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8/3/2019 Slumming Challenges n Solutions
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Slumming related Challenges of
Them
Sustainable Cities- E-governance Meeting
,
Siddharth Agarwal [email protected]
r an ea esource en re, n a
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Presentation Outline C a enges ace y c t es ow ng to rap y ncreas ng s um/ur an poor popu at on
Million plus projected to increase to 50 by 2015
Under-counting of slums/poverty clusters
Sub-optimal access to essential services, living
Sub-optimal environment
Access gaps and service delivery gaps Under-nutrition and food insecurity
Wide health inequities
u nera es an a enges o um ommun es
Knowledge and awareness
Social strength and negotiating capacity
Struggle of subsistence and survival
Weak family support
How can cities address these challenges?
Mapping improved planning for sustainable cities
Urban Poor Communities as Active A ents of Chan e
Civil society engagement in cities to address challenges - Disaster preparedness
Smaller cities need optimal focus
Use relevant communication technology and transport
-
, ,
Capacity building of municipalities
2
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Urban Population Growth in India
th , .
Urban population projected to reach 535 million by 2026 (first quarter of 21st
century).
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Rapidly Growing Urban Poverty in IndiaRapidly Growing Urban Poverty in India
2 3 4 - 5All India Urban areas Large cities Slums
- .
India expected to be > 40% (550 million) urban by 20262.
Cities with > 1million inhabitants grew from 12 to 35 between 1981 and2001. This number ex ected to reach 50 b 2015
Urban poor estimated at 80.74 -100 million; projected to increase to202 million by 20204.
12.6 million children under-5 among urban poor (based on 100 million.
Estimated annual births among urban poor: 2.7 million6.
1-Projections for 2011 by Technical Group on Population Projections
- , , , -
3-Poverty Estimates 2004-2005 and 1999-2000
4-Planning Commission, Poverty Estimates for 2004-05 and National Population Policy, 2000; State of Worlds Cities, 2006/07
5- Calculated based on UNICEF-Demography-2007 data6-Based on CBR 27.5 for urban poor population and 100 million urban poor population
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poverty clusters/slums
5
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Large proportion of slums are uncounted, invisibleLarge proportion of slums are uncounted, invisible
967 Total slums
554 listed slums(population 12,76,062)
City No. of
Listed
No. of Un-
Listed
413 unlisted slums (population 7,27,332)
Agra 215 178
Dehradun 78 28
Bally 75 45
Jamshedpur 84 77
Meerut 102 85
Total 554 413
Besides unlisted slum settlements, urban poor also
include pavement dwellers, population residing in
66According to NSSO 58
th Round (2002) 49.4% slums are non-notified in India
o a
populationconstruction sites, brick and lime kilns, fringes of
the city, floating population etc
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Vulnerabilities in Un-listed Slums
Location / Physical Environment Usually squatters, face constant threat of eviction.
Hazardous locations: near drains, railway lines, dumping grounds
ccess to erv ces
Unlisted slums usually left out of slum improvement programs and
have poor access to basic services
Social Cohesion
Bein new habitations, unlisted slums have weaker social cohesion
and poorer negotiating capacity to demand better services.
7
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Un-notified Slums Far Worse
Poor environmentalsanitation in slums results in
70%85%
g n an ma nu r on n
slums1
15%
36%44%
54%,
majority of the dwellings are
made of solid/permanentmaterial while in non-notified
No Drainage Waterlogged Without
slums this is 30%.
Slums UndergroundSewage
1. Favin M, Yacoob M, Bendahmane D. Behavior First: A Minimum
Package of Environmental Health Behaviors to Improve Child
Notified Slums Un-notified slumsHealth, Applied Study No. 10, Arlington VA: EnvironmentHealth Project; 1999.
Source: Conditions in Urban Slums. NSSO 52 round. 2002.
