomasomys macrotis

Thomasomys hylophilus

Thomasomys vulcani

Thomasomys ucucha

Thomasomys pyrrhonotus

Thomasomys bombycinus

Thomasomys cinereiventer

Thomasomys erro

Thomasomys baeops

Thomasomys onkiro

Thomasomys popayanus

Thomasomys aureus

Thomasomys praetor

Thomasomys monochromos

Thomasomys paramorum

Thomasomys eleusis

Thomasomys silvestris

Thomasomys oreas

Thomasomys taczanowskii

Thomasomys caudivarius

Thomasomys cinereus

Thomasomys ischyrus

Thomasomys ladewi

Thomasomys kalinowskii

Thomasomys vestitus

Thomasomys daphne

Thomasomys rhoadsi

Thomasomys gracilis

Thomasomys cinnameus

Thomasomys hudsoni

Kunsia tomentosus

Kunsia fronto

Scapteromys aquaticus

Scapteromys tumidus

Bibimys labiosus

Bibimys chacoensis

Bibimys torresi

Lenoxus apicalis

Blarinomys breviceps

Brucepattersonius igniventris

Brucepattersonius misionensis

Brucepattersonius guarani

Brucepattersonius paradisus

Brucepattersonius soricinus

Brucepattersonius iheringi

Brucepattersonius albinasus

Brucepattersonius griserufescens

Oxymycterus delator

Oxymycterus akodontius

Oxymycterus inca

Juscelinomys guaporensis

Juscelinomys huanchacae

Juscelinomys candango

Oxymycterus amazonicus

Oxymycterus dasytrichus

Oxymycterus nasutus

Oxymycterus hiska

Oxymycterus paramensis

Oxymycterus roberti

s quaestor

s hispidus

fus

s

di

ae

sis

tae leitsii

rilcatus

tti

usrsiae

nsis

rtoniidentalis

icalis

ioti

ensisoxanthus

rnatusnustus

schoutedenis longicaudatus

s defua

silii

ris

ttatus

fronsivirgatus

s kaiseri

ndei bocagei ineptus

rysophilus

homys stannarius

thomasi

homys nyikae

silindensis

homys namaquensis

thomys granti

mmomys gigas

ammomys ibeanus

ammomys dolichurus

ammomys caniceps

ammomys cometes

ammomys aridulusammomys kuru

ammomys buntingi

Grammomys macmillani

Grammomys minnaeGrammomys dryas

Malpaisomys insularis

Canariomys bravoi

Canariomys tamarani

Thallomys loringi

Thallomys paedulcus

Thallomys nigricauda

Thallomys shortridgei

Dasymys incomtus

Dasymys rufulus

Dasymys montanus

Dasymys nudipesDasymys foxi

Desmomys harringtoni

Desmomys yaldeni

Mylomys dybowskiiMylomys rex

Pelomys fallax

Pelomys hopkinsi

Pelomys minorPelomys campanae

Pelomys isseliRhabdomys pumilio

Arvicanthis nairobae

Arvicanthis neumanni

Arvicanthis blicki

Arvicanthis abyssinicus

Arvicanthis rufinusArvicanthis niloticus

Arvicanthis ansorgei

Lemniscomys mittendorfi

Lemniscomys striatusLemniscomys barbarus

Lemniscomys zebra

Lemniscomys rosalia

Lemniscomys linulus

Lemniscomys roseveari

Lemniscomys hoogstraali

Lemniscomys griselda

Lemniscomys macculus

Lemniscomys bellieri

Leimacomys buettneri

Vernaya fulva

Vandeleuria nolthenii

Vandeleuria nilagirica

Vandeleuria oleracea

Myomyscus yemeni

Myomyscus brockmaniMyomyscus angolensis

Stenocephalemys albocaudata

Stenocephalemys griseicauda

Stenocephalemys albipes

Stenocephalemys ruppiPraomys delectorum

Praomys morioMastomys pernanus

Mastomys shortridgei

Heimyscus fumosusHylomyscus denniae

Hylomyscus stellaHylomyscus parvus

Hylomyscus alleniHylomyscus baeri

Hylomyscus carillus

Hylomyscus aetaHylomyscus grandis

Myomyscus verreauxiiZelotomys hildegardeae

Zelotomys woosnami

Colomys goslingiNilopegamys plumbeus

Mastomys kollmannspergeriMastomys huberti

Mastomys coucha

Mastomys natalensis

Mastomys erythroleucus

Mastomys awashensis

