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Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Social Mobility and Inequality of Opportunity inMexico
Luis Monroy-Gómez-Franco
GC-CUNY
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Plan of the presentation
Three facts on Mexico relevant for this lecture
A (very) brief history of the study of social mobility in Mexico
The newest data sources and their characteristics
Some recent results on social mobility and inequality ofopportunity for the Mexican case
Some questions still unresolved
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
1a. High Inequality
Figure 1: Distribution by Income Deciles, circa 2012
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
1b. High Inequality
Figure 2: Mexicans in the World Income Distribution, 2008
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
2. High Levels of Poverty
Figure 3: Population in poverty, 1992-2016
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
3. Slow (and not pro-poor) economic growth
Figure 4: Population in extreme poverty and GDP per capita
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Brief History
1965: focus on the effects of rapid economic growth onoccupational mobility in Monterrey and Mexico City.
1985-1994: focus on the effects of the "Lost Decade" onoccupational mobility in the larger cities of Mexico.
2006: First national representative retrospective survey forthe male population (EMOVI 2006), Allows analysis oneducational and household wealth mobility.
2011: EMOVI 2011 includes information on both female andmale population. Almost the same questionnaire as EMOVI2006.
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
General Characteristics
Due to resource constraints, all the recent surveysdedicated to the study of social mobility are retrospectivecross sectional surveys.
The age of reference for the respondent is 14 years old.This age is a compromise between the intention of capturingthe conditions of the origin household and minimizing therecall bias.
To minimize the recall bias (which generates measurementerror), the surveys do not ask about the income of parents.Instead, ask about household assets.
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
EMOVI 2006
Representative sample of men (household heads) between25-64 years old.
Representative at the national, rural and urban levels.
Basic questionnaire includes retrospective questions onorigin household characteristics, parental educationalattainment and occupational status of the parent. It alsoincludes questions on perceived mobility.
Sample size: 7,288 observations.
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
EMOVI 2011
Representative sample of men and women (householdheads and non household heads) between 25-64 years old.
Representative at the national, rural and urban levels.
Basic questionnaire equal to the one employed in EMOVI2006.
Adds information regarding parental expectations oneducational achievements of the children.
Sample size: 11,001 observations.
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
EM-COLMEX 2015
Representative sample of fathers or mothers and childrenwith an age between 12-18 years old who inhabitcommunities with more than 100,000 inhabitants.
Same basic questionnaire as EMOVI 2006 and EMOVI2011.
Adds information regarding preferences, cognitive andsocio-emotional abilities of parents and children.
Sample size: 2,616 observations.
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
MMSI 2016
Representative sample of men and women (householdheads and non household heads) between 25-64 years old.
Representative at the national, rural and urban levels.
Basic questionnaire equal to the one employed in EMOVI2006, EMOVI 2011.
Adds information regarding self reported skin tone, using thetone scale developed for the Project on Race and Ethnicityin Latin America.
Sample size: 25,634 observations.
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
EMOVI 2017
Representative sample of men and women (householdheads and non household heads) between 25-64 years old.
Representative at the national, rural, urban, and for 5regions of Mexico and Mexico City.
Basic questionnaire equal to the one employed in EMOVI2006, EMOVI 2011.
Adds detail to the information regarding health and accessto medical/social security facilities and information on skincolor as MMSI 2016.
Sample size: 17, 692 observations.
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Educational mobility, 2011
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Occupational mobility, 2011
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Household wealth mobility, 2016
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Rank-Rank regression, Total Population 2016
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Rank-Rank regression, Population by skin color2016
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Composition of the First Quintile, by Skin Color andQuintile of Origin 2016
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Composition of the Fifth Quintile, by Skin Color andQuintile of Origin 2016
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Direction of social mobility, by skin color
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Inequality of opportunity, different circumstancesets 2016
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Inequality of opportunity, different circumstancesets 2016
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Inequality of opportunity, top and bottom quintiles2016
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Inequality of opportunity, top and bottom quintiles2016
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
Conclusions
Are there any nonlinearities on social mobility/inequality ofopportunity for the Mexican case?
What explains the disassociation betweeneducational/occupational mobility and household wealthmobility?.
To what degree is the original distribution of householdwealth and educational attainment based on skin colorlines?.
What is the political economy behind these results? Whatmakes a low mobility, high inequality and high povertyequilibrium stable?
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
References
Monroy-Gmez-Franco, Luis, Roberto Vélez-Grajales, andGastón Yalonetzky. (2018). "Layers of Inequality: SocialMobility Inequality of Opportunity and Skin Colour inMexico." Centro de Estudios Espinosa Yglesias Documentode trabajo 03.
Reyes, Miguel; Graciela Teruel and Miguel López. (2017).“Measuring true income inequality in Mexico”, LatinAmerican Policy, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 127-148.
Social Mobilityand Inequalityof Opportunity
in Mexico
Introduction
Three facts onMexico
Studying socialmobility inMexico
Data sources
Recent Results
Pendingquestions
References
References
Vélez-Grajales, Roberto, Raymundo Campos-Vázquez andJuan E. Huerta-Wong (2014). Report on Social Mobility inMexico: Imagine Your Future. Mexico: The EspinosaYglesias Research Centre (CEEY).
Vélez-Grajales, Roberto and Luis Monroy-Gómez-Franco.(2017). “Movilidad social en México: Hallazgos ypendientes”, Revista de Economía Mexicana. AnuarioUNAM, no. 2, pp. 97-142.