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Application formResearch Project:

project descriptionVERSION JANUARY 2018

CoLoBri - Coolant Lobrid Technology

2 Application form Research Project: project description VLAIO.be

1. General information

1. Contact information – main applicant

Project name: CoLoBri - Coolant Lobrid Technology

Arteco NVTim Desmet Amelia Earhartlaan 19 bus 101 B-9051 St-Denijs Westrem

Tel: +32 494 56 08 18 Email: [email protected]

2. Start date and duration

01-09-2019 with a duration of 30 months

3. Project partners

Name Organization type Country Role Arteco NV Private company Belgium Main applicant VUB – SURF Academic institute Belgium Applicant University of Crete Academic institute Greece Subcontractor SGS Belgium Private company Belgium Subcontractor Agfa-Labs Private company Belgium Subcontractor TheSys Private company Germany Subcontractor University of Darmstadt Academic institute Germany Subcontractor NLO Gent Private company Belgium Subcontractor Creax Private company Belgium Subcontractor

4. External experts to be avoided

Companies to be avoided: - Prestone- Solventis - CCI

Agentschap Innoveren & Ondernemen Version 1.2 3

mailto:[email protected]

- BASF - Huntsman- Haertol- Recochem- Shell- Brenntag- Penray - Eastman - Oxea- Cargill- Wynn’s- Wolf Oil - Sunoco- Jodima - OEM companies such as Daimler, BMW, VW, Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Renault, Peugeot, etc….

Persons to be avoided: - Peter Woyciesjes- Guy Coussement- Marco Bergemann - Harald Dietl - Anton Dittner- Fred c Alverson- Wayne Mitchell- David Miller


2. Project context and summaryArteco develops and manufactures quality antifreeze coolants and heat transfer fluids for automotive and industrial applications. We offer innovative, competitive and efficient aqueous solutions to provide optimised thermal heat transfer and corrosion protection for cooling systems.

In 1998, Chevron and Total created a joint venture company - Arteco - to combine their strengths in the European coolants market. Arteco has enjoyed continuous growth and is now a leader in the European automotive coolant industry. In 2009, Arteco’s geographical scope grew beyond Europe to include Asia-Pacific, the Middle East and Africa, with offices in China, India and Japan.

In 2017, the company became an independent operating entity. R&D, Sales, customer support and administration are located in Sint Denijs Westrem, Gent region, whereas the major production site of the company is based in Schoten, Antwerp region.

Arteco is renowned for working in close partnership with most automotive manufacturers, referred to as Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), to develop coolants meeting their stringent requirements for first fill and service applications. This is a highly regulated environment in which a product needs to be approved by the OEM, which requires extensive prior testing, both in the lab as in the field.

Arteco introduced a technology in coolants known as “Organic Additive Technology” or “OAT” in the late eighties. Neutralized organic acids are used as corrosion inhibitors. This technology allowed to drastically increase the life time of the product, leading to less consumption and refill of cooling liquids, and thus a more sustainable solution for their customers. The introduction was very successful, leading to a 3-fold increase of the sales volumes for Arteco. Currently this is the standard and reference technology for many OEMs, especially French, British, Scandinavian and US companies.

More recently, German OEMs often request or prefer a certain amount of silicate in the coolant formulation, whereas Japanese OEM’s request a certain amount of phosphorous-based components. Due to the historical focus on OAT technology, Arteco has insufficient knowledge about the more inorganic components such as silicates and phosphates, especially in this “Lobrid” technology field where organic and inorganic inhibitors are combined. It is the goal of this project to remediate this. Little is published on aspects such as solubility of silicates and phosphates/phospohonates in ethylene glycol/water, or the underlying working mechanisms of the corrosion inhibition effects and potential synergies and the long-term stability. Therefore, a more fundamental approach is required. This geographical market segmentation is depicted in Figure 1.


Figure 1 The geographical segmentation of the current technology trends in coolant liquids. Brands mentioned are for explanatory reasons only, there is not necessarily a business relation between Arteco and the mentioned OEM.

Apart from the geographical segmentation, new technology trends in coolants are:

• Increased heat generation and heat transfer requirements (higher engine temperatures, less NOx) • More complex cooling system to enable the operation of more efficient vehicles with energy

recovery concepts (CO2 reduction) • The cooling system is getting smaller for the same heat input and at the edge of design • New materials are being used to decrease weight > Aluminum is now the standard engine material

for car applications (light vehicles and corresponding reduced CO2 emissions)• Sustainability – longer lifetimes of both coolant and engines is beneficial – both economically and

for the environment • Electrical and hybrid vehicles (battery) - not the focus of this project• Fuel cell vehicles - not the focus of this project

This project is dealing with the first five trends. In order to maintain a leading position in the coolant industry there is a need to get an in-depth understanding of these so-called “lobrid” coolant technologies where OAT technology is combined with a limited amount of inorganic inhibitors. This knowledge should form the basis for novel products, as defined and requested by mainly the large German respectively Japanese vehicle constructors, thus bringing a competitive technology advantage for Arteco and enable opportunity for future growth for Arteco. Also, the gained knowledge will serve as the basis of new product developments, which will be produced in Schoten, and allow a further expansion of the core-business.

This knowledge is co-developed with partners or subcontractors that have a fundamental understanding of the chemistry behind the observed challenges, problems or phenomena. Their contribution is an important accelerator for the project.

Executive summary

5. General purpose

It is the goal of this project to:


- Get an in-depth understanding of the corrosion inhibiting mechanisms for silicates in the presence of organic additive technology (Si-OAT) where the base fluids ethylene glycol/water systems are considered.

- Get an in-depth understanding of the corrosion inhibiting mechanisms for phosphates, phosphonates and other P-containing molecules in the presence of organic additive technology present (P-OAT) where the base fluids ethylene glycol/water systems are considered

- Get an in-depth understanding of the corrosion inhibiting synergistic effects for silicates and P-based components with organic additive technology present (Si/P-OAT) in ethylene glycol/water systems

- Identify hard-water stabilizing mechanisms for this type of technologies > identify new components that avoid the formation of precipitates with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions.