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Proportion children receiving immunization in
slums of Meerut, India
25.8 24.825
30
. 17.3
10
15
20
0
5
Unlisted Listed
9
Source : Maternal and Child Health Survey in Slums of Meerut, 2007
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civic services, widedisparities in cities
10
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Poor Access to Toilet Facility
53% urban oor households in
India do not have a toilet
34% urban poorchildren in Delhi
do not have
Source: Re-analysis of NFHS-3(2005-06)by Wealth Index;UHRC,08
o e n ouse
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Poor Access to Piped Water SupplyPoor Access to Piped Water Supply
81.5% urban poor households in
n a o no ave access o
piped water supply
Source: Re-analysis of NFHS-3(2005-06) byWealth Index;UHRC,08
piped water supply in house
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Sub-optimal Health Primary Care Services
Sub-optimally functioning Urban Primary Health centers - 1
Absenteeism, timings unsuitable to urban poor, lowmotivation of workers, apathy at public facilities
Greater focus and investment on curative services has
led to neglect of preventive, promotive and primary care
IIPS Study, MoHFW, Govt of India:: Shekhar and Ram
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Sub-optimal Health Primary Care Services
Uneven Distribution of primary level health
Across different cities e.g. Jaipur has 75 PrimaryHealth Facilities while Indore has 17, Agra 19
Certain areas within city left out e.g. Shahadra inDelhi, Trans Yamuna area in Agra, Khajrana in Indore
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Inequitable Access to Maternity ServicesInequitable Access to Maternity Services
67.4
78.5
60
7080
e(%)
28.9
20
30
40
P
ercenta
0
Institutional Deliveries
Rural Average Urban Average Urban Poor Urban Non-poor
Source: Re-analysis of NFHS-3(2005-06) by Wealth Index;UHRC,08
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Disparities in Access to Childhood ImmunisationDisparities in Access to Childhood Immunisation
57.6
39.9
65.4
50
60
70
(%)
.
20
30
40
Percentag
0
10
Complete Immunisation
Rural Average Urban Average Urban Poor Urban Non-poor
Source: Re-analysis of NFHS-3(2005-06) by Wealth Index;UHRC,08
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Unacceptably High Child Undernutrition among Cities
Poor
Unacceptably High Child Undernutrition among Cities
Poor
45.647.1
50
32.7
26.230
3540
45
10
15
20
25
0
5
Nutritional Status
ura verageUrban Average Urban Poor Urban non-poor
Source: Re-analysis of NFHS-3(2005-06) by Wealth Index;UHRC,08
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High Levels of Stunting Among Cities Poor
nta
ge%
Perce
58 % urban poor children under 5 in Delhi are stunted
Reflects high levels of Food Insecurity 50% hunger in a study in Delhi slums
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Opportunities for Early Childhood Stimulation
Only 36% urban poor children in Delhi have access to AWC
NFHS-3, 2005
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40 % urban poor children (6-17 years) not
attending school
40 % urban poor children (6-17 years) not
attending school
50% boy and 54% girl children among urban poor in Delhi attended school.
NFHS-3, 2005
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Low Child Survival among the Cities Poor
81.990
.
62.1
41.7
51.954.6
.
35.5 41.840
50
60
70
rce
ntage(%)
0
10
20
30P
Infant Mortality Under-5 Mortality
Rural Average Urban Average Urban Poor Urban Non-poor
Source: Re-analysis of NFHS-3(2005-06) by Wealth Index;UHRC,08
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Neglected despite Contribution to National Economy
Almost 90% of urban poor are involved in urban informal sector.1
Urban sector contributes 60% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).2
n orma sec or s con r u on o non a r cu ura s .
. . a ng c es wor , n a r an ro e.
2 Chaudhary O. New vistas in financing for development of real state. National Real Estate Summit. FICCI-3rd September 2004
3 International Labour Office.2002.Women and Men in Informal Economy.
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Vulnerabilities and Challenges ofVulnerabilities and Challenges of
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Urban Slums Face Social Exclusion
Illegal/ Non-citizen status of Urban Poor
This compromises their access to basic services
(water, sanitation) and to entitlements e.g TPDS, JSY
BPL cards held by less than half of urban poor1
. .
