Smart MaterialsSmart Materials

8/13/2019 Smart MaterialsSmart Materials

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Smart Materials and theSmart Materials and the

environmentenvironment

ObjectivesObjectivesIn this section you will;In this section you will;

Consider the impact of theConsider the impact of thematerial used on the environmentmaterial used on the environment

Learn about smart materialsLearn about smart materialsLearn where new materials comeLearn where new materials come

from and how they might be usedfrom and how they might be used


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Key WordsKey WordsAestheticsAesthetics..how we respond to the..how we respond to the

visual appearance of a productvisual appearance of a product

Smart materialsSmart materials..materials that are..materials that are

able to react to the user or theable to react to the user or theenvironment such as changes inenvironment such as changes in

temperature, moisture, pH ortemperature, moisture, pH or

electrical and magnetic fields.electrical and magnetic fields.


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EnvironmentEnvironment In recent years we have all been made very aware ofIn recent years we have all been made very aware of

environmental issues. rganisations such as theenvironmental issues. rganisations such as the

!nvironment Agency have put plans in place to improve the!nvironment Agency have put plans in place to improve theway we treat the world around us and our "uality of life.way we treat the world around us and our "uality of life.

#he !nvironmental Agency#he !nvironmental Agency$$s vision is ofs vision is of%%a rich, healthy anda rich, healthy anddiverse environment for present and future generationsdiverse environment for present and future generations$$..

#here are many factors involved in loo&ing after our#here are many factors involved in loo&ing after our

environment and wor&ing towards that vision. 'e nowenvironment and wor&ing towards that vision. 'e nowthin& more than ever before about the harmful gases andthin& more than ever before about the harmful gases andchemicals we put into the atmosphere, things we throwchemicals we put into the atmosphere, things we throwaway and what we can recycle, and using the sun, wind andaway and what we can recycle, and using the sun, wind andwater to ma&e energy.water to ma&e energy.


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(any designers are now bringing(any designers are now bringingthese ideas into their wor&. #hey arethese ideas into their wor&. #hey are

trying to minimi)e environmentaltrying to minimi)e environmental

damage by selecting materials verydamage by selecting materials verycarefully and considering thecarefully and considering the

importance of reuse and recycling.importance of reuse and recycling.

'here the product has come from'here the product has come fromand where it ends up are &eyand where it ends up are &ey

"uestions for a healthy environment"uestions for a healthy environment


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Smart MaterialsSmart MaterialsAA Smart materialSmart material is a family ofis a family of

materials whose physical propertiesmaterials whose physical propertieschange when they are sub*ected tochange when they are sub*ected to

different environments +such asdifferent environments +such as

temperature change or if an electrictemperature change or if an electric

current is applied. Smart materialscurrent is applied. Smart materials

are being used, and are continuallyare being used, and are continuallybeing developed, for medical,being developed, for medical,

defensive and industrial productsdefensive and industrial products


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#inted glass +photo chromatic glass is an#inted glass +photo chromatic glass is an

e-ample of a smart material. #he glasse-ample of a smart material. #he glassdar&ens when e-posed to light from thedar&ens when e-posed to light from thevisible and ultra violet spectrum. #hesevisible and ultra violet spectrum. #hese

are found in sunglasses and visors.are found in sunglasses and visors. Solar panels ma&e use of the hotovoltaicSolar panels ma&e use of the hotovoltaic

cell which captures the power of the sun.cell which captures the power of the sun.

#oday many items ma&e use of solar#oday many items ma&e use of solarpanels as their energy source for e-amplepanels as their energy source for e-amplehospital power, weather stations, lightinghospital power, weather stations, lightingin remote areas +such as decorativein remote areas +such as decorative

garden lamps, radios,buoys and othergarden lamps, radios,buoys and otherinstances where power is needed shortinstances where power is needed shortterm.term.


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Thermo CeramicsThermo Ceramics #hermo ceramics ma&e it possible to#hermo ceramics ma&e it possible to

contain certain metals at highcontain certain metals at hightemperatures at which they melt.temperatures at which they melt.

(i-ing ceramics and metal powders(i-ing ceramics and metal powders

together to formtogether to form%%cermetscermets$$allowsallows

designers to operate machinery atdesigners to operate machinery at

high temperatures that wouldhigh temperatures that wouldnormally melt normal alloys andnormally melt normal alloys and

steels.steels.