- Understand the mechanisms responsible for the formation of scale/sludge during storage or use- Identify new molecules that avoid precipitation and/or deposition of scale on engine components

(dispersants) - Identify (new) suitable anti-foam technologies that do not significantly interfere with silicates or P-

based components- Understand the fundamental precipitation reactions of silicates and/or P-components in presence

of cladding and brazing components (eg. flux)- Maintain silicates in dispersion, and avoid particles agglomeration to below 400 nm in size. - Gain market insight in the new technical demands for Si-OAT, P-OAT and Si/P-OAT- Make an evidence-based, objective selection between the different tracks namely Si-OAT, P-OAT

and Si/P-OAT (M2) (one or two options selected) - Build a strategic IP position within the field of Lobrid technology for Arteco- Develop one or two prototypes for performance evaluations (M3)

6. Specific objectives and criteria

The specific objectives are:- An in-house analytical method available for the determination of active silicate in coolants- One or more components available that provide hard water stability at 80 GdH for 1 week at 90°C- One or more components available that significantly increase the amount of active silicate in

coolant solution (+ 50% compared to Freecor® QRC) - One or more dispersants available for nanosilica particles (100% Si retention when filtered over

0.45 µm filter after hard water stability testing) - A proposed working mechanism for silicate corrosion inhibition available - A proposed working mechanism for P- corrosion inhibition available - A proposed working mechanism for silicate/P- corrosion inhibition available - Establish a correlation between coolant technology – chemical surface modification of Al –

corrosion protection- An analytical study on the different precipitates that are formed in an engine coolants system

available. - A suitable anti-foam technology available – evaluated according to ASTM D1881- Market insight report with customer specific technical requirements available - One or two prototype coolants available and evaluated against global accepted industry standards,

such as ASTM D3306, ASTM D6210, JIS K2234-2006 class II

The realization of the objectives and criteria should enable Arteco to make a rational, evidence-based choice between one or more options of the Si-OAT, P-OAT and Si/P-OAT technologies. This choice, and the


knowledge gathered in this project, are the basis for future development projects. This choice will be a balance between technological opportunities and market opportunities/requirements.

7. Impact

Currently the two major competitors for Arteco are BASF (Germany) and CCI Corporation (Japan). They have a strong position in Germany and Japan, respectively. As such, BASF is strong in Si-OAT, whereas CCI has a leading position in P-OAT. If the project is successful, this will lead to new products in a 3-5 year time frame (as of 2019) that outperform the current offering by the competition, enabling Arteco to gain market share in these two critical markets. By adequately responding to the market opportunities for German respectively Japanese cars in the region it will also have an important impact on the European market needs. This would mean an expansion of the core-business, an increased production in Schoten and increased export worldwide.

It is the aim to generate IP in these fields, in order to protect the technological advantage.

We estimate the potential additional volumes at 23000 MT1/year, with a ramp-up to 44500 MT/year, which could lead to an additional 6-9 additional headcount in the production site at Schoten and at headquarters in Sint-Denijs Westrem. As pointed out in Part 2 these estimates are based on existing requests from customers. The full potential might be higher, but is harder to predict.

3. Project content

2.1 State-of-the-art and relevance with respect to the state-of-the-art

1. Introduction

Most internal combustion engines are fluid cooled using either air (a gaseous fluid) or a liquid coolant run through a heat exchanger (radiator) cooled by air. In water-cooling system of cooling engines, the cylinder walls and heads are provided with a jacket through which the cooling liquid can circulate.

An internal combustion engine (ICE) produces power by burning fuel within the cylinders; therefore, it is often referred to as a "heat engine." However, only about 30-40 % of the heat is converted to useful power. Around 30-35 percent of the heat produced in the combustion chambers by the burning fuel are dissipated by the cooling system along with the lubrication and fuel systems. Around 40 percent of the heat produced passes out with the exhaust gases. If this heat were not removed quickly, overheating and extensive engine damage would result. Valves would burn and warp, lubricating oil would break down corresponding pistons and bearing would overheat. Consequently, the engine would break down. (Gogineni. Prudhvi, 2013)

1 MT: metric ton


Apart from the heat transfer, a coolant liquid also needs to protect the engine during its entire lifetime. This protection is two-fold. First of all the liquid cannot freeze or boil, during standstill or operation. Secondly, the coolant needs to protect the different materials of which the engine is constructed against corrosion, cavitation and erosion. This includes all the different metals present, extended towards elastomers used as hoses or joint fittings.

If a wrong coolant for a certain engine type is used, or if the coolant is aged and extensive oxidation took place, several adverse and irreversible phenomena might occur. Overheating is the major issue, but there is also a risk for increased fuel consumption and extensive wear of the components of the cooling system. This finally can result a reduced life times or repair-time of the cooling system components and thus engine. An important aspect here is the formation of deposits. It is estimated that the formation of a 0.6 mm deposit layer can reduce heat dissipation by 40%. This is especially problematic in the thin flow channels of the radiator.

A coolant mainly consists of:- A base fluid, mostly mono ethylene glycol (MEG), and sometimes glycerol


Figure 2 Overview of the heat generated by a traditional combustion engine and the different pathways for energy dissipation – the latest engines are somewhat more efficient with useful output up to 40%

Figure 3 top: a radiator working with OAT technology, no deposits can be seen. Bottom: a radiator working with traditional inorganic coolants showing clear white deposits and clogging of the flow channels

- Water - Corrosion inhibitors – various types are possible- Antifoams - Stabilizers - Buffers - Dyes

Before the 80’s corrosion, inhibition was mostly achieved with mineral or inorganic corrosion inhibitors such as borates, silicates, phosphates, nitrites and nitrates, etc. These types of coolants are referred to as “traditional coolants”. From 1992, with Renault as a first large customer, Texaco introduced the organic additive technology, “OAT” in the market. By now, this is a quality reference technology in the market. The major advantages over traditional coolants include:

- Reduced hard water scale- No silicate deposits - Longer lifetime – resulting in up to 5 times lower coolant consumption - Optimized compatibility with seals, plastics and elastomers- Free of nitrite, nitrate, amines, phosphates

However, mineral corrosion inhibitors might still have important add-on advantages. As most of them have a different working mechanisms compared to OAT, correspondingly a different kinetic can be expected. Therefore mixed types of technologies appeared where a traditional coolant (inorganic) contains a minor part of organic additive (Hybrid), or OAT technology with the addition of some inorganic inhibitor (Lobrid) have been developed. As such, four product categories are present in the market. It is this last category, the lobrid technology, which is the clear focus of this project. It is clear that a modern coolant will be based upon an organic backbone with the addition of synergistic mineral inhibitors to optimise performance.


2. Internal state-of-the-art

The current product offering of Arteco is depicted below, based on the four segments, which were discussed in the introduction.

Traditional Hybrid Lobrid OAT*

ConcentrateBS-AFNOR coolantFreecor® HDC

Freecor® LPCHavoline® AFC

Freecor® QRCFreecor® QFCFreecor® DSCHavoline® XLC-NM

Freecor® NRCHavoline® XLCFreecor® PGCBS-Coolant

Superconcentrate Freecor® NBI Engine Protector

Plus VPA

Freecor® NRBHavoline® XLBHavoline® XLICorrosion Inhibitor BSBCorrosion Inhibitor BSB-S

Arteco’s focus has always been the OAT and the initial Lobrid technology (silicate and phosphate free). Currently, about 80% of the sales volume is realized with this product category.

