Slide 1 Some Challenges in Thermoscience Research and Application Potentials Energy Ecology Economy Prof. M. Kostic Mechanical Engineering

Slide 1www.kostic.niu.edu

Some Challenges in Thermoscience Research and Application Potentials

Energy Ecology Economy

Prof. M. KosticMechanical EngineeringNORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY

Tsinghua University, XJTU, and HUSTChina 2013: Beijing, Xi’an, Wuhan, June 14-28, 2013





Institute of Engineering Thermophysics Tsinghua University Beijing, China, June 17, 2013





School of Energy and Power Engineering

Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an, China, June 24, 2013





School of Energy and Power Engineering

Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China, June 26, 2013

Slide 5

www.kostic.niu.edu

5

Hello:Thank you for the opportunity to present a holistic, phenomenological reasoning of some challenging issuesin Thermoscience.


Among distinguished invites were five keynote speakers from China and seven international

keynote speakers: three from the USA and one each from Japan, United Kingdom, Singapore, and Spain; including four Academicians and

six university Presidents/vice-presidents.

It has been my great pleasure and honor to meet Profs. ZY Guo, WQ Tao and

other distinguished colleagues,

and even more so to visit again and meet friends now!

Slide 7

Thank you for invitation ……It is my pleasure and honor

to share my knowledge and experience and to learn about the Chinese people,

research, education and culture

www.kostic.niu.edu





Electrical Engineering Industrial and Systems Engineering

Mechanical Engineering Technology & Eng. Tech.




Slide 15

Some Challenges in Thermoscience: More details in my following lectures/discussions

www.kostic.niu.edu

• Nature of Thermo-Mechanical energy transfer (Electro-magnetic …Photons, Phonons, Thermons)

• Thermal energy concept as property (decoupling from thermo-mechanical internal energy): Caloric, Exergy, Entransy

• Back to Caloric (Thermal Energy), caloric processes (conserved caloric regardless of irreversibility if complete)…Heat is Unique (all else is Work) and Universal (all works ultimately dissipate/convert to heat)

• Reversible adding work or heat results in different final states (different types of internal energies). However, reversible work between two states path is independent!

• Entropy is dimensionless ratio (!) since temperature is a micro-particle kinetic energy!• Isentropic processes conserve entropy, thus when a work is extracted the remaining

thermal energy at lower temperature is at constant (conserved) entropy.• Produced entropy cannot be “destroyed” by any means, it could only be transferred

with thermal energy, thus entropy production is irreversible! • Entropy is increasing with irreversible conversion of any work-potential (including

thermal work potential) the latter due to non-equilibrium, thus terminal and maximum at equilibrium.

• Carnot principle defines the both: work potential and reversible heat transfer• Useful or Available Energy - Exergy is additive state function for a given reference

(dead state of surrounding-ultimate equilibrium: Po, To, MUo), just like other state functions (energy, etc.).

Slide 16

Energy and Environmental Landscape …

… could be substantially enhanced with improved efficiency and diversification of energy sources, devices and processes.

We are now in transitional era where further progress cannot be continued with existing technology. The difficulties that will face every nation and the world in meeting energy needs over the next several decades will be more challenging than what we anticipate now.

www.kostic.niu.edu

Slide 17

Challenges are many …

… but so are potentials for innovative solutions based on further development of science and technology.

As new paradigms are to be developed, the thermoscience (thermodynamics and heat transfer), being “the heart and soul” of all energy sciences, holds the key to provide vision and check-and-balance methods for optimizations and further innovations.

www.kostic.niu.edu

Slide 18

From Fundamentals to Innovations

The fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics and comprehensive analysis and optimization are the most effective way for the improvements and could lead to innovative development.

www.kostic.niu.edu

… our objective is to motivate young researchers/students to be excited and

be persistent to reason and value fundamentals in order to innovate

Slide 19

The Fundamental Laws of Nature

• The fundamental Laws of Nature are exceptionally simple but they appear in exceptionally many different forms, which explain universality and unity of simplicity and complexity, but also difficulties to recognize simplicity in complex diversity

www.kostic.niu.edu

Slide 20

Cause Is Adequate to the Effect …

• The philosophic axiom

"causa aequat effectum," [the cause is adequate to the effect]

is traced to ancient philosophers and represents the most universal and fundamental law of nature, including existence and future, i.e. past and future transformations.

www.kostic.niu.edu

Slide 21

Phenomenological Laws

• Furthermore, the phenomenological Laws

of Thermodynamics, and in general, have much wider, including philosophical significance and implication, than their simple expressions based on the experimental observations – they are the Fundamental Laws of Nature.