Praomys verschureni

Praomys lukolelae

Praomys degraaffi

Praomys minor

Praomys jacksoni

Praomys derooiPraomys daltoni

Praomys petteri

Praomys hartwigi

Praomys obscurus

Praomys rostratusPraomys tullbergi

Praomys misonnei

Praomys mutoniTokudaia muenninki

Tokudaia tokunoshimensisTokudaia osimensis

Apodemus argenteusApodemus speciosus

Apodemus agrarius

Apodemus chevrieri

Apodemus peninsulaeApodemus latronum

Apodemus semotus

Apodemus dracoApodemus gurkha

Apodemus mystacinus

Apodemus epimelasApodemus pallipes

Apodemus uralensisApodemus witherbyi

Apodemus alpicola

Apodemus sylvaticus

Apodemus hyrcanicus

Apodemus flavicollis

Apodemus ponticus

Apodemus rusiges

Malacomys edwardsi

Malacomys longipesMalacomys cansdalei

Muriculus imberbis

Mus pahariMus vulcani

Mus crociduroides

Mus mayoriMus saxicola

Mus platythrixMus fernandoni

Mus phillipsi

Mus shortridgeiMus caroli

Mus cookii

Mus cervicolorMus famulus

Mus terricolor

Mus boodugaMus fragilicauda

Mus spretus

Mus musculusMus spicilegus

Mus macedonicus

Mus cypriacusMus sorella

Mus baouleiMus bufo

Mus tritonMus setulosus

Mus mahometMus orangiaeMus goundae

Mus mattheyiMus haussa

Mus oubanguii

Mus indutus

Mus callewaertiMus musculoides

Mus setzeriMus minutoides

Mus tenellus

Mus neavei

a

d

e

cb

h

g

f

i

Time (Millions of years ago)

Petrogale persephonePetrogale burbidgeiPetrogale concinna

Petrogale brachyotisPetrogale xanthopusPetrogale coenensis

Petrogale lateralisPetrogale godmani

Petrogale rothschildiPetrogale purpureicollis

Petrogale herbertiPetrogale penicillata

Petrogale assimilisPetrogale sharmaniPetrogale inornata

Petrogale mareeba

a)

b)

c)

FIGURE 3. Bioregion map and phylogenetic tree of world mammals with ancestral range reconstruction, generated with Infomap Bioregions.a) Phylogenetic tree of 5747 mammals computed from Faurby and Svenning (2015), fully zoomable on the online application. Ancestral rangeswere reconstructed under Fitch parsimony. Pie charts depict most parsimonious ancestral ranges at nodes, and current distributions for extantspecies. Branch lines are scaled to the number of terminals subtending each branch, in order to improve visualization of the overall treestructure. b) Magnified part of the tree, highlighting the rock-wallabies (genus Petrogale) which are currently distributed across several bioregionsin Australia. This analysis suggests that all rock-wallabies, including the yellow-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus), which is the mostindicative species of the southeast bioregion (i), originated from a common ancestor in northern Australia. c) Bioregion map of world mammalsusing species point occurrences from GBIF. White areas have insufficient data and were excluded from the analysis. Colors are used consistentlyacross the subfigures. Table 2 shows information about labeled bioregions.

MammalsWe identified 62 bioregions of mammals, which we

show together with their phylogenetic tree and ancestralrange reconstructions in Figure 3 (see SupplementaryMaterial available on Dryad for detailed results). Someof the bioregions are very large, reflecting majorcontinental-wide differences, whereas others comprise

no more than a few square degrees. For example,we identified more than 10 bioregions for Australia, alandmass known to contain a high number of speciesand ecosystems (see Table 2).