Therefore, the focus of this project is the concentrate Lobrid. The current offering includes Freecor ® QRC and Freecor® QFC. Both are older, first generation Si-OAT products that do not fulfill all of the most recent and future requirements of OEMs. Importantly, the stability of the silicates in the products is insufficient. Furthermore, these products are based on 2-ethyl hexanoic acid as OAT. This molecule is for toxicological reasons becoming more and more problematic for customers2. Consequently, there is no future-proof Si-OAT Lobrid technology available and a product improvement (of QRC) is not an option. A complete new formulation, with new OAT technology and improved silicate stability is required.

The Freecor® DSC product is an OAT product containing Molybdates, whereas Havoline ® XLC-NM is a specific heavy-duty coolant (mining industry etc) containing nitrites. Therefore, for passenger cars there is currently no phosphate-based OAT Lobrid available. A starting point could be the hybrid Freecor ® LPC, which is a phosphate containing product, however this is unclear at the moment. Although this might provide opportunities for some Japanese OEM’s, often phosphates are avoided by German OEMs, or can only be used in very limited amounts.

The potentially synergistic effect of silicate and phosphate additives in Lobrid technology is a completely unknown field. Those technologies might provide new performance levels targeting the future

2 potential risk for unborn child


requirements and enabling the changes in engine design for improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions without jeopardizing the cooling capabilities of the vehicles.

3. External state-of-the-art

Many patent publications on coolant additive technology have been generated in past and even more in recent times. When looking to the top the companies creating the invention disclosures in the engine coolant domain one can notice that the global coolant producers have a dominant position in IP in comparison with the more regional players.

Unfortunately, the published invention disclosures are not nicely indicating the link to our research as most of them are looking to improve corrosion protection and/or stability of coolant formulation. To reach higher levels of performance a mix of chemicals need to be combined, resulting in IP that shows an overlapping and scattered IP profile in between the different important players and research domains.

A brief overview is given of the most important IP related to the main players (including global but also smaller local players) in the field of the silicate and phosphate additive technology.

BASF SilicateA glycol-based antifreeze mixture which is free of nitrites and phosphates contains an alkali metal salt of a C4-C16-alkenylsuccinic acid, stabilized silicate and further corrosion-inhibiting additives is claimed in EP0361252. One can notice the limited scope and the limitations to make it phosphate free.

Organosilane/silicate copolymers obtainable by reacting an organic phosphosilicon compound with an alkali metal silicate for stabilizing silicates is described in EP0189527. Many current formulations are still using this type of technology, although the patent has been expired.


Figure 4 Overview of patent acitvity per company from 2004 till 2018.

Water-soluble silicates in combination with acrylic acid is described in US4487712A

From the information obtained, it can be concluded that most patents related to silicates have been expired and therefore sufficient freedom to operate exists.

PhosphatePhosphate-containing coolant mixtures which are stable in hard water and are based on glycol and are free from nitrates, silicates, amines and borates are described in EP0557761

Organic compounds containing sulfur, inorganic salts molybdate, inorganic phosphate salts, inorganic phosphate salts and aliphatic, cyclo-aliphatic and aromatic mono-, di- or tri-carbonate acids is describe in EP2956520A1.

CCI SilicateNo intellectual property in this field. Most of the CCI invention disclosures are mentioning the absence of silicates to ensure avoiding the negative effects.

PhosphateC6-C12 aliphatic dibasic acids in combination with strontium compounds and phosphoric acids and their alkali metal salts is disclosed in EP1081250.Aromatic monobasic acids and the salts thereof in combination with strontium compounds, magnesium compounds and calcium compounds and 2-phosphonobutane-1, 2, 4-tricarboxylic acid or the salt thereof is described in WO2005033362

Alkyl benzoic acids, aliphatic dicarboxylic and phosphate in combination with 2-phophonobutane-1, 2, 4-tricarboxylic acid is described in EP1683895B1.

HAERTOL SilicateUse of alkali metal nitrate as an additive for coolants in combination with silicate for reducing or preventing precipitation in cooling systems, is claimed in EP12772981. After performing prior art search and the fact that historical formulation have documented information on the combined use of silicate and nitrate we take the position that the patent is invalid and likely will not be granted.

ROWE

SilicateSilicate and at least two saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids together with saturated aliphatic or hydroxyl-containing aromatic monocarboxylic acid and phosphonocarboxylic acid and at least one heteropoly-complex anion from groups IIIA to VIA of the periodic table of the elements is described in EP3374463

PRESTONE

Phosphate


Aliphatic carboxylic acid in combination with inorganic phosphate, a magnesium compound and phosphonocarboxylates, phosphinocarboxylates, and combinations of two is disclosed in EP09825497.

Silicate and phosphateInorganic phosphate with tri- or tetracarboxylic acid and a C4-C22 aliphatic or aromatic mono- or dicarboxylic acid, a silicate and silicone or a silicate stabilizing siloxane is disclosed in EP1941076B1

CONCLUSION

Clearly, many invention disclosures have been published up to now. For silicate technology, one can observe that due to the extensive publications in the past, there is currently no to limited hindrance of the freedom to operate. As the historical IP was not focused on the stabilization of silicates, a lot of room is present to explore this area of silicate stabilization chemistry and its potential benefits in the cooling liquids applications.

On the phosphate chemistry we can notice a lot of IP creation (historical and recent) what makes the creation of a prototype formulation certainly a challenge. Importantly we will need to ensure our future learnings are not overlapping with existing IP of competitors. On the other hand, the existing IP is relative narrow as it focusses on product protection, rather than providing deeper scientific insight.Due to the geographical segmentation of technological preferences (Japan vs Germany), limited IP focuses on the combination of silicates and phosphates, and their synergistic advantages. Within this field, we believe there is little hindrance on the freedom-to-operate and still a clear potential to generate new IP.

Several Lobrid products are available on the market, both from Arteco as well as from the competition; however each of them shows important restrictions and disadvantages. These often relate to the use of silicates or phosphates. No satisfactory Si/P-OAT products are currently available, to the best of our knowledge.

In the table, an overview is presented of the current available competitive products that are classified as “Lobrid” technology with silicate and/or phosphate embedded. The major characteristics and limitations are described. Most of these have entered the market very recently. To the best of our knowledge most of these formulations show important disadvantages enabling us to provide technical solutions.