• They are defining and unifying our comprehension of all existence in universe and all changes in time (all processes, including life).

www.kostic.niu.edu

Einstein stated that, “After mathematicians invaded (and

explained) my Theory of Relativity, I do not understand it any more.”

Slide 22

The Fundamental Laws of Nature:

The Laws of Thermodynamics have much wider, including philosophical significance and implication, than their simple expressions based on the experimental observations, they are:

The Fundamental Laws of Nature: • The Zeroth (equilibrium existentialism), • The First (conservational transformationalism), • The Second (forced-directional, irreversible transformationalism),• The Third (unattainability of emptiness).

The Laws are defining and unifying our comprehension of all existence and transformations in the universe.

www.kostic.niu.edu

Solving practical problems helps "really" understand theory, so that one can then solve other problems more effectively. If we can not solve a problem, that "proves" we do not "truly" understand theory -- the key is integration/synergy of theory and practice, the "true" UNDERSTANDING! If one thinks theory is boring, that means one is not really interested in understanding to solve practical problems.


Thermal energy versus Internal energy concepts in Thermodynamics:

The T, Cth, Entropy are related to internal thermal energy, not any internal energy (the latter obvious for incompressible substances), but is more subtle for compressible gases due to coupling of internal thermal energy (transferred as heat TdS) and internal elastic-mechanical energy (transferred as work PdV). Entropy is NOT related to any other internal energy type, but thermal (unless the former is converted/dissipated to thermal in a process).

Slide 24

Mechanical and Thermal Energies

Are Distinguishable Within Internal Energy!DU12s= DU12v

U2s=U2v

U=Uth+Umech(elastic)

T2s=T2v (for Ideal Gas)

BUT!2s≠2v

Ps>Pv; Ss<Sv

Vs<Vv, Uth,s<Uth,v & Umech,s>Umech,v

Exs>Exv etc.

2009 January 10-12© M. Kostic <www.kostic.niu.edu>

or HEAT applied

FORCE applied

Slide 25

Thermal and Mechanical energies

041115

© M. Kostic <www.kostic.niu.edu>

1 kJ heating is NOT the SAME as 1 kJ compressing!Thermal and Mechanical energies are distinguishable, NOT the same Internal energy (as argued by some)!

Slide 26

Heat Is Transfer of Thermal Energy

• Philosophically, you cannot transfer something that does not exist.For example, you cannot transfer water unless you have water. You cannot transfer energy (type) without having it somewhere (stored) to transfer and store it somewhere else. In the process (while transferring) you may convert/reprocess (modify the "original structure") while conserving the underlying substructure (true elementary particles): existential conservationism.

• Denying existence of thermal energy is the same as denying existence of heat transfer!

041115


Slide 27

Useful Energy: Work potential, Exergy (and Entransy) concept(s)

Two systems in non-equilibrium have potential of extracting work (useful energy). The maximum work potential is if they are reversibly brought to mutual equilibrium while the work is extracted (entropy is conserved, thus over-all isentropic), otherwise part or in-whole that work potential will dissipate via heat to thermal energy and generate entropy.

If one system is fixed, an infinite thermal reservoir and taken as a reference (like environment at To & Po) then that maximum work potential depends on the other system state, i.e., it is independent of the process path, thus the system property, called Exergy.

Note that there will be a need to reversibly exchange heat (and entropy) at the reference temperature or reversibly regenerate heat internally, except for isentropic processes.

www.kostic.niu.edu


)(Ref

:Note

anyGenLossGenIrr STWQQ


All reversible processes are “over-all isentropic” (entropy conserved)!

Exergy analysis to minimize and optimize irreversibility

Entransy analysis to maximize and optimize heat transfer


Slide 31

The Concept of "Entransy" May Be More Important Than What It Appears at First

… but it has to be "properly" related to existing concepts of Thermal energy (not precisely defined yet, see elsewhere), Exergy and Entropy, as well as irreversibility and reversibility.