1-Analaysis of data on PDS access; NSSO, 2004-05
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Struggle for Subsistence and SurvivalStruggle for Subsistence and Survival
Preoccupied with struggle for livelihood
,
Constant threat of eviction, insecure land tenure
Sense of resignation about their surroundings and
livin conditions
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Lack of health awareness
Low awareness about services and provisions
ow awareness a ou ea y e av ours
Sub-optimal household health, nutrition and hygiene
practices
Tem orar and recent mi rants face reaterdifficulties in accessing services, difficult to track
for follow-up health services
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Social strength/ solidarity lackingSocial strength/ solidarity lacking
Weak community organization and social
cohesion
Lack of slum level socially responsible leaders
,
Weak negotiation capacity
Low level of trust in public sector services owing
to irregularity and low quality.
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Gender inequity
Low awareness and compromised confidence
among women to assert for needed health care
Many women face family violence; widespreadalcoholism
Lack of family support to Mother/care giver
Pressing need of mother to resume wage earning
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How Can Cities Address theseHow Can Cities Address these
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Spatial Mapping: An effective tool fornc us on o n s e
Slums/vulnerable clusters inProgram Planning and Intervention
30
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Mapping Helps Inclusion of Unlisted Slums/Clusters
SLUM NUMBER POPULATION
LISTED 102 455923
UNLISTED 85 216935
TOTAL 187 672858
Crucial for
measurement,
better planning
and
implementation
MeerutCity 31
M i h l i l i f li d l / l
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Mapping helps inclusion of unlisted slums/ clusters
Contd.
LOCATIONOFSLUMS
Slum Number PopulationListed 215 538322Unlisted 178 303251Total 393 841573AgraCity 32
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Neighborhood Mapping
Community groups in slums prepare maps to
a) Ensure that no family is left out from lists used for housing, food
,
b) Track access to services e.g. Immunization and ANC, toiletsc) Help identifying and providing services/linkage to recent and seasonal
33
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Smaller Cities-
sized and in Smaller Cities
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Higher Proportion of Poverty in Smaller Cities
City / Town Size % poor (1999-2000)
.
Medium towns (50,000 to 1 20.4
m on popu a on
Small Towns (Less than 24.2
All Urban Areas 19.9
Rural Areas 23.9
35
Source : National Sample Survey Organization, 1999-2000
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U5 MR among Urban Poor Across Different City Sizes
Under-five Mortality Rate Among the Urban Poor Across Different Size
- , , .
61.3
74.7
70
80
.
40
50
60
0
10
20
Large / Capital cities Small cities Towns
36
ource : a ona am y ea urvey, -
Large city - more than 1 million; Small City 100,000 to 1 million; Town - less than 100,000
The category of large city / capital city includes all capital cities of Indian States
Differential Access of Urban Poor to Water and
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Differential Access of Urban Poor to Water and
Sanitation Across Different City Sizes
% Households havin no
% Households having pipedwater su l
62.3
60
70
toilet facility
68.1
55.4 57.160
70
80
34.1
47.2
30
40
50
30
40
50
0
10
20
0
10
20
Large /Capital City
Small City Town Large /Capital City
Small City Town
37Source : National Family Health Survey, 2005-06
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Healthcare services by private doctors
Socially Committed Private Doctor[honorarium collected by community]The doctor provides subsidized neonatal
Services Provided: Treatment Referral to higher level
care serv ces to t e ur an poor osp a or severe y s crequiring hospitalization
luster
Slum
2nd tierGovt./Private
oc a o za on y
Builds linkage between community,and private doctorsEarly identification of sickness
Facility
Health Care Services by Private Hospitals
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Health Care Services by Private Hospitals
erv ces rov e : Management of sick newborns at theurban health center of the hospital Referral for high risk cases to the MainHospital
u s ze ranspor r ngs s cnewborns to hospitalSubsidized services and
PrivateHospital
agnost cs prov e
um us ers
Social Mobilization by CBOPromotes essential newborn care among urban poor
Identifies sick newborns and mobilizes mothers/families to avail servicesDevelops linkage between community and private hospitals
Helps arrange transport though local transport service providers
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Using Telecommunication, available services
Prompt transport
And Neonatal Care benefit
for the poor
Health Facility
UHC with newborn care
facility
Socially committed private doctors
Approx 2,25,000 births take place every month among the urban poor in India.