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Shape Memory Alloys (smart wire)Shape Memory Alloys (smart wire)

#hese metals were developed in the#hese metals were developed in the

/012/012$$s and these alloys can be plasticallys and these alloys can be plasticallydeformed at certain temperatures. #heydeformed at certain temperatures. #hey

&eep their shape at these temperatures&eep their shape at these temperatures

then revert bac& to their original form.then revert bac& to their original form.3ic&el3ic&el44titanium and 5oldtitanium and 5old44cadmium alloyscadmium alloys

are often used in addition to Ironare often used in addition to Iron44nic&elnic&el44

cobaltcobalt44titanium alloy. #he heat is neededtitanium alloy. #he heat is neededto change their shape created by passingto change their shape created by passing

electrical currents through it.electrical currents through it.


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How it worksHow it worksAs we &now about the two phases occurring inAs we &now about the two phases occurring inmolecular rearrangement, that are (artensite andmolecular rearrangement, that are (artensite andAustenite. (artensite is the relatively soft andAustenite. (artensite is the relatively soft andeasily deformed phase of shape memory alloys,easily deformed phase of shape memory alloys,which e-ists at lower temperatures. #he molecularwhich e-ists at lower temperatures. #he molecularstructure in this phase is twinned as shown instructure in this phase is twinned as shown in6igure/. 7pon deformation this phase ta&es on the6igure/. 7pon deformation this phase ta&es on thesecond form shown in 6igure8. Austenite, thesecond form shown in 6igure8. Austenite, thestronger phase of shape memory alloys, occurs atstronger phase of shape memory alloys, occurs athigher temperatures. #he shape of the Austenitehigher temperatures. #he shape of the Austenitestructure is cubic. #he undeformed (artensitestructure is cubic. #he undeformed (artensitephase is the same si)e and shape asthe cubicphase is the same si)e and shape asthe cubicAustenite phase on a macroscopic scale.Austenite phase on a macroscopic scale.


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PseudoPseudo--elasticityelasticity

seudoseudo44elasticity occurs in shape memory alloys when the alloy iselasticity occurs in shape memory alloys when the alloy iscompletely composed of Austenite.completely composed of Austenite. seudoseudo44elasticity occurs without aelasticity occurs without achange in temperature. #he load on the shape memory alloy ischange in temperature. #he load on the shape memory alloy is

increased until the Austenite becomes transformed into (artensitincreased until the Austenite becomes transformed into (artensiteesimply due to the loading, this process is shown in 6igure. #hesimply due to the loading, this process is shown in 6igure. #heloading is absorbed by the softer (artensite, but as soon as theloading is absorbed by the softer (artensite, but as soon as theloading is decreased the (artensite begins to transform bac& toloading is decreased the (artensite begins to transform bac& toAustenite since the temperature of the wire is still above Af, aAustenite since the temperature of the wire is still above Af, and thend thewire springs bac& to its original shape.wire springs bac& to its original shape.


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Shape memory effectShape memory effect

Microscopic Diagram of the Shape Memory Effect

The shape memory effect is observed

when the temperature of a piece of

shape memory alloy is cooled to belowthe temperature Mf. At this stage thealloy is completely composed ofMartensite, which can be easily

deformed. After distorting the SMA the

original shape can be recovered simplyby heating the wire above thetemperature Af. The deformedMartensite is now transformed to thecubic Austenite phase, which is

configured in the original shape of thewire.


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The Martensite transformation isThe Martensite transformation is

diffusionless, coordinativediffusionless, coordinativemovementmovement

of atoms from higher symmetryof atoms from higher symmetrystructure (Austenite) to lowerstructure (Austenite) to lower

symmetry structure (Martensite)symmetry structure (Martensite)uponupon

cooling.cooling.


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Polymorph

This is a unique polymer that

fuses in hot water and can thenbe moulded to any form. Whensolid it has similar properties tonylon

Used to make themoulds for thevacuum formed seatand fuel tank of thismotorcycle project


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Thermocolour Sheet

This is a self adhesivesheet whose colourchanges according to thetemperature. Used for

thermometers, heat warningpatches and noveltyadvertising of products

Inactivated SheetFinger placed on sheetSheet changes colour according to temp


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Phosphorescent Sheet

This is a sheet that absorbslight energy and re-emits it

as white light for up to eighthours. Used extensively foremergency lighting in theevent of a power cut