Entransy concept and analysis have some unique advantages over other approaches. There is a need to define Entransy as a property (how it relates to other thermodynamic properties) and as process energy flux (how it relates to heat & work transfer and entropy transfer & generation). We also could advance and synergize your "Thermomass" concept with my work in that area.

www.kostic.niu.edu


What is Energy ?

If one could expel all energy out of a physical system … … then empty, nothing will be left …

… so ENERGY is EVERYTHING … E=mc2

Mass (m) and energy (E) are manifestation of each other and are equivalent;they have a holistic meaning of “mass-energy”

More important than what it appears to be

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Relativity3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG


What is Energy ?“From the Sovereign Sun to the deluge of photons out of the astounding compaction and increase of

power-density in computer chips …

Mass-Energy represents motion of a system structure, i.e., its representative particles at different space and time scales, and ultimately motion of photons.

http://www.hangzhoubaybridge.com/bridge.asp

http://www.kostic.niu.edu/maglev_train_Pudong_International_Airport_Shanghai.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Relativity3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG


Humanity’s Top Ten Problemsfor next 40 years

1. ENERGY (critical for the rest nine)2. Water3. Food4. Environment 5. Poverty6. Terrorism & War7. Disease8. Education9. Democracy10. Population

2013: Over 7 Billion People

2050: ~ 10 Billion ( 1010 +) People


The two things are certaineven if man-made Global Warming is debatable

• (1) the world population and their living-standard expectations will substantially increase(over 7 billion people now, in 50 years 10-11 billion - energy may double)

• (2) fossil fuels’ economical reserves, particularly oil and natural gas, will substantially decrease(oil may run out in 30-50 years)

Efficient and Sustainable EnergyEnergy/Economy/Ecology Challenges and Opportunities

• We are in 'energy transition era' from fossil fuels to alternative (including nuclear) and renewable energy sources (including solar, biomass, hydro, wind, and geothermal).


• In this transitional era, the energy CONSERVATION and EFFICIENCY (including energy storage) is the most “effective" and thus the most viable/profitable option in initial and mid-range period, until alternative and renewable energy infrastructure is developed and matured, and even more so beyond.


Global/National Urgency:• Energy issue is among the highest

global and national priority: (economical, ecological and security).

• Funding/Stimulus for education, research, development and applications.


Other Institutions and Existing Activities:• Many educational and other institutions and industry

have been positioning their strategic and development activities in energy related area

• Campus Green Sustainable Initiatives• Energy-related Educational Programs• Energy-related Research, Development and

Application


134 Million




Slide 44

Prof. Kostic’s Research & Scholarly Interests and Activities

Fundamentals and Application of Energy

www.kostic.niu.edu



… economically


Thermodynamic Efficiency: Integration and Optimization

www.kostic.niu.edu 49

Nanofluids Research:Critical Issues & Application Potentials

Advanced Flow and Heat Transfer Fluids


Cooling System

Liquid

Resistively Heated Crucible

Deionized water prior to(left) and after (right)dispersion of Al2O3

nanoparticles

Oil prior to (left) andafter (right) evaporationof Cu nanoparticles

Presented at: University of Hawaii at Manoa and

ASME Multifunctional Nanocomposite 2006 Int. Conference

M. Kostic and Sir Harry Kroto, Nobel Laureate

Follow-up and update from original ASME Presentations in Honolulu, Hawaii

www.kostic.niu.edu

50

Advanced Flow and Heat Transfer Fluids


Cooling System

Liquid

Resistively Heated Crucible

Deionized water prior to(left) and after (right)dispersion of Al2O3

nanoparticles

Oil prior to (left) andafter (right) evaporationof Cu nanoparticles

Presented at:

Royal Institute of Technology - KTHNanocharacterization Center – Functional Materials, Stockholm, Sweden, 21 May 2012

Critical Issues in Nanofluids Researchand Application Potentials

Presented at:

Norwegian University for Science and Technology - NTNUNTNU Nanomechanical Lab, Trondheim, Norway, 16 May 2012

One-Step Nanofluid Production Improvement

www.kostic.niu.edu/DRnanofluids

NIU in Collaboration with Argonne National

Laboratory S. ChoiJ. Hull,

and others Rotating drum with moving nanofluid

film

Insulated and vertically-adjustable boat-

heater evaporator

Nitrogen cooling plate with coils and

fins

FIG. 2: Proposed improvements for the one-step,direct-evaporation nanofluid production apparatus