Product name Technology RemarksBASF G40 Si-OAT Poor compatibility with flux BASF G64 Si/P-OAT Reduced oxidation stability

Prestone Core Guard P-OAT Recent product - Limited hard-water stability CCI L255N P-OAT Limited hard-water stability

Haertol HT12 Si-OAT Recent product – high silicate consumption

4. Jump on state-of-the-art

For Si-OAT the requirements are at least: - A new OAT corrosion package (free of 2-ethyl hexanoic acid), compatible with silicate technology


- Increased oxidation stability (+50% compared to Freecor® QRC)- A new silicate stabilization package (+50% Si stability compared to Freecor® QRC) - Explore if latent silicate sources are an option (proof-of-concept) - Avoid silicate deposit formation - Generate the basic knowledge required for the development of a lobrid Si-OAT or Si/P-OAT coolant

(longer-term) that fulfills current OEM requirements For P-OAT

- A new hard-water stabilization package based on phosphorous chemistry - Avoid the unfavorable toxicological position of traditional phosphate/borate containing coolants

(Hybrid) - Avoid the formation of precipitates due to hard water and other metallic ions with phosphoric

componentsFor Si/P-OAT

- Identify the potential for synergistic effects and/or the incompatibility of the two technologies - The goal is to come to a prototype that is based on several corrosion inhibition mechanisms,

without showing the drawbacks of the current Lobrid products.

5. Freedom-to-operate

The use of silicate as corrosion inhibitor has been widespread for the last 70 years. In coolant applications. Its use got a hype in the seventies when light metal (aluminum alloys) were introduced. Those historical coolant formulations had a high to very high pH, thus increasing the solubility of the silicate. Unfortunately, after a fast consumption of the silicate the remaining fluid was corrosive towards the metal it was trying to protect. To ensure multi-metal corrosion protection a more neutral (slightly alkaline) pH was adapted by the automotive industry. In such conditions however, the silicate was no longer stable and the industry faced massive drop out and failing engine systems as a result. In order to reduce the risks some specifications such as ASTM D4985 were published, in order to limit the amount of silicate. In those days, an important amount of IP was created however it was focused on the combination of silicate with other corrosion inhibitors rather than focused on the stabilization of the silicate during use.

Different strategies were followed depending on the region and one could notice the increased focus of European producers (mainly German) on the improvement towards silicate stability. No studies neither patent disclosures were made public as the know how was, and still is, considered more valuable when handled through a trade secret approach.

A lot of research is ongoing and expertise build for use of traditional silicate techology. Those research areas are mostly situated in a water environment. As coolants contain ethylene glycol, and are diluted with water to a final usable form, the chemistry should be considered in an ethylene glycol matrix. The effects of glycol as a solvent on silicates chemistry are not known. Combining the expertise of the Crete University on silicate stability with the corrosion protection expertise of Arteco clearly gives a new angle on building the know-how and understanding for creating more advanced performing engine coolant fluids.

Within Arteco we have seen that the requirements are not stable in the industry. First, the mobility sector focused on reduced particulate and NOX reduction (different EURO4, EURO5 and EURO6 norms). Now, an additional focus on fuel consumption in the measure of CO2 reduction is driving current directions. This means that smaller engines are built, and they run at higher temperatures. Additionally the cooling circuit becomes smaller and lighter. For these applications Lobrid technology is the correct choice. Arteco has created none patented technology that they supply to the European market Freecor ® QRC and Freecor®


QFC that is approved at major German OEM’s. However these products will not fulfill future product requirements. There is a need to improve the inorganic corrosion inhibition package.

Arteco already started the journey to look in improving silicate technology by introducing supporting additives to increase the stability. The combination of silicate technology and aromatic polyacid was investigated and a patent filed in EP19181336.9 earlier this year. A more fundamental and deeper understanding of the interaction of the used chemical classes is needed to ensure an even better selection to create competitive differentiated performing technology.

Phosphates have been in use since a long time. As with the silicate technology few or no disclosure have been made specifically on the stabilization of the phosphate. Most of the historical publications as well as invention disclosure limit themselves to the combined use of phosphate with other corrosion inhibitors. Most recent IP generation can be seen in the direction of stabilizing the phosphate by the combined use of aromatic monobasic acids, 2-phosphonobutane-1, 2, 4-tricarboxylic and strontium, magnesium or calcium salts (EP1683895B1) with indeed improved stability towards hard water scale. Another example is the combined use of aromatic carboxylic or aliphatic carboxylic acid in combination with an inorganic phosphate, a magnesium compound, a phosphonocarboxylate, a phosphinocarboxylate, a benzoate, a molybdate, a mercaptobenzothiazole, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing components (EP16190368).

On the basis of earlier cooperation with Thesys and the University of Darmstadt learned that those labs have direct access and capability to adapt testing towards correlation of future operating conditions. Information for this future demand is gathered through working forum in Germany FVV (Forschungsverein führ Verbrennungskraftmaschinen) that comprises the major OEM’s, system suppliers to the OEM’s and major coolant producers. The major academic partner in this group is University of Darmstadt.

To evaluate not only the corrosion rate but also the quality and understanding of the protective layer formation, Arteco is looking to bring in the expertise of the VUB who has no knowledge on coolants, however the lab has a deep understanding of characterization of corrosion and protective layers on metals.

2.2 Project implementation

6. Approach

We will start from the most fundamental questions, and more simple systems, and move towards problems that are more complex over the course of the project.


The first work package will focus on Si-OAT technology. This includes developing new analytical methods, both wet-chemical, electrochemical and other techniques for the analysis of the liquid coolant. Surface analysis of the corroded metal species should provide insight in the working mechanisms and the extensive chemical analysis of deposits and precipitates should provide insight in the root cause of scale formation and radiator clogging. The techniques developed will be used to search for new components that improve the performance of the Si-OAT. A large part of the techniques and knowledge developed in WP1 will also be used in WP3.

In a second work package a similar activities will be implemented for P-OAT technology. The developed knowledge and methods will again serve as input for WP3. After one year a choice between Si-OAT and P-OAT will be made, if this is possible at that moment. This will also depend on the market input. (M1)

The third work package is a more complex system where silicates and phosphorous components are combined. A first part of the exercise is to look for synergistic effects that outperform the Si-OAT and P-OAT as such, without causing problems with precipitates. An iterative benchmark exercise between Si-OAT, P-OAT and Si/P-OAT is foreseen for about 3 months. After two years a final selection between the different technologies should be made (M2). It would be preferred if all requirements could be addressed by just one technology, however this chance is limited. It is reasonable to assume that at least two types of technologies will enter into a prototype phase.

Within the fourth work package, where prototype coolants will be evaluated in more realistic, close to the field test conditions. These include dynamic corrosion tests, water-pump tests and knocking chamber tests as internal test. Although not part of an industry, specification they are valued by major OEM’s and governed by the FVV in Germany. Some other tests need to be performed at external laboratories, for reasons of complexity or because of accreditation. These are described in industry norms such as ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), JIS (Japanese Industry Standard) and KIS (Korean Industry Standard). These results are needed to understand whether or not a certain coolant prototype can be further developed into a product. This decision should be taken for each prototype at the end of this project (M3).