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Magnetic Sheet

This is a flat polymermagnetic sheet as used infridge magnets. Also

available in thin A4 sheetsthat can be printed on


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Rigid PVC Foam Plastic

This is a new generation of

sheet material used widelyfor signs and exhibitions.Thermoforms very well. Itis widely used for plug and

yoke mouldings


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Lenticular Sheet

This sheet is about 1mm

thick but gives the illusionthat it is nearer to 6mmthick. An object placed onthe sheet appears to sink

below the surface

The camera lens does not capture the effect


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Anodised Effect Card

This is almost impossible to

tell from the real thing.Ideal for project mock-ups.It is relatively cheap andcuts easily with a scissors

or craft knife


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Galvanised Effect Card

This is almost identical to

the real thing. Ideal forproject mock-ups. It isrelatively cheap and cutseasily with a scissors or

craft knife. Used forpackaging of top brandedgoods


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Quantum Tunnelling Composite (QTC)

A QTC in its normal state is a perfect insulator

When compressed it becomes a perfect conductor

If only lightly compressed its conductivity is proportional to thepressure applied

How does it work?In normal physics an electron cannot pass through an insulationbarrier.

In Quantum physics theory a wave of electrons can pass through an

insulator this is what is happening!


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BatteryLED

QTC Pill


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Before pressure is appliedLight Pressure being appliedFirm pressure being applied


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SMART MATERIALS INSMART MATERIALS IN

DENTISTRY:DENTISTRY:Shape memory alloysShape memory alloys443I#I3L3I#I3L

Ceramic 9racesCeramic 9races

Smart ceramicsSmart ceramics

Smart compositesSmart composites44AmorphousAmorphous

CaCa::++;;88

Smart fibersSmart fibers44Hollow Core hotonicHollow Core hotonic6ibers +C66ibers +C6


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SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYSSHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

WHAT ARE NITINOLWHAT ARE NITINOLBRACES?BRACES?

3I#I3L is an alloy of nic&el and3I#I3L is an alloy of nic&el andtitanium.titanium.

It was introduced in the yearIt was introduced in the year/018 to the field of rthodontics./018 to the field of rthodontics.

#his alloy is used as braces to#his alloy is used as braces to

correct dental malformations.correct dental malformations.#hese braces move only #.


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IMAGE OF NITINOL BRACESIMAGE OF NITINOL BRACESCOMPARED WITH STAINLESSCOMPARED WITH STAINLESS

STEEL BRACES.STEEL BRACES.


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ADVANTAGES OF NITINOLADVANTAGES OF NITINOL

BRACES:BRACES:Nitinol braces have

high flexibility andhigh resistance thus

creating greater easeto use and increased

patient comfort.


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WHAT AREWHAT ARE CERAMICCERAMIC

BRACESBRACES??

Ceramic braces are less visibleCeramic braces are less visible

braces that are an alternative tobraces that are an alternative tothe traditional braces.the traditional braces.

#hey blend themselves to natural#hey blend themselves to natural

colour of the teeth so that theycolour of the teeth so that theyappear more appealing.appear more appealing.

#hey are harder than the enamel so#hey are harder than the enamel so

they are placed on the upper frontthey are placed on the upper frontteeth.teeth.


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IMAGE OF CERAMICIMAGE OF CERAMIC

BRACES.BRACES.


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ADVANTAGES OF CERAMICADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC

BRACES:BRACES:

As these braces are translucent inAs these braces are translucent in

appearance, they are unli&eappearance, they are unli&etraditional stainless steel braces.traditional stainless steel braces.

#hese braces#hese braces??blend inblend in@@with teethwith teeth

colour and thus provide a cosmeticcolour and thus provide a cosmeticadvantage.advantage.

SO THEY WONSO THEY WONT M!E THE SMI"ET M!E THE SMI"E"OO!"OO! ##MET""I$MET""I$%%&&


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WHAT AREWHAT ARE SMARTSMART

CERAMICSCERAMICS??

In /00,In /00, ##ll ceramic teeth an'll ceramic teeth an'

bri'(ebri'(e%% was introduced. #hen thesewas introduced. #hen these

materials were introduced in thematerials were introduced in the

mar&et, tested and were given name asmar&et, tested and were given name as

smart ceramicssmart ceramics..

Bircon based ceramics are used as theyBircon based ceramics are used as they

are biocompatible and resist crac&are biocompatible and resist crac&

formationformation

9ecause of their strength, these ceramics9ecause of their strength, these ceramics

are produced without using stainlessare produced without using stainlesssteel or metal.steel or metal.


