Skeleton Skeleton Chapter 6Chapter 6

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WebsitesWebsites

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/3djigsaw_02/index.shtml?skeleton

• http://www.3d4medical.com/• http://askabiologist.asu.edu/bone-anato

my• http://anatomy.uams.edu/AnatomyHTML

/bones.html• http://www.globalrph.com/

medterm5c.htm

Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes

1. List the primary functions of bones.2. Identify skeleton bones/types3. Explain various types of body

movement that occur at the freely movable joints.

4. Define fracture and state the various types.

Combining FormsCombining Forms

• Bone oste/o, oss/i, osse/o• Bone Marrow myel/o• Cartilage chondr/o, cartilag/o• Elbow olecran/o• Joints arthr/o, articul/o• Ligaments ligament/o, syndesm/o• Muscles my/o, myos/o, muscul/o• Sinus sin/o, sinus/o• Tendons tendin/o, ten/o, tend/o

Combining FormsCombining Forms

• Bone oste/o, oss/i, osse/o• Bone Marrow myel/o• Cartilage chondr/o, cartilag/o• Elbow olecran/o• Joints arthr/o, articul/o• Ligaments ligament/o, syndesm/o• Muscles my/o, myos/o, muscul/o• Sinus sin/o, sinus/o• Tendons tendin/o, ten/o, tend/o

Prefixes MatchPrefixes Match

Through, between, AroundUpon, over, aboveWithinBetweenBeyond, over, betweenWithin, inner

dia-endo-, end-epi-inter- intra-meta-peri-

Suffix PopcornSuffix Popcorn

1. Germ cell2. Surgical

puncture3. Cell4. Binding5. Soft6. Growth7. Surgical Repair8. Formation9. To view/examine10.Tissue

1. -blast2. -centesis3. -cyte4. -desis5. -malacia6. -physis7. -plasty8. -poiesis9. -scopy10.- um

Table 6.1 Skeletal System at-a-Glance

Functions of Functions of the Skeletal Systemthe Skeletal System

• Bones- oste/o Act as a framework for the organ systems Protect many of the body’s organs Provide the organism with the ability to move Storage of minerals Hematopoiesis (formation of blood)

• Bone marrow contains two types of stem cells: hempoietic (which can produce blood cells) and stromal (which can produce fat, cartilage and bone).

• There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow (also known as myeloid tissue) and yellow marrow.

• The color of yellow marrow is due to the much higher number of fat cells.

What is Oste/o mean?What is Oste/o mean?

What is Oste/o mean?a) Boneb) Cellc) Formationd) Cartilage

What does cartil mean in What does cartil mean in cartilage?cartilage?

What does cartil mean?a) Gristleb) Smoothc) Hardd) Pain

Cartilage- Chondr/0Cartilage- Chondr/0

• Cartilage – chondr/o Forms major portion of embryonic skeleton and

part of adult skeleton. • Cartilage is an important structural

component of the body. It is a firm tissue but is softer and much more flexible than bone.

Functions of the Musculoskeletal Functions of the Musculoskeletal System System

• Tendons- Attach muscles to bones

• Ligaments – ligament/o Bands of connective tissue that connect bones, cartilages and other structures

Anatomy and Physiology OverviewAnatomy and Physiology Overview

• The human adult skeletal system is composed of 206 bones that, with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, make up the framework or skeleton of the body.

Anatomy and Physiology OverviewAnatomy and Physiology Overview

• Axial skeleton – 80 bones, the principal bones being the

skull, spine, ribs, and sternum.• Appendicular skeleton

– 126 bones, the primary bones being the shoulder girdle, arms, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, and feet.

Figure 6.1Anterior of the human skeleton.

Figure 6.3Features found in a long bone.

Figure 6.4Epiphyseal plate (arrows). (Courtesy of Teresa Resch)

Note: Epiphyseal plate later turns into an epiphyseal line

Table 6.2 Classifications of Bones

Figure 6.5Knee joint.

Joints and MovementJoints and Movement

• Classification of Joints– Synarthrosis (Fibrous)- cranial structure– Amphiarthrosis (Cartilaginous) - vertebra– Diarthrosis (Synovial) – knee, hip, elbow

What do the prefixes – Syn, Ampi and Dia

Figure 6.6A Flexion and ExtensionFlexion–Bending a limb. Extension–Straightening a flexed limb.

Figure 6.6B CircumductionCircumduction–Moving a body part in a circular motion.

Figure 6.6C Abduction and AdductionAbduction–Moving a body part away from the middle. Adduction–Moving a

body part toward the middle.

Figure 6.6D Protraction and RetractionProtraction–Moving a body part forward. Retraction–Moving a body part

backward.

Figure 6.6E RotationRotation–Moving a body part around a central axis.

Figure 6.6F DorsiflexionDorsiflexion–Bending a body part backward.

Figure 6.6G Pronation and Supination Pronation–Lying prone (face downward); also turning the palm downward.

Supination–Lying supine (face upward); also turning the palm or foot upward.

Figure 6.6 H Eversion and Inversion Eversion–Turning outward. Inversion–Turning inward.

Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column

• These curves are the:– Cervical

The first 7 vertebrae.– Thoracic

The next 12 vertebrae.– Lumbar

The next 5 vertebrae.– Sacral

Consists of the sacrum and coccyx (tailbone).

Figure 6.7Vertebral (spinal) column.

Bone Pathology Bone Pathology

• Terms related to bone disease

OsteomalaciaOsteomyelitisOsteoporosis

osteoporosisosteoporosis

Joint PathologyJoint Pathology

• Osteoarthritis– Degenerative

joint disease (DJD)• Rheumatoid arthritis

joints affected by osteoarthritisRA

FracturesFractures

• A fracture is classified according to its external appearance, the site of the fracture, and the nature of the crack or break in the bone.

• Short video on factures • https://youtu.be/qVougiCEgH8

FracturesFractures

• Types of fractures:

FracturesFractures

• Types of fractures:– Colles– Pott– Compression– Vertebral compression– Epiphyseal (Greek root-phyein)– Stress– Hip

Figure 6.10AClosed, or simple–A completely internal break that does not involve a break in the skin (x-ray of the tibia and fibula). Note the break in the fibula (smaller

bone).

Figure 6.10BOpen, or compound–The fracture projects through the skin and there is a

possibility of infection or hemorrhage; more dangerous than a closed fracture

Figure 6.10EGreenstick–Only one side of the shaft is broken, and the other is bent (like a

green stick); usually occurs in children whose long bones have not fully ossified

Figure 6.10ICompression–Due to the collapse of a vertebra. It may be caused by trauma or due to a weakening of the vertebra due to osteoporosis, tumors, or infection