SMART MATERIALS

A Seminar Report

Submitted by

Mr. Samir Kumar Barik

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

At

Centurion Institute of Technology

JATNI, BHUBANESWAR

NOVEMBER 2011

DECLARATION

“I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and

that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no

material previously published or written by another person nor

material which has been accepted for the award of any other

degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in

the text.”

Place: Bhubaneswar Name: Samir Kumar Barik

Date: Regd. No.-0801307106

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that seminar entitled”Smart materials” submitted

by Samir Kumar Barik bearing Reg. No -0801307106 to

Centurion Institute of Technology under Biju Pattnaik

University of Technology towards partial fulfilment for the

award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in the specialization

of ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING is a

bonafide record of the work.

GUIDE NAME GUIDE NAME HOD(EEE)

Mr. Sidharth Sabyasachi Ms. Smita Jana Mr Jagannath Padhi

(Asst. Prof EEE dept) (Lect. EEE dept) (Prof EEE dept)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First & foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude towards

Er. Sidharth Sabyasachi & Er. Smita Jana for his patience, immense

knowledge, motivation & kind support for my technical seminar.

Their mentorship has guided me for technical seminar.

My special thanks go to my parents & Shri Jagannath Padhy (HOD,

EEE) and my friends who have been very supportive throughout.

Signature of Student

ABSTRACT

Smart or intelligent materials are materials that have the intrinsic

and extrinsic capabilities, fast to respond to stimuli and environmental changes.

Such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric and magnetic fields and to

activate their functions according to the changes. Smart materials are formed by

additions of typical materials having different properties to have more acute

recognition discrimination and reaction capability.

To encompass this last transformation, the new materials and

alloys have to satisfy a number of fundamental specifications.

Such as; Piezoelectric materials will undergo some mechanical changes with

vary in voltage change. Electrostrictive material has greatest affinity to the

electric field. Likewise magnetostrictive materials undergo an included

mechanical strain under magnetic field. Shape memory alloys when subjected to

a thermal field (heat & cold), this material will undergo phase transformation

which will produce Shape changing. Optical fibres are excellent sensors used in

data transformations. pH sensing elements are helpful for material’s acidity and

basicity property by its colour changing. Electro-chromic materials are helpful

for manufacturing of LCD display and finally smart gels have the ability to

shrink or swell its volume by a factor of 1000 times of its volume by absorbing

or releasing fluid in response to chemical or physical response.

It leads to technological applications in various fields like the aero

elastic form of an aircraft wing, Photo-chromic glass, Hybrid mechanical/ -

electronic systems, Sensing and Actuation occurs at the atomic or molecular

level, vibration control of lightweight structures such as satellites. So these are

found in wide applications in electronics and metallurgy. With wide spread

research and development (R&D) smart materials are set to play an important

role in our lives

CONTENTS PAGES

INTRODUCTION---------------------------------------------------1

SMART MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS----------------------- 1

CLASSIFICATION OF SMART MATERIAL----------------- 2

PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS------------------------------- 3

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS------------------------------------ 4

MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MATERIALS------------------------ 5

ELECTRO-RHEOLOGICAL-------------------------------------6

PH- SENSITIVE MATERIALS----------------------------------7

PHOTO CHROMIC MATERIALS------------------------------ 8

SMART GELS------------------------------------------------------ 9

OPTICAL FIBRES ----------------------------------------------- 10

SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS--------------------------------------11

ECONOMICAL OUTLOOK--------------------------------------12

MERGING SMART MATERIALS &ROBOTICS------------13

CONCLUSION------------------------------------------------------14

1. INTRODUCTION:-

Smart or intelligent materials are materials that have the

intrinsic and extrinsic capabilities, fast to respond to stimuli and

environmental changes. Such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH,

electric and magnetic fields and to activate their functions according

to the changes. The stimuli could originate internally or externally.

Since its beginnings, materials science has undergone a distinct

evolution: from the use of inert structural materials to materials built

for a particular function, to active or adaptive materials, for more

acute recognition, discrimination and reaction capability.

2. SMART MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS:-

Technical properties: Mechanical characteristics such as

plastic flow, fatigue and yield strength; and behavioral

characteristics such as damage tolerance and electrical, heat and

fire resistance;

Technological properties: Welding abilities, thermal

processing, waste level, workability, automation and repair

capacities;

Economic criteria: Related to raw material and production

costs, supply expenses and availability;

Environmental characteristics: Toxicity and pollution; and

Sustainable development criteria: Implying reuse and

recycling capacities

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3. CLASSIFICATION OF SMART MATERIALS:-

Smart materials are classified into various categories by their

physical behaviour, chemical property, and composition of material

used, reaction to the external environment, durability, industrial

application, and availability. The different materials have different

applications.

The types of such materials are:

Piezoelectric Materials

Shape Memory Alloys

Magnetostrictive Materials

Electro-Rheological

Ph- Sensitive Materials

Photo Chromic Materials

Smart Gels

Optical Fibers

[2]

(A). PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS:-

Expand and contract with the application of voltage.

Piezoceramics are the most widely used smart material.

Electrostrictive-Mechanical change is proportional to the square

of the electric field

Applications:

Ink Jet Printers.