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ADVANTAGES OF SMARTADVANTAGES OF SMART

CERAMICS:CERAMICS:Alumina or any other currently availableAlumina or any other currently available

ceramics do not have high fractureceramics do not have high fracturetoughness and fle-ural strength as in thetoughness and fle-ural strength as in thecase of )irconia.case of )irconia. Ceramic system offers aCeramic system offers agood solution to all these needs by ta&inggood solution to all these needs by ta&ing

the advantages of these properties namelythe advantages of these properties namelystren(th) tou(hness) reliability an'stren(th) tou(hness) reliability an'biocom*atibility o+ ,irconiumbiocom*atibility o+ ,irconium

o-i'eo-i'e.. As these ceramics areAs these ceramics arebioresponsive they are said to be smartbioresponsive they are said to be smartmaterials.materials.


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WHAT AREWHAT ARE SMARTSMART

COMPOSITESCOMPOSITES??Smart composites containSmart composites contain MO./HO0SMO./HO0S

$"$I0M /HOS/HTE 1$/2$"$I0M /HOS/HTE 1$/2 that isthat isvery much useful in dentistry.very much useful in dentistry.

ne of the basic building bloc&s of toothne of the basic building bloc&s of tooth

enamel isenamel is hy'ro-ya*atitehy'ro-ya*atite it is also an it is also aninorganic component of dentine.inorganic component of dentine. In theIn the

case of carious attac& hydro-yapatite iscase of carious attac& hydro-yapatite is

removed from the tooth resulting inremoved from the tooth resulting incavities or white spots.cavities or white spots.


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AC also e-hibits the property of beingAC also e-hibits the property of being

ra*i'ly converte' intora*i'ly converte' intohy'ro-ya*atite 1H/2hy'ro-ya*atite 1H/2 when its levelwhen its level

goes low and acts asgoes low and acts as a source +ora source +or

calcium an' *hos*hate use+ul incalcium an' *hos*hate use+ul in*reventin( caries&*reventin( caries&

#hus#hus i+ the *H in mouth 'ro*s belowi+ the *H in mouth 'ro*s below

3&4 these ions will be (enerate'3&4 these ions will be (enerate'within secon's which ultimatelywithin secon's which ultimately

+orms a (el+orms a (el.. #his gel becomes#his gel becomes

amorphous crystals resulting in calciumamorphous crystals resulting in calciumand phosphate ionsand phosphate ions in about 5in about 5

minutesminutes..


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WHAT AREWHAT ARE SMART FIBRESSMART FIBRES

??

Laser radiation of highLaser radiation of high44 fluency canfluency canbe easily delivered bybe easily delivered by

HollowHollow66core *hotoniccore *hotonic66+ibers 1/$7s2+ibers 1/$7s2

i.e., the laser radiations can easily bei.e., the laser radiations can easily besna&ed through the body using thissna&ed through the body using this

hollowhollow44core photoniccore photonic44fibers which arefibers which are

capable of ablating tooth enamel beencapable of ablating tooth enamel been

developed.developed.

#hese photonic fibers are &nown as#hese photonic fibers are &nown as

SM.T 7I8E.S&SM.T 7I8E.S&


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IMAGE OF LASER DENTISTRYIMAGE OF LASER DENTISTRY


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#hrough a hollow#hrough a hollow44core photoniccore photonic DDfiber,fiber,

se"uences of picoseconds pulses of 3dEse"uences of picoseconds pulses of 3dEFA5 laser radiation with aFA5 laser radiation with a core 'iametercore 'iameter

o+ a**ro-imately 9:o+ a**ro-imately 9:mm is transmittedis transmitted

and these pulses are focused on the toothand these pulses are focused on the toothsurface to ablate dental tissue.surface to ablate dental tissue.

'hile using these fibers we ought to be'hile using these fibers we ought to be

very careful because there is avery careful because there is a ris


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CONCLUSION:CONCLUSION:#he recent advances in the design of#he recent advances in the design of

smart materials have created novelsmart materials have created novelopportunities for theiropportunities for their a**lications ina**lications in

biobio66me'ical +iel'sme'ical +iel's. ne of the. ne of the

applications is the dental restoratives.applications is the dental restoratives.#he numerous applications they have#he numerous applications they have

been put to, no wonder tells us that thesebeen put to, no wonder tells us that these

##smart materialssmart materials%% hold a real goodhold a real goodpromise for the future.promise for the future.

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Smart MaterialsSmart Materials