Figure 5 Shematic overview of the different workpackages and the interaction between them

The partners and subcontractors of this project have been carefully selected, based on their competences.

Arteco is the specialist in coolant liquids and technology. Arteco knows the application, the market and the requirements.

The VUB has in-depth and fundamental knowledge on corrosion, with a focus on Aluminum corrosion. They focus mostly on the interphase phenomena, and have both the equipment as well as the trained staff to investigate this part of the problem.

UoC has a broad expertise in silicates and silicate stabilization. Moreover, important work of Prof. Demadis focused on the interactions between phosphorous components and silicates. The liquid area is clearly their area of expertise, however mostly considered for full water-based systems.

Agfa-labs is a service-provider for non-routine analysis. Due to their activities in aluminum offset printing plates, they have a broad experience in problem solving with regard to Aluminum, silicates and polymers in general.

SGS is the partner for more routine analysis on coolant samples. TheSys is a German subcontractor which is specialized in coolant testing. They focus on advanced

dynamic testing conditions that correlate to real life operating conditions. Technical University of Darmstadt is a university with tight connections to the German car industry

with testing capabilities in certain working area like cavitation and flow corrosion. Darmstadt University is a direct partner for German tests such as FVV tests. This is the sole focus of this laboratory.

For the exploration of new technologies in the field of antifoam and hard-water stabilizers a desktop study will be outsourced to Creax, a Flemish company based in Kortrijk, and with extensive knowledge on innovation trajectories.

NLO supports Arteco in its activities related to intellectual property.


Figure 6 project timeline with the different workpackages and milestones

Figure 7 Schematic overview of the different partners and the different parts of the cooling system they will be focussing upon.


7. Work program

Work package number:

1 Start month: 1 Duration:(months)

12-18 Total number of person months:

65

Title: Silicate – fundamental research Partner: Arteco VUBPerson months: 51 14

Subcontractor(s):UOC (Greece), Agfa-Labs, Creax, Darmstadt University/Thesys (Germany) SGS

Objective of the work package: understand silicate corrosion mechanisms and stability – identify potential solutions for precipitation of silicate-based gels and sols. Identify a new OAT backbone, which does not contain 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, and is compatible with silicate chemistry.

Task 1.1: wet-chemical techniques for silicate characterization (Arteco, 4 pm) - Develop a suitable test method for the determination of active silicate content in water/ethylene

glycol- Develop a suitable test method to determine amount of larger silica particles/agglomerates

Task 1.2: performance testing (Arteco, 3 pm) - Develop a modified hard-water stability test, mimicking the real-life conditions- Develop a modified method to evaluate the corrosion protection (ASTM D4340, potentially

modified by addition of Flux or relevant ions). This task will depend on the outcome of task 1.7.

Task 1.3: electrochemical techniques for silicate characterization (Arteco, 4 pm/VUB, 8 pm)- Perform different electrochemical evaluations of silicate-based coolants - Develop a suitable electrochemical method to characterize surface modification (see task 1.4)- Correlate electrochemical results with amount of reactive Si (see task 1.1) and effective corrosion

protection in performance tests (see task 1.2) Task 1.4: surface-characterization of Aluminum surface exposed to silicates (Arteco, 3 pm/VUB, 6 pm)

- Analyze the surface of Al exposed to Si-OAT with SEM-EDX and XPS - Perform this for varying concentrations of Si-OAT (iterative) - Perform this for varying formulations of Si-OAT (iterative) - Propose a working mechanism of Si corrosion protection in coolants

Task 1.5: perform particle analysis of “nanosilica” in coolants (Arteco, 4 pm/Agfa-Labs) - Perform particle size and distribution experiments- Determine zeta-potential - Iterations for different formulations


Task 1.6: identify silicate stabilizers (Arteco, 6 pm) - Identify and acquire/order silicate stabilizing components- Identify an OAT backbone composition that leads to an increased active Si content – this backbone

should be free of 2-ethylhexanoic acid - Test if they are effective in increasing active silicate content in ethylene glycol/water using the

techniques from Task 1.1 - Evaluate if this results in increased corrosion protection

Task 1.7: silicate sludge, scale and precipitations (Arteco, 3 pm/UOC) - Analyze the chemical nature of different sources of precipitates (UOC)

o Influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ionso Influence of Al3+ and Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions o Influence of Flux® (see also task 1.2)

- Root cause analysis > input for task 1.2 and task 1.8

Task 1.8: identify and evaluate hard-water stabilizers (Arteco, 4 pm/ Creax) - Literature overview study on available polymer based hard-water stabilizers technology (Creax) - Depending on the responsible ions (input from task 1.7) different scavenger and/or sequestering

agents can be proposed- Evaluate these components with methods developed under task 1.2

Task 1.9: identify and evaluate dispersants (Arteco, 3 pm) - Depending on particle size and charge identify potential dispersants for the formed nanosilica, as

such avoiding sludge formation or precipitation (input task 1.5)

Task 1.10: test latent silicate-source (Arteco, 2 pm ) - Evaluate if it is possible to formulate a coolant containing Si from a well-dispersed, stable nanosilica

composition that is gradually leaching out reactive silicate into the solution. - Use methods from task 1.1, 1.2 and potentially 1.4 to evaluate this concept and benchmark it vs

current state-of-art (metasilicate).

Task 1.11: test and select anti-foam technology (Arteco, 3 pm / Creax) - Literature overview study on polymer based anti-foam technology (Creax) - The anti-foam technology should not interfere with the reactive silicate or lead to the precipitation

of Si nanoparticles (use methods from task 1.1) – evaluate the effect of silicone-based anti-foams on the amount of reactive silicates

Task 1.12: synergistic effects (Arteco, 6 pm) - Investigate potential synergies with other (in)organic corrosion inhibitors and Si-OAT, this in order

to provide corrosion resistance to all metals that are present in the engine (use the methods developed in task 1.3)

-Task 1.13: corrosion testing of Si-OAT (Arteco, 5 pm, Darmstadt University/Theys)

- Perform standard or adjusted ASTMD4340 (static corrosion test) on Aluminum - Perform standard or adjusted ASTMD1384 (static corrosion test) on metal coupon set


- Perform standard or adjusted FVV test (dynamic corrosion test) on Aluminum, cast iron and coupon set3

Challenges and risks:- Silicates are not stable at a pH below 9-10. They autopolymerise with the formation of nanosilica

particles that can further grow and/or agglomerate. Therefore it is uncertain to what extend this reaction can be hindered or slowed down.

- Intrinsically positive cations and negative silicate or negative surface of nanosilica interact. It is uncertain to what extend stabilizing mechanism can be identified.