We acknowledge that the automated cleaning stepsdescribed above for species occurrences are probablynot sufficient to fully validate the distribution dataset. Careful revision of specimens and localities by

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202 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 66

TABLE 2. Highlighted mammalian bioregions, sorted on species richness

Location Records Species Cells Most common Most indicativespecies (records) species (score)

(a) South America 69,757 1448 254 Glossophaga soricina (1588) Uroderma bilobatum (36)Pallas’s long-tongued bat Tent-making Bat

(b) Africa 38,258 1105 323 Mastomys natalensis (991) Mus musculoides (58)Common African rat Kasai mouse

(c) Malay Archipelago 8788 576 103 Rattus exulans (370) Ptenochirus jagori (155)Polynesian rat Greater Musky Fruit Bat

(d) North America 279,416 812 426 Peromyscus maniculatus (17,600) Thomomys bottae (3.3)Deer mouse Valley Pocket Gopher

(e) Andes 4709 394 46 Phyllotis xanthopygus (280) Akodon albiventer (189)Yellow-rumped leaf-eared mouse White-bellied grass mouse

(f) Europe 635,148 389 266 Meles meles (46,299) Talpa europaea (1.2)Eurasian badger European mole

(g) New Guinea 5107 325 46 Syconycteris australis (260) Echymipera kalubu (220)Southern blossom bat Common Echymipera

(h) SE Australia 298,374 269 39 Phascolarctos cinereus (26,029) Petaurus australis (2.2)Koala Yellow-bellied glider

(i) SE Australia 43,669 147 22 Macropus robustus (9,176) Petrogale xanthopus (6.2)Hill wallaroo Yellow-footed rock-wallaby

Notes: For exact locations, the indices (a)–(i) are displayed on the bioregion map in Figure 3. Common names takenfrom Encyclopedia of Life at http://eol.org

taxonomists, and increased spatial sampling, are someof the time-consuming tasks required to producemore reliable data sets (Maldonado et al. 2015; Meyeret al. 2016). As a consequence, our results may beaffected by sampling biases, inaccurate georeferencing,and/or incorrect identifications. These issues preventus from discerning, for example, whether the scatteredoccurrence of small bioregions in Russia is a realbiological result or, more likely, an artifact of the scarcepublicly available data for that region.

ValidationWe further evaluated the performance of Infomap

Bioregions by comparing the bioregions identified formammals and amphibians with the widely used WorldWildlife Fund (WWF) ecoregions (Olson et al. 2001), seeFigure 4. For these analyses we used the mapcurvesalgorithm (Hargrove et al. 2006) as implemented byvan Loon (2006). Mapcurves is a quantitative methodto compare the spatial concordance between categoricalmaps, by calculating a goodness of fit (GOF) for eachpolygon in a map of interest based on the degree ofspatial overlap with the polygons of a reference map.The results can be summarized in a global GOF score.Mapcurves is resolution independent, does not requirethe same number of categories in both maps, and anypolygon in a map that can be exactly comprised of a setof polygons in the reference map will show a perfectfit. However, the algorithm generally indicates a poor fitwhen a finer resolution map is compared to a coarsermap. A limitation of this asymmetry becomes apparent

when the map of interest has coarser resolution than thechosen reference map in some or most of the areas, butfiner resolution in other areas. Therefore, the globallybest GOF map may have areas of finer resolution wherethe local GOF is poor, whereas the bioregions in thereference map covering the same area may have betterlocal GOF. See Hargrove et al. (2006) for a detaileddescription of the method.

The results of the comparison show a generallygood fit between the bioregions identified by InfomapBioregions and the WWF ecoregions. The fit was betterfor amphibians (global GOF 0.65) than for mammals(0.54), which might be related to the data used formap creation (range polygons vs. point occurrences,respectively). The spatial visualization of the GOF scoresshows that the fit is very good for most areas. Differencesare mainly associated with a number of very smallbioregions, mostly in the Andes for amphibians andmostly in Asia and northern Africa for mammals. Formammals, many of the small bioregions recognizedby Infomap Bioregions seem to derive from low dataavailability. A low fit is also partly an artifact ofthe asymmetry of the measure as mentioned above,especially for amphibians in the Andes.