Calibration Gauge(to guard spring rod and calibrate the spring tension)

Spring Rod with Threading

Locking Nut(calibrated weight for required

spring tension) To the Data Acquisition System

Connectors and Calibration Guage Holder

D-Type Connector

T-Type Thermocouples

Hot-Wire Voltage Output Wires

Power Supply Connector

Cell Cap with Rectangular Cuts(for wire outlet)

Special Shape Sliding Fit Hole(avoids turning of spring)

Striped Stranded Copper Wire (to provide flexiblity and avoid backlash)

Tension Spring (spring constant 0.02 N/mm)

Constant Voltage Input Wires

Wire Holder

Hot-Wire Guiding Block(off-centered)

Sliding Tube (aligns the hot-wire)

Wire Protection Clip # 1

Measu

rement

Sectio

n 149

.2 mm

Soldered Joint # 1

Teflon Coated Platinum Hot-WireØ 0.0508 mm

Coating Thickness 0.0245 mm

Soldered Joint # 2



Cell Base Plate

Off-Centered Alignment Ring

Insulated Copper Wire Ø 0.254 mm

Teflon Sealing

Threaded Hole in Base Plate(Assembly and Cleaning)

Outer Shell(test-fluid reservoir)

Inner Semi-Circular Hot-Wire Holder

Thermocouple at the Bottom L45°

Threaded Nut

Inner Wire Guide

www.kostic.niu.edu/DRnanofluidsBes

t P

aper

fo

r th

e 6t

h W

SE

AS

In

tern

atio

nal

Co

nfe

ren

ce o

n

HE

AT

an

d M

AS

S T

RA

NS

FE

R (

HM

T'0

9)N

ing

bo

, C

hin

a, J

anu

ary

10-1

2, 2

009

Com

pute

rized

, Tr

ansi

ent

Hot

-Wire

The

rmal

Con

duct

ivity

(H

WT

C)

App

arat

us f

or N

anof

luid

s,

pp.

71-7

8M

. K

ostic

, K

alya

n C

. S

imha

m

Clients:Aegis Technologies www.aegistech.netAdvanced Cooling Technology Applications http://www.acta-llc.com/

http://www.aegistech.net/

http://www.acta-llc.com/

Nanofluid Flow & Heat Transfer Apparatus

www.kostic.niu.edu/DRnanofluids

www.kostic.niu.edu

54

Premature Judgment …

• The nanofluids were hyped-up in the past, but it would be a mistake to hype-down nanofluids now and make premature judgments based on inconsistent and incomplete research to-date.


Electromagnetic Natureof Thermo-Mechanical Mass-Energy Transfer

Due to Photon Diffusive Re-Emission and Propagation


International Forum on Frontier Theories in Thermal ScienceTsinghua University, Beijing, China, December 18-20, 2011

Based on atomic electron-shell interactionsand the Einstein mass-energy equivalence, during “believed-massless” heat conduction

or mechanical work transfer, there has to be electromagnetic, i.e., photon mass-energy propagation

(since they are not gravitational and not nuclear interactions)through involved material structures, from a mass-energy source to a sink system. Otherwise, the mass-energy equivalence and Physics

law of forced interactions will be violated!


Fig.1: Electromagnetic Nature of Thermo-Mechanical Mass-Energy Transfer Due to Photon Diffusive Re-Emission and Propagation: Steady-state, mass-energy transfer is depicted through heat conduction plate (right-above) and rotating shaft (right-below). Energy transfer (i.e., Einstein’s mass-energy equivalency transfer, ) has to be electromagnetic by photon transfer, either as photon electromagnetic waves on-long range through space/vacuum (, or photon “on-contact” transfer within material structures, e.g., through heat conduction plate (rt.-above) and turbine shaft work (rt.- below). Otherwise, Einstein’s mass-energy equivalency and the fundamental force/interactions in Physics will be violated.

Slide 57© M. Kostic <www.kostic.niu.edu>

“The Second Law of Thermodynamics is considered one of the central laws of science, engineering and technology. For over a century it has been assumed to be inviolable by the scientific community. Over the last 10-20 years, however, more than two dozen challenges to it have appeared in the physical literature - more than during any other period in its 150-year history.”