- It is uncertain if the available concepts and components will perform in ethyelene glycol/water. No or little scientific literature is available, as most of the work has been done on 100% water-based systems.

- If successful routes are selected, the implementation should be a limited risk. The considered strategies are compatible with the current production installation. Some prototype work will be needed to ensure proper production feasibility into the standard or adapted production installation.

- If Si-OAT is not the most suitable option, it might be decided to focus on P-OAT and/or Si/P-OAT. As such the different technologies are fallbacks for each other.

Expected results/deliverables and possible milestones- An in-house analytical method available for the determination of active silicate (molybdate

reactive) in coolants- One or more components available that provide hard water stability at 80 GdH for 1 week at 90°C

for Si-OAT - One or more components available that significantly increase the amount of active silicate in

coolant solution (+ 50% compared to Freecor® QRC) - One or more dispersants available for “nanosilica” particles (100% Si retention when filtered over

0.45 µm filter after hard water stability testing) - A proposed working mechanism for silicate corrosion inhibition available - A suitable anti-foam technology available – evaluated according to ASTM D1881

3 FVV= Forschungsvereinigung Verbrennungskraftmaschinen


Work package number: 2

Start month: 1 Duration:(months)

12-18 Total number of person months:

46

Title: P-based technology – fundamental research Partner: Arteco VUBPerson months: 34 12

Subcontractor(s):Agfa Labs, Darmstadt University, Thesys (Germany), SGS, Creax

Objective of the work package: understand phosphate corrosion mechanisms and stability – identify potential solutions for precipitation of phosphate salts. Identify a new OAT backbone, which does not contain 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, and is compatible with phosphate chemistry. Evaluate the need for additional corrosion inhibitors.

Tasks:

Task 2.1: P-based components (Arteco, 2 pm) - Acquire and source new and various P-based corrosion inhibitors - Acquire and source new and various P-based sequestrants - Acquire and source new and various P-based hard water stabilizers

Task 2.2: electrochemical techniques for phosphate characterization (Arteco, 4 pm/VUB, 6 pm)- Perform potentiometric evaluation of phosphate-based coolants to confirm layer build-up –

develop a suitable electrochemical method - Perform impedance measurements - Correlate electrochemical results with amount of P-containing corrosion inhibitor (see task 2.1)

and effective corrosion protection in performance tests (see task 1.2) Task 2.3: surface-characterization of Aluminum surface exposed to P-OAT (Arteco, 4 pm/VUB, 6 pm)

- Analyze the surface of Al exposed to P-OAT with SEM-EDX and XPS - Perform this for varying concentrations of P-OAT (iterative) - Perform this for varying formulations of P-OAT (iterative) - Propose a working mechanism of P corrosion protection in coolants

Task 2.4: Phosphate precipitations (Arteco, 3 pm/UOC) - Analyze the chemical nature of different sources of precipitates (UOC)

o Influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ionso Influence of Al3+ and Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions o Influence of Flux

- Root cause analysis > it is known that many phosphate salts are insoluble in water, however it is unclear what the major contributions are in the precipitates formed in cooling systems

Task 2.5: identify phosphate stabilizers (Arteco, 7 pm/ Creax )


- Identify and acquire/order P-OAT stabilizing components- Test if they are effective in preventing precipitations in ethylene glycol/water - Identify an OAT backbone composition that leads to decreased P-containing depositions - Evaluate if this results in increased corrosion protection

Task 2.6: synergistic effects (Arteco, 6 pm) - Investigate potential synergies with other (in)organic corrosion inhibitors and P-OAT, this in order

to provide corrosion resistance to all metals that are present in the engine.

Task 2.7 benchmark Si-OAT vs P-OAT (Arteco, 3 pm) - 2 iterations foreseen - Evaluation in ASTM D4340 hot surface corrosion test and ASTMD1384 glassware corrosion tests - Evaluation against ASTM D3306, standard specification for coolants for passenger cars.

Task 2.8: corrosion testing of P-OAT (Arteco, 5 pm, Darmstadt University/Thesys) - Perform standard or adjusted ASTMD4340 (static corrosion test) on Aluminum - Perform standard or adjusted ASTMD1384 (static corrosion test) on metal coupon set - Perform standard or adjusted FVV and/or GFC4 Scavini (dynamic corrosion test) on Aluminum, cast

iron and coupon set.

Challenges and risks:- The very low solubility of many phosphate salts is an intrinsic chemical property causing precipitate

formation and clogging. It is unclear to what extend this can be overcome by combinations of sequestrants.

- Phosphates are known to provide corrosion protection for aluminium, however other metals present in the engine such as cast iron, stainless steel, brass and copper need to be protected as well. It is very unlikely that P-OAT technology will be sufficient.

- Different additional corrosion inhibitors can overcome this, provided that the effect is at least cumulative.

- It is uncertain if the available concepts and components will perform in ethyelene glycol/water. No or little scientific literature is available, as most of the work has been done on 100% water-based systems.

- If successful routes are selected, the implementation should be a limited risk. The considered strategies are compatible with the current production installation.

- If P-OAT is not the most suitable option, it might be decided to focus on Si-OAT and/or Si/P-OAT. As such the different technologies are fallbacks for each other.

Expected results/deliverables and possible milestones- A proposed working mechanism for P- corrosion inhibition available - An analytical study on the different precipitates that are formed in an engine coolants system

available. - One or more components available that provide hard water stability at 80 GdH for 1 week at 90°C

for P-OAT

4 GFC: Groupement Francais de Coordination


Work package number:

3 Start month: 6 Duration:(months)

12 Total number of person months:

27

Title: Si/P – understanding the synergies Partner: Arteco VUBPerson months: 22 5

Subcontractor(s): Agfa Labs, Darmstadt University/Thesys (Germany), SGS, UOC (Greece)

Objective of the work package: This workpackage aims to combine the knowledge from WP1 and WP2 to come to a superior formulation – not causing precipitations and offering long life time protection of Aluminum.