We also compared the bioregions identified byInfomap Bioregions to the zoogeographic regions fromHolt et al. (2013), which for the amphibians werebased on approximately the same data, but delimitedusing a beta-diversity method including phylogeneticinformation. The GOF was overall very good, witha global GOF score of 0.77 for amphibians and 0.42for mammals (see Supplementary Material available

http://eol.org
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2016 EDLER ET AL.—INFOMAP BIOREGIONS 203

FIGURE 4. Comparison between Infomap bioregions and WWF ecoregions using the Mapcurves algorithm (Hargrove et al. 2006). a)Infomap bioregions for the amphibian data set; b) Infomap bioregions for the mammalian data set; c) WWF ecoregions from Olson et al. (2001);d) Mapcurves as a measure for the GOF for the Infomap bioregions with respect to the WWF ecoregions. The graph shows the percentage ofbioregions with a GOF score better than the corresponding value on the horizontal axis (zero to one). A perfect fit for all bioregions would beindicated by a horizontal line at the top; e) GOF map of the Infomap bioregions for amphibians and the total GOF score; f) GOF map of theInfomap bioregions for mammals and the total GOF score. The fit of the bioregions to the WWF ecoregions is generally very good, with theexception of several very small bioregions identified by Infomap Bioregions.

on Dryad). In summary, the results of the pairwisecomparisons show that bioregions delimited by InfomapBioregions generally correspond well to commonlyused bioregionalization maps, despite differences in theunderlying data and methodology applied.

CONCLUSIONS

Designed to make data-driven identification ofbioregions simple and effective, we introduced the webapplication Infomap Bioregions and demonstrated itsflexibility. A user can load species data from both pointoccurrences and range polygons, modify parametersdirectly in the web interface, and export results tovarious formats for high-quality printing or furtherbiogeographical analyses. The web application uses

adaptive spatial resolution, can process millions ofrecords in a few minutes, and applies bipartite networkclustering that outperforms traditional methods basedon similarity indices. Moreover, the user can loadphylogenetic data for the species and explore how thebioregions map to the phylogenetic tree. We validatedthe application on two large data sets of amphibiansand mammals and anticipate that Infomap Bioregionswill become a standard tool in many studies inecology, evolution, conservation biology, and historicalbiogeography.

AVAILABILITY AND FORTHCOMING EXTENSIONS

Infomap Bioregions is made open source under theGNU AGPL v3+ license. It is written in JavaScript and

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204 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 66

builds on a set of open source libraries (see dependenciesin package.json). Because it is a pure client-sideapplication, all data stay and all calculations run on theuser’s computer. Moreover, all heavy calculations runin a background thread. Together, this means improvedprivacy and performance.

Infomap Bioregions is available at http://bioregions.mapequation.org and the source code is freely availableat http://github.com/mapequation/bioregions.

Possible forthcoming extensions include batch runs,additional methods to find indicator species andbioregions, hierarchical clustering of bioregions, deeperintegration of phylogenetic information and significanceclustering with bootstrap to find which bioregionalboundaries are statistically significant. The authorswelcome suggestions for enhancements.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Data available from the Dryad Digital Repository:http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2s201.

FUNDING

This work was supported by the Swedish ResearchCouncil (B0569601 to A.A. and 2012-3729 to M.R.); theEuropean Research Council under the European Union’sSeventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013 and ERCGrant Agreement n. 331024 to A.A.); a WallenbergAcademy Fellowship to A.A.; and the São Paulo ResearchFoundation (2013/04170-8 and 2014/18837-7 to T.G.).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Daril Vilhena, Shawn Laffan, and ourcolleagues and students for discussions. We also thankAnna Eklöf and two anonymous reviewers, associateeditor James Albert, and chief editors Frank Anderssonand Thomas Near for constructive comments on thismanuscript.

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http://bioregions.mapequation.org
http://bioregions.mapequation.org
http://github.com/mapequation/bioregions
http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.2s201
http://www.mapequation.org
http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/08/26/sysbio.syw064.abstract
http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/08/26/sysbio.syw064.abstract
http://www.uva.nl/over-de-uva/organisatie/medewerkers/content/l/o/e.e.vanloon/e.e.vanloon.html
http://www.uva.nl/over-de-uva/organisatie/medewerkers/content/l/o/e.e.vanloon/e.e.vanloon.html

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VOLUME 1 Fungal Systematics and Evolution JUNE 2018fuse-journal.org › images › Issues › Vol1Art9.pdf · 2018-04-26 · Fungal Systematics and Evolution VOLUME 1 JUNE 2018

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Systematics and evolution of the needle grasses (Poaceae

Systematics and evolution of the needle grasses (Poaceae

Documents