Sonar.

Medical Diagnostics.

High frequency stereo-speakers.

Computer Keyboards.

Microphones.

Airbag Sensors

FIGURES:

(MECHANISM) (Piezoelectric disk used as guitar pickup)

[3]

(B). SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS:-

A shape-memory alloy (SMA, smart metal, memory metal,

memory alloy, muscle wire, smart alloy) is an alloy that

"remembers" its original, cold-forged shape: returning the pre-

deformed shape by heating.

That is a lightweight, solid-state alternative to conventional

actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and motor-based

systems

Applications: Aeronautical applications.

Surgical tools.

Muscle wires.

Thermostats

Figures:

(HEATING &COOLING EFFECT OF SMA) (2-WAY SHAPE MEMORY)

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(C). MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MATERIALS:

Expand and contract with the application of magnetic fields.

Magnetization due to mechanical stress

Applications

High-power sonar transducers.

Motors:(Damping washing machine vibration ,surface

polishing of machine parts, engine mounts designed to

reduce noise, Hydraulic actuators, Car shocks;

(Ex: Terfenol-D.)

Most common form of MR fluid consists of tiny iron

particles suspended in oil

Prosthetic limbs, exercise equipment

Figures:

(Animation of Magnetostriction)

[Magnetostrictive material (inside), magnetizing coil, and

magnetic enclosure completing the magnetic circuit (outside)]

[5]

(D). ELECTRO-RHEOLOGICAL:-

Respond to an electric (electro-rheological) or a magnetic

(magneto-rheological) field with a change in viscosity.

Electro rheological (ER) fluids are suspensions of extremely

fine non-conducting particles (up to 50 micrometers diameter) in

an electrically insulating fluid.

ER fluids are a type of smart fluid. A simple ER fluid can be

made by mixing corn flour in a light vegetable oil or (better)

Silicone oil.

Applications:

Tunable dampers.(For vehicle seats)

Vibration-isolation systems. (Shock Absorbers)

Clutches.

Brakes.

Resistance Controls, Exercise equipment.

Figures:

(Mechanism of ER-Fluid)

[6]

(E). PH- SENSITIVE MATERIALS:

pH sensitive or pH responsive polymers are materials which will

respond to the changes in the pH of the surrounding medium by

varying their dimensions.

There are two kinds of pH sensitive materials: one which have

acidic group (-COOH, -SO3H) and swell in basic pH and others

which have basic groups (-NH2) and swell in acidic pH.

Applications:

controlled drug delivery systems

Bio-mimetic and responsive plasmonics.

Figure:

(Degree of swelling-Change of pH Graph)

[7]

(F).ELECTRO CHROMIC MATERIALS:

Photochromism is the reversible transformation of a chemical

species between two forms by the absorption of electromagnetic

radiation, where the two forms have different absorption spectra.

Photo chromic molecules can belong to various classes:

triarylmethanes, stilbenes, azastilbenes, nitrones, fulgides,

spiropyrans, naphthopyrans, spiro-oxazines, quinones and

others.

Applications:

Sun glasses

Supra molecular chemistry

Data storage

Novelty items

Figures

(Mechanism) (Sunglass)

[8]

(G).SMART GELS:

These are the material having the property of shrink or swell its

size by a factor of 1000.

Applications:

Chemical Processing

Agriculture

Prostheses

Figures:

(Smart Gel)

[9]

(H). OPTICAL FIBER:

It functions as a waveguide or "light pipe", to transmit light

between the two ends of the fiber.

The field of applied science and engineering concerned with the

design and application of optical fiber is known as fiber optics.

It is based on the principle of “total internal reflection”.

Applications:

Optical fiber cables

Termination and splicing Free space coupling

Fiber Fuses

Power transmission

Figures:

(Total Internal Reflection) (Optical Fiber Cable)

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4. SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS:

Aerospace control the aero elastic form of an aircraft wing

Civil Engineering Applications Durability, Improving

operational efficiency ,Vibration control of lightweight

structures such as satellites

Mechatronics Hybrid mechanical/electronic systems, Sensing

and Actuation occurs at the atomic or molecular level

Ken Materials: Meaning wisdom, structure, monitoring,

integration and benignity to reducing the complexity of the

system. Ex: carbon and glass fiber reinforced concrete

At the Atomic Level Photo-chromic glass (have only one

response to the one stimulus.)

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5. ECONOMICAL OUTLOOK:

Now a day’s there have been found wide range of uses with

these smart materials. If we consider $1 market of smart materials we

can find the percentage of uses of these smart materials.

$1 Billion dollar market

74% - Electro-ceramics

10% - Shape Memory Materials

10 % - Magnetostrictive materials

5 % - Active Fluids

1 % - Others

[12]

6. CONCLUSION:

Smart materials have the ability to respond to stimuli such

as stress, temperature, pH etc. and hence have found wide

applications in electronics and metallurgy. With wide spread

research and development (R&D) smart materials are set to play

an important role in our lives

[13]

7. REFERENCES:

Prof. Jagannath Padhy [HOD, EEE Dept.]

Asst. Prof Sidharth Sabyasachi

Lect. Smita Jana

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.com

Book-Material Science & Engineering

By Achyut Kumar Panda.

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