Tasks:Task 3.1: formulation research (Arteco, 5 pm)

- Combine the identified components from WP1 and WP2 into a single formulation- Evaluation of basic properties such as

o Reserve alkalinity o pH o buffer capacity o precipitations

- evaluation (ASTM D4340) and re-iteration (3 times max)

Task 3.2: electrochemical benchmark (Arteco 3pm, VUB 2pm) - Perform potentiometric evaluation of Si/P-OAT system vs selected system (Si-OAT and/or P-OAT)

Task 3.3: surface-characterization of Aluminum surface exposed to Si/P-OAT (Arteco, 3 pm/VUB, 3 pm) - Analyze the surface of Al exposed to Si/P-OAT with SEM-EDX and XPS - Perform this for varying formulations of Si/P-OAT (iterative) - Propose a working mechanism for Si/P corrosion protection in coolants

Task 3.4: Silicate/Phosphate precipitations (Arteco, 3 pm/UOC) - Analyze the chemical nature of different sources of precipitates (UOC)

o Influence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ionso Influence of Al3+ and Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions o Influence of Flux

- Root cause analysis > it is known that many phosphate salts are insoluble in water, however it is unclear what the major contributions are in the precipitates formed in cooling systems

Task 3.5: hard water stability testing (Arteco, 3 pm) - Re-iterative (5 iterations) evaluation of the hard-water stabilizing package based on input from task

3.4 and task 3.1


Task 3.6: corrosion testing of Si/P-OAT (Arteco, 5 pm / Darmstadt University/Thesys) - Perform standard or adjusted ASTMD4340 (static corrosion test) on Aluminum - Perform standard or adjusted ASTMD1384 (static corrosion test) on metal coupon set - Perform standard or adjusted FVV and/or GFC Scavini dynamic corrosion test

Challenges and risks:- It is known that phosphate-salts from Ca and Mg are insoluble. These particles might form nuclei on

which silicate-scale and deposits might grow. The interference of P-precipitations and silicates in coolants in unknown.

- Reversely, silicates are known to from nuclei, especially in the presence of Al and Fe ions, which might form the basis for further depositions of insoluble phosphate salts.

- It is known that hard deposits cause extensive wear on HNBR seals of water pump by mechanical abrasion, leading to leakages.

- Synergistic effects that were identified in WP1 or WP2 are not necessarily transferrable to WP3. For example, it is known that phosphates and Mo react. It is possible that Molybdate ions show a synergistic corrosion protection with silicates, but Mo might be incompatible with the phosphate chemistry.

- A fallback position is to omit the use of phosphate and design a hard-water stabilizing package fully based on phosphonates.

Expected results/deliverables and possible milestones- Knowledge on the possible synergistic effects between silicate inhibitors and P-based inhibitors in

OAT coolant – a proposed working mechanism available - Knowledge on adverse effects of the combination of these types of inhibitors - A proposed working mechanism for silicate/P- corrosion inhibition available - Establish a correlation between coolant technology – chemical surface modification of Al –

corrosion protection



Start month: Duration:(months)

Total number of person months:

24

Title: Prototype Partner: Arteco VUB Person months: 24 0

Subcontractor(s):Agfa Labs, Darmstadt University/Thesys (Germany), SGS

Objective of the work package: The aim of this work package is to come to one, or maximum three producible prototypes. The knowledge and new components from WP1, 2 and 3 will be combined to come to a prototype coolant that demonstrates the required performance and can be produced in the existing facility in Schoten.

Tasks:Task 4.1: blending research (Arteco, 5 pm)

- On lab/prototype scale, evaluate different orders of adding components > flocculation or precipitation being formed?

- Determine pH steering profile- Determine blending temperatures - Determine pre-blend approaches and compositions for certain components such as silicates and

anti-foam - Miscibility of anti-foam > determine correct mixer strategy - Prepare 5 liter,20 and 400 liter batches of potential candidates

Task 4.2: production feasibility - pilot production (Arteco 7 pm) Currently no pilot blending infrastructure is available at Arteco. Scale-up is typically from lab (max 20 liters) to production (minimal 2 tons – for production processes min 20 tons, normally 300 tons per blend). The use of more diverse ingredients (organics and inorganics) in more hybrid and lobrid formulations may lead to unwanted effects such as precipitation, and flocculation with clogging as a result. Currently a project is initiated to implement a pilot blender infrastructure (CAPEX around € 150k-200k). This project is not part of this research project, however, the new components and formulations identified in WP1,2 and 3 will be tested and scaled-up in this pilot installation. Process steering parameters will be determined.

- Scale-up to blender of 400 liters and premixer of 40 liters - 3 iterations foreseen – steering on conductivity and pH - Determine cooling rates (if required)

Task 4.3 prototype evaluation (Arteco, 5 pm, Darmstadt University/Thesys)WP1, 2 and 3 focused on laboratory methods including standard analytical tests and corrosion experiments. It is the aim to go to more dynamic test conditions which simulate the engine cooling circuit, with the prototype formulations prepared in WP4. Several of these tests can be performed in-house; others need to be performed externally.

- Evaluate coolant prototype against industry standards


- Perform standard or adjusted FVV and/or GFC Scavini dynamic corrosion test- Perform standard or adjusted ASTM D 2801 water-pump test

Task 4.4 formulation iterations (Arteco, 7 pm) - It can be expected that adjustments on the prototype will be needed depending on the feedback

from task 4.1-4.3 – this involves redesign at laboratory scale.

Challenges and risks:- New components that might interact might require new blending processes/procedures in order to

avoid problems > managed by introducing an intermediate pilot facility - New and unexpected negative effects might be noticed at this stage – both for manufacturing as

well as for performance in more advanced settings – redesign and/or adjustment of the prototype(s) will most likely be needed

Expected results/deliverables and possible milestones- One or two prototype coolants available and evaluated against global accepted industry standards,

such as ASTM D3306, ASTM D6210, JIS K2234-2006 class II- A feasible production route



Start month: 1 Duration:(months)

30 Total number of person months:

13

Title: Project management Partner: Arteco VUBPerson months: 11 2

Subcontractor(s):NLO – Gent

Objective of the work package: It is the objective of this work package to ensure all stakeholders are aligned, to inform different stakeholders on progress made, to capture insights from the market and actively pursue potential co-development projects. Furthermore, this work package will handle the IP-related matters.

Tasks:Task 5.1: project management (Arteco, 6 pm / VUB, 2 pm)

- Organize and report technical follow-up meetings (bi-monthly)- Organize and report general follow-up meetings (bi-monthly)- Write project report- Provide reporting to VLAIO (every 6m) - Day-to-day project management according to Arteco procedures and IATF conform

Task 5.2: Intelectual property (Arteco, 3 pm / NLO ) - Asses freedom-to-operate for prototype candidates- Follow-up on patent literature in the Lobrid field- Prepare experiments/data and input for the filing of own foreground IP

Task 5.3: market insight (Arteco, 5 pm) - Visit OEM customers, discuss potential Lobrid developments and critical requirements - Follow-up on the literature in the field- Follow-up on the requirements for coolants as published by the major OEM companies - Visit congresses/fairs/conferences/international organizations

Challenges and risks:- Freedom to operate due to competitive IP – this risk is estimated as limited

Expected results/deliverables and possible milestones- Project meetings performed and project documented/communicated - Reporting to VLAIO performed - Foreground IP filed - Freedom-to-operate for prototypes (WP4) available - Market insight report with customer specific requirements available


8. Overview of staffing

An overview of the staffing per WP and per year is presented below for both partners, Arteco and VUB.