Second Law Conference: Status and Challengeswith Prof. Sheehan in Sun Diego, CA June 2011


The Second Law Symposium has been a unique gathering of the unorthodox physicist and inventors (to avoid using a stronger word)


Fig. 8: Significance of the Carnot’s reasoning of reversible cycles is in many ways comparable with the Einstein’s relativity theory in modern times. The Carnot Ratio Equality is much more important than what it appears at first. It is probably the most important equation in Thermodynamics and among the most important equations in natural sciences.

The “Key Fundamental Concepts” are much more important than what they

appear to be


20 December 2013


Entropy, the thermal displacement property, dS=dQrev/T (or dQcal/T) with J/K unit,

is “a measure” of thermal dynamic-disorder or thermal randomness, and may be expressed as being related to logarithm of number of “all thermal, dynamic-microstates”, or to their

logarithmic-probability or uncertainty, that

corresponds, or are consistent with the given

thermodynamic macrostate. Note that the

meanings of all relevant adjectives are deeply important to reflect reality and as such it has

metaphoric description for real systems.

Qcal=Qrev+Wloss=Qrev+Qdiss


A system form and/or functional order/disorder:

A system form and/or function related order or disorder is not thermal-energy order/disorder, and the former is not the latter, thus not related to Thermodynamic entropy. Entropy is always generated (due to ‘energy dissipation’) during production of form/function order or disorder, including information, i.e., during any process of creating or destroying, i.e., transforming any material structure. Expanding entropy to any type disorder or information is unjustified, misleading and plain wrong.


Entropy refers to dynamic thermal-disorder of its micro structure (which give rise to temperature, heat capacity, entropy and thermal energy. It does not refer to form-nor functional-disorder of macro-structure: For example, the same ordered or piled bricks (see above) at the same temperature have the same entropy (the same Thermodynamic state)!

Entropy and Disorder …S=S(T,V) not of other type of disorder:

If Tleft=Tright and Vleft=Vright Sleft=Sright

Slide 64

The Boltzmann constant is a conversion factor:

Temperature is (random kinetic) thermal-energy of a (micro-thermal) particle (with Boltzmann constant being the conversion factor between micro-thermal energy and macro-temperature), … thus entropy is ration between macro (multi-particle) thermal energy and a representative particle thermal-energy, thus dimensionless.

[J/(K )]

The thermal-energy used for entropy is without its ‘useful’ part or work potential, thus include pressure-volume influence. In that regard, a single particle entropy without thermal-interactions is zero (no random-thermal motion), but also infinity (as if in infinite volume, taking forever to thermally interact).

2009 January 10-12© M. Kostic <www.kostic.niu.edu>


Sgen

Entropy Generation (Production) is always irreversible in one direction only, occurring during a process within a system and stored as entropy property. Entropy cannot be destroyed under any circumstances, since it will imply spontaneous heat transfer from lower to higher temperature or imply higher efficiency than the ideal Carnot cycle engine

Entropy Generation (Production)


YES! Miracles are possible !It may look ‘perpetuum mobile’ but miracles are real too …

… we could not comprehend energy conservation until 1850s: (mechanical energy was escaping “without being noticed how”)

… we may not comprehend now new energy conversions and wrongly believe they are not possible: (“cold fusion” seems impossible for now … ?)

…….Let us keep our eyesand our minds ‘open’ ………..

Things and Events are both, MORE but also LESS complex than how they appear and we ‘see’ them -- it is

natural simplicity in real complexity

… but, the miracles are until they are comprehended and understood !



EEE-Global & Physics articles

• More Encyclopedia Articles


Global Energy and Future: Importance of Energy Conservation and

Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources

2000 kcal/day100 Watt

USA over 0.3 billion 10,000 Watt/c1,500 Wel /c

World over 7 billion2,400 Watt/c

350 Wel /c

Solar 1.37 kW/m2, but only 12% over-all average 165 W/m2

www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/ * Key World Energy Stats

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/



http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf


Source: OTT Analytic Team

World automobile populationis expected to grow substantially

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

5.5

I ndustrialized Developing World

Bil

lio

ns

of

Ve

hic

les

19962050


Vehicle Energy Efficiencies

… from 15-25 MPG Classical … to 50 MPG Hybrid

It is possible !!!

http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/calculatorSelectMake.jsp?year=2006

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hummer_H2.jpg




Coal Energy Must Be Efficientto be competitive

… from 30% Classical

… to 60% Combined Cycle

Gas/Steam Turbine Power Plant or even 85% Combined Power-Heat Plant

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/24/SSPX0347.jpg


Efficient: do MORE with LESSImprove true (2nd Law) efficiency

by conserving energy potentials: REGENERATE before “diluting” and loosing it!