Civil Society Organizations Can Play Important Roles
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Civil Society Organizations Can Play Important Roles
Civil Society Groups Improve Enumeration
identif in Unlisted Clusters
Encourage and enable slum communities
Help slum communities in disaster preparednessFacilitate Inter-sectoral coordination
41
CSOs Facilitate Coordination Among Civic Agencies at WardCSOs Facilitate Coordination Among Civic Agencies at Ward
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CSOs ac l tate Coo d at o o g C v c ge c es at Wa d
Level for Accountable Services: Indore
CSOs ac l tate Coo d at o o g C v c ge c es at Wa d
Level for Accountable Services: Indore
NGOs &Corporation(Zonal office)Health
Ward level
Core Grou
s
Charitable Electedorganizations
epresen a ves
Urban
DevelopmentLocal Resources(Local Clubs, Schools)
Total Coverage: 70, 000 slum population in 2 wards in Indore, being replicatedin 5 additional wards of Indore, 3 Wards of Bhopal and 1 UHC zone of Agra
Engage with Political Representatives and Build Municipal
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Engage with Political Representatives and Build Municipal
Capacity
Engage political constituency- Ward members,
MLAs, MPs
Help them better serve their constituenceies
Discuss issues of inequity in cities, sustainable
cities, public provisions Important to build capacity of Urban Local
Bodies most weak
43
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Agents of Change
44
G Ci il S i E h D d d A bili f S i
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Grassroots Civil Society Enhance Demand and Accountability of Services
Health Facility
Strong CommunityOrganization
Increased
demand for
services
Improvedaccountability of
health services
Improved Health Care
Suraksha, Bangalore, IHMP Pune , UHRC, Indore & Agra, Nairobi, Brazilenhance access in similar manner
Institutional and Negotiation Capacity Among
8/3/2019 Slumming Challenges n Solutions
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g p y g
Slum Communities
Federation
(10-30 slums perNGOs
(Derive inspiration,
Federation] support and Build capacity)
Communit
Slum-CBOSlum-CBO Slum-CBOSlum-CBO
Federated slum-community groups negotiate and improve access toentitlements such as food subsidy cards:
46
a orma e ers o au or es,b) Collective representation to authorities,
c) Use of legal tools Right to Information Act
Grassroots Civil Society as Active Agents Towards
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Improved Urban Health Governance
Grassroots Civil Society engage with Health Administratorsto present potential solutions to challenges in slums and ask
for action.
respond to challenges
levels with Policy Makers to inform policy dialogue
Share lessons with Media
47
Translate Words into Action
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Translate Words into Action
Let us not forget the realities:
Urban oor constitute the most ra idl rowin
segment of populations of developing countries
Approx 27 crore births take place among the
urban poor every year in India)
me s o essence; e us ac w urgencyme s o essence; e us ac w urgency
48
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Let us build bridges of enablementLet us build bridges of enablementLet us build bridges of enablementLet us build bridges of enablementto help the urban poor contribute moreto help the urban poor contribute more
effectively towards sustainable citieseffectively towards sustainable cities
to help the urban poor contribute moreto help the urban poor contribute more
effectively towards sustainable citieseffectively towards sustainable cities