WP PartnerStart date Start

dateStart date

TOTAL+ 12 months + 24

months+ 30 months

1Arteco 27.5 23.5 0 51VUB 7 7 0 14

2Arteco 17 17 0 34VUB 8 4 0 12

3Arteco 7 15 0 22VUB 0 5 0 5

4Arteco 0 3 21 24VUB 0 0 0 0

5Arteco 5 4 5 14VUB 1 0.5 0.5 2

TOTALarteco 56.5 62.5 26 145VUB 16 16.5 0.5 33

The overview of the large subcontractors shows the current annual spent, and a certain budget, which is foreseen for the support for this project. Note that some subcontractors, such as SGS, have been a partner of Arteco for a longer period, other subcontractors such as UOC, are recent and specifically for this project.

In k€subcontractor total budget Y1 Y2 Y3UOC € 137 € 68 € 68 SGS € 150 € 50 € 50 € 50 Agfa-Labs € 108 € 36 € 36 € 36 Creax € 50 € 50 TheSys € 60 € 15 € 20 € 25 Darmstadt University € 25 € 5 € 10 € 10

NLO € 90 € 30 € 30 € 30 € 620 € 254 € 214 € 151


Budget summary For a more detailed budget we refer to the part 3 of this application.

type arteco Y1 VUB Y1 Arteco Y2 VUB Y2 Arteco Y3 VUB Y3

personnel € 516,499 € 133,333

€ 571,349

€ 137,500

€ 237,681 € 4,167

costs € 94,167 € 26,667

€ 104,167

€ 27,500

€ 43,333 € 833

subcontractors € 254,460 € 214,460

€ 151,000

total € 865,126 € 160,000

€ 889,976

€ 165,000

€ 432,015 € 5,000

funding requested € 396,765

€ 160,000

€ 408,161

€ 165,000

€ 198,131 € 5,000

arteco total 2,187,116 €arteco funding requested 1,003,057 €

VUB total 330,000 €VUB funding requested 330,000 €

total project 2,517,116 €total funding requested 1,333,057 €

9. Justification of the research typology

WP Evaluation Activity WP1 Si-OAT Research New methods and components –

fundamental understanding of silicate stability and corrosion inhibition

WP2 P-OAT Research New methods and components – fundamental understanding of phosphorous-based corrosion inhibition and precipitation

WP3 Si/P-OAT Research New methods and components – fundamental search for synergistic effects

WP4 prototype Development Combine the knowledge from WP1, 2 and 3 in the development of a prototype coolant – perform process research

WP5 project management Research IP, project management and market


research

2.3 Expertise and resources

ARTECO NV

Arteco NV has a state-of-the-art R&D laboratory (new offices and laboratory in use since October 2018). Within the technology department, 18 persons are employed, of which 7 laboratory technicians, typically a bachelor grade. 5 product developers (typically a PhD in chemistry or related scientific field) perform the execution of research projects and development projects. The technical support to the customers is managed within this department, as well as scaling-up and process development within the production plant. Arteco has a clear focus on coolant liquids, and corresponding this is the DNA of the technology department. Due to a good relationship and technical discussions with the major OEM’s in the automotive field, a deep application knowledge is present within the company.

The laboratory is equipped with all standard physicochemical tests used for coolant analyses. The standard corrosion tests in use in the coolant field are available (ASTM D4340, ASTMD1384, etc). A technical person is responsible for the in-house development of specific test set-ups to increase the correlation of observed field phenomena and lab evaluations. The test specimen generated as such, including the deposits generated in the coolant, the metallic specimen, as the coolant itself can be analysed internally, or can be delivered to one of the partners (VUB, UOC, Agfa-Labs) for additional in depth analysis which are not available in the laboratory.

Additionally, in 2019 the company invested heavily in new equipment such as:- ICP - XRF analysis - Density meter - A new microscope - A HPLC

Arteco invested in new offices and a new laboratory, which was fully operational by end of November 2018. This investment underlines the clear commitment of Arteco to a long-term presence in Flanders, and technological innovations for its customers.

VUB – SURF The research group of Prof. Herman Terryn at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) is widely renowned as one of the major competence centers on Aluminum corrosion. The group is specialized in surface science and electrochemical analysis of corrosion phenomena. In 2012 Prof. Terryn was granted with a Methusalem project, which provides long term and structural funding for excellent Flemish researchers.Prof. Terryn is founder of the conference ASST-Aluminium Suface Science and Technology and representative for Belgium for the International Corrosion Council (ICC).

Within the department, several analytical techniques are available, such as SEM-EDX, XPS, Tof-SIMS and advanced electrochemical set-ups, which are complementary to the equipment available at Arteco. The instruments available enable to gain deeper insight in the working mechanisms off the different corrosion


inhibitor technologies, which is at the core of this project. Moreover, due to the presence of trained staff, the know-how to interpret the analytical data is available. The innovation-mandate for a post-doc enables to have sufficient resources available to ensure continuity in this project.

The group has a successful track-record with industry-related projects and services. Several start-up companies were created within this environment.

UNIVERSITY OF CRETE - UOC UOC has a broad, deep (more than 100 publications), and long (~ 16 years) expertise on silicate chemistry and silicate stabilization. Moreover, important work of Prof. Demadis and his Group have focused on the interactions between a broad selection of components and silicates and is therefore the ideal partner in this area of chemical technology.

THESYS

TheSys is a German subcontractor which is specialized in coolant testing. TheSys focusses on advanced dynamic testing conditions that correlate with observed field challenges or future engine configurations. They are the partner of choice for many German car manufacturars. A list with available tests and pricing is available in the budget proposal.

DARMSTADT UNIVERSITY This is the major academic partner for the German automotive industry. Through the participation at the FVV workgroep Darmstadt University develops the newest tests for the German car industry, and is able to perform them as a service. For later stage prototypes this is a necessary step.

CREAX CREAX is a versatile team that combines analytical skills and creativity to support open innovation initiatives. In this frame, they are consulted to facilitate cross-industry know-how build up and will give none coolant related input on different technical challenges.

SGS SGS is the partner for routine analysis on coolant samples. Many of the research samples will be analysed in their facilities in Zwijnaarde Technologiepark.

AGFA-LABS Agfa-labs is a service-provider for non-routine analysis, based in Mortsel. Due to their activities in aluminum offset printing plates, they have a broad experience in problem solving with regard to Aluminum, silicates and polymers in general.

NLO – GHENT OFFICE NLO is a service provider for intellectual property related topics. They provide support in relation to freedom to operate and the creation of potential future invention disclosures.


4. Additional information

All available price lists and offers from subcontractors are included in the project budget.


Documents

Sjabloon brochure - Front page | SURF Intranet · Web viewPhosphate-containing coolant mixtures which are stable in hard water and are based on glycol and are free from nitrates,