Power

“Waste” Heat & CO2

Low efficiency

Indirectly Regenerated

Heat & CO2

Directly Regenerated

Heat

& CO2 High Efficiency

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg


About 20%

About 0.2 %… also first

steam engine






The energy “difficulties” …

• (1) will be more challenging than what we anticipate now

• (2) NO traditional solutions

• (3) New knowledge, new technology,and new living habits and expectationswill be needed


What Are We Waiting For?

• Another Energy Crisis ?• A Global Environmental Problem?

•or Leadership


The biggest single challengefor the next few decades by 2050

• (1) ENERGY for 1010 people• (2) At MINIMUM we need additional

10 TeraWatts (150 Mill. BOE/day) from some new clean energy source

• We simply can not do this with current technology!

•We need Leadership


How To “Use” Energy ?


Energy Future Outlook:…a probable scenario … in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’

abundance and use (a bleep on a human history radar screen), the following energy future outlook is possible…

1.Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)

2. Intelligent hi-tech, local and global energy management in wide sense (to reduce waste, improve efficiency and quality of environment and life)

3. Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)

4. Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs

5. Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)

6. Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)

7. Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)

8. Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)




1. Creative adaptation and innovations, with change of societal and human habits and expectations (life could be happier after fossil fuels’ era)













3.Energy conservation and regeneration have unforeseen (higher order of magnitude) and large potentials, particularly in industry (also in transportation, commercial and residential sectors)












4.Nuclear energy and re-electrification for most of stationary energy needs












5.Cogeneration and integration of power generation and new industry at global scale (to close the cycles at sources thus protecting environment and increasing efficiency)












6.Renewable biomass and synthetic hydro-carbons for fossil fuel replacement (mobile energy, transportation, and chemicals)












7.Advanced energy storage (synthetic fuels, advanced batteries, hydrogen,…)












8.Redistributed solar-related and other renewable energies (to fill in the gap…)














More information at: www.kostic.niu.edu/energy

2000 kcal/day100 Watt

World Prod.2,200 Watt/p

275 Welec/p

USA Prod.12,000 Watt/p

1500 Welec/p

Solar 1.37 kW/m2, but only 12% over-all average 165 W/m2

However, regardless of imminent shortages of fossil fuels, the outlook for future energy needs is encouraging. Energy conservation “with existing technology” (insulation, regeneration, cogeneration and optimization with energy storage) has real immediate potential to substantially reduce energy dependence on fossil fuels and enable use of alternative and renewable energy sources. There are many diverse and abundant energy sources with promising future potentials, so that mankind should be able to enhance its activities, standard and quality of living, by diversifying energy sources, and by improving energy conversion and utilization efficiencies, while at the same time increasing safety and reducing environmental pollution. After all, in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a blip on a human history radar screen), the life may be happier after the fossil fuel era! More at: www.kostic.niu.edu/energy

http://www.kostic.niu.edu/energy

http://www.kostic.niu.edu/energy


Thank you! Any Questions ?

Slide 96

Appendices

Stretching the mind further …

www.kostic.niu.edu

Slide 97

Stretching the mind further …

Mass may be a special tensor-like quantity due to "over-all-isotropic in all-directions" motion of elementary particles (that make up its structure) and thus give rise to inertia if accelerated in any direction, i.e., resisting change of motion in any and all directions with equal components (the isotropic mass inertia). There may be anisotropic masses, with bulk linear or rotational motion, being the extreme cases. Note that fundamental particles (without inertial mass, like photons and similar, but with relativistic masses E/c^2) has to always move with ultimate speed of light in vacuum, and such particles (some yet to be discovered) might be moving (orbiting with twisting, string-like vibration and rotation) within virtually infinitesimal spaces and thus making-up other "massive" so-called elementary particles

www.kostic.niu.edu

Slide 98

Force and Forcing …

Force or Forcing is a process of exchanging useful-energy (forced displacement) with net-zero exchange at forced equilibrium. The Second Law provides conditions and limits for process forcing (energy exchange direction

www.kostic.niu.edu

http://www.kostic.niu.edu/2ndLaw/index.htm

Slide 99

Deterministic vs. Probabilistic

All interactions in nature are physical and based on simple cause-and-effect conservation laws, thus deterministic and should be without any exceptional phenomenon. Due to diversity and complexity of large systems, we would never be able to observe deterministic phenomena with full details but have to use holistic and probabilistic approach for observation; therefore, our observation methodology is holistic and probabilistic, but phenomena have to be deterministic, not miraculous nor probabilistic

www.kostic.niu.edu

Slide 100

Elementary Particles: Electron?

