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SOUND CHANGE IN HONG KONG -NL MERGER Esther Chan Siu Wa 09279666d Edith Hui Tsz Ying 09269673d Lai Ka Yee 09133654d Ng Zoe 09233155d •Background •Purpose •Methodology •Habits •Factors •Attitude •Degree of acceptance •Conclusion Outline NL Merger: The mergence of initial consonants /n-/ and /l- / • 19 onsets/initials (聲母) 53 rimes/finals (韻母) 9 tones (聲調) • Monosyllabic language (English: polysyllabic) !!!
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SOUND CHANGE IN HONG KONG -NL MERGER
Esther Chan Siu Wa 09279666d Edith Hui Tsz Ying 09269673d
Lai Ka Yee 09133654d Ng Zoe 09233155d
Outline
Background
Purpose
Methodology
Habits
Factors
Attitude
Degree of acceptance
Conclusion
Cantonese
19 onsets/initials ()
53 rimes/finals () 9 tones ()
Monosyllabic language (English: polysyllabic)
!!!
NL Merger: The mergence of initial consonants /n-/ and /l-/
Background
General citizens: - do not pay much attention - do not regard it as a problem
Linguists: - insist on standardized language
- against sound change
!!!
Consequences: inaccuracy future accuracy?
Purpose
Evaluate the habits and perspectives of university students in Hong Kong(HK) towards NL Merger
Raise concern and bring reflection on the relationship between language and culture reservation
Methodology
Primary research
questionnaires
- 30 - First language: Cantonese 28 Mandarin 2
audio recording: 12
Secondary research
sound change books, TV programmes
TRY!
/n-/ :
/l-/:
HABITS
Pronunciation Test Expected Outcome:
Find out the habits for university students in using NL merger
Find out how common NL merger is among university students
Limitations:
May have slight differences from their usual speaking habits
Pronunciation Test
Example: [Play 1 recording(011)]
Pronunciation Test: Sentences
Mistakes: (1)
(nin4) 1/11 (lau4) 0/11 (nau2) 6/11 (naau6) 9/11 (lau4) 0/11 (lai4) 0/11
(2)
(lei5) 0/11
(nei5) 9/11
(lei5) 0/11
Pronunciation Test: Sentences
Mistakes: (3)
(leoi5) 1/11
(neoi5) 8/11
(nei4) 9/11
(4) (lou6) 0/11
(lou6) 0/11
(naa4) 3/11
(nou6) 6/11
(5)
(lai4) 0/11
(nyun6) 11/11
(lyun6) 0/11
Pronunciation Test: Vocabulary
Mistakes:
1. (nou5) 4/11
2. (no6) 7/11
3. (noeng5) 9/11
4. (niu5) 3/11
5. (nik6) 11/11
Pronunciation Test: Vocabulary
6. (lung4) 0/11
7. (lin4) 0/11
8. (lung4) 1/11
9. (laam4) 3/11
10.(lou6) 1/11
Summary
Accuracy of l sounds is higher
Confusion of n sounds more frequently than l
Same word in the sentence
sometimes right, sometimes wrong
not really paying attention to nl sound (005)
FACTORS
Findings
Factors affecting the habit of using NL Merger
2%
29%
5%
23%
41%influence by parents
more casual
requirement of school
a lack of pronunciation training in
Cantonese
others
Inborn factors
Aural ability
Structure of mouth cavity
Inheritance
Gene
Nationality
Acquired factors
Learning environment
School and family
A lack of pronunciation training of Cantonese
Living environment
Media
E.g.nou5? And lou5?
Habit
Attitudes
ATTITUDE
Findings: Impression
FEATURES LOW HIGH 1 2 3 4
Correctness 5 18 7 0
Formality 1 24 4 0
Level of education 1 19 8 1
Professionalism 4 21 3 1
Friendliness 0 14 13 3
Trustworthiness 1 14 13 2
Findings
80% regard accuracy in pronunciation of first language is vital
People should be accurate in ones mother tongue
Accuracy of
language affects
communication
Better
impression
Findings
Around 75% do not agree misunderstanding would often happen when NL Merger is frequently used
!!!
Most frequently/widely used correct?
DEGREE OF ACCEPTANCE
Findings: different situations
OCCATIONS TOTALLY DEFINITELY UNACCEPTABLE ACCEPTABLE 1 2 3 4
Casual dinner with a senior 0 10 15 5
Job interview with a friendly and humorous interviewer
5 13 9 3
Patronizing in a luxury store 2 7 11 1
Statement given to the police when under examination
3 15 11 1
New Year greeting on TV from the president of the country
18 8 3 1
Findings
Around 1/2 are conscious in own Cantonese pronunciation
Only 30% would pay attention to the Cantonese pronunciation of others (most would try to correct)
70% regard it as a distinctive feature of HK Cantonese
Hurdles Not much resources
Low awareness of parents
Not included in academic assessment not valued by school
Solutions 2007 HKCE Chinese
oral exam
News reporting
Word card
Conclusion
Widely-accepted in daily use
Little influence on interpretation of meaning
Increased awareness by society and media
Competitiveness of HK
Culture reservation
X
THANK YOU!
References
, , (2007)
, , , (1999)
, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Pao Yue-Kong Library (13/03/2005)
,, (1996)
http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/
http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcsb/ol/news/no20/p05_8.pdf
, http://www.cckms.edu.hk/sch_support/pdf/007.pdf , (23/10/2007 ) http://hknews.hksyu.edu/media/hksyu_20071023_notes.pdf
,, (16/01/2009) http://the-sun.on.cc/cgi-bin/hotnews2.cgi?a=news&b=20090116&c=20090116013514_0000.html
,, http://www.hkheadline.com/living/living_content.asp?contid=34523&srctype=g
, http://www.ihcr.cuhk.edu.hk/events/pdf/talk.pdf