There is no proof that an electron, or any other elementary particle, has or does not have a structure. The concept of elementary particle is intrinsically problematic (just because we cannot observe or reason a structure which exhibits certain phenomena, does not mean it does not exist). Past and recent history proved us to be wrong every time. Particularly problematic is the current theory which requires elementary particle annihilation/creation (“miraculous creationism”) while using conservation laws. At the very least (in phenomenological view) the elementary particles should be conserved and be the building structure for other particles and systems. Note that many concepts (in modern physics) are "virtual" entities that are part of the mathematical theory, but are not directly observable.

www.kostic.niu.edu

Slide 101

Boundary Forces …

There is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body (no imaginary boundary vector-forces). Put it very simply: a forcing (force-flux cause-and-effect phenomena) acts between an interface of pair of objects (forced interaction: action-reaction, including process-inertial forces), and not on a single object. The Newton Laws and the Laws of Thermodynamics imply that all forces are mass-energy interactions (forced displacements with momentum and energy transfer and conservation) between different particulate bodies due to non-equilibrium (available energy or work potential, cause of forcing) towards the equilibrium.

www.kostic.niu.edu

Slide 102

No Perfect Rigidity …

All matter must be somewhat elastic (can be compressed or stretched). If bodies could be perfectly rigid we'd have infinite forces acting with infinite speeds for infinitesimal times (if you pushed on one end of a perfectly rigid stick, the other end would move instantaneously). System components (bodies) that exert forces have to be massive (2nd Newton Law) and with accompanying reaction forces (3rd Newton Law).

www.kostic.niu.edu

Slide 103

Energy is bound by forced motion …Energy is possessed (thus equilibrium property) by material systems and redistributed (transferred) between and within system(s), due to systems' non-equilibrium, via forced-displacement interactions (process) towards the equilibrium (equi-partition of energy over mass and space); thus energy is conserved (the 1st Law) but degraded (the 2nd Law). Effects are consequences of Causes except at Equilibrium they are equal (reversible). The existence in space and transformations in time are manifestations of perpetual mass-energy forced displacement processes: with net-zero mass-energy transfer in equilibrium (equilibrium process) and non-zero mass-energy transfer in non-equilibrium (active process) towards equilibrium. System components (particles and bodies) that exert forces have to be massive (2nd Newton Law) and with accompanying reaction forces (3rd Newton Law).

www.kostic.niu.edu

Slide 104

Processes … Miracles

"Nothing occurs locally nor in the universe without mass-energy exchange/conversion and irreversible entropy production.

It is crystal-clear (to me) that all confusions related to the far-reaching fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics, and especially the Second Law (Abstract), are due to the lack of their genuine and subtle comprehension."

The miracles are until they are comprehended and understood.

www.kostic.niu.edu

http://www.kostic.niu.edu/

http://www.kostic.niu.edu/2ndLaw/index.htm

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AIPC.1411..327K

Slide 105

The Concept of "Entransy" May Be More Important Than What It Appears at First

… but it has to be "properly" related to existing concepts of Thermal energy (not precisely defined yet, see elsewhere), Exergy and Entropy, as well as irreversibility and reversibility.

Entransy concept and analysis have some unique advantages over other approaches. There is a need to define Entransy as a property (how it relates to other thermodynamic properties) and as process energy flux (how it relates to heat & work transfer and entropy transfer & generation). We also could advance and synergize your "Thermomass" concept with my work in that area.

www.kostic.niu.edu

Slide 106

041115


For further Info you may contact Prof. Kostic at:

[email protected]

or on the Web:www.kostic.niu.edu

Prof. M. Kostic Mechanical Engineering

NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY

Slide 107

www.kostic.niu.edu

Thank you! Any Questions ?

Documents

Slide 1 Some Challenges in Thermoscience Research and Application Potentials Energy Ecology Economy Prof. M. Kostic Mechanical Engineering