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Estonian approaches to Implementation of Nitrogen
Directive
Ain KendraJäneda Training and Advisory Center
ESTONIA
Regional Workshop on Agricultural Nutrient Reduction Road to Compliance with EU Nitrate Directive
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 2
Content
• Few basic facts• Transition of agriculture• Regional differences• Definition of Nitrogen-sensitive areas• Monitoring of nitrogen in waters• ACTION PLAN• Measures to reduce nitrogen (investment)
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 3
Basic facts on Estonia
• Population – 1,356 million• Area – 45,225 km2
• Forest – over 50%• Agricultural land – under 33%• Water – inland waterbodies 6,2% of territory
– 1150 lakes & 420 rivers (over 10 km length)
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 4
Transition of agriculture 1990-2003
• Agricultural reform – Farming Law 1989 – 12,000 farms before reform– 1991 - quick destruction of soviet system (350 farms)– Privatization of buildings & machinery
• Land reform 1993 still not completed (definition)– Restitution (1939) of possible, to former owners– Privatization to current users
• Agricultural employment– 1990 – 136,800– 2000 – 28,700
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Agricultural Land Use – 1980-2003
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003
Field crops
AGR LAND (UAA)
6Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004
Land use (stat)vs IACS Field Register
0,743 to 0,836 (3)0,652 to 0,743 (6)0,561 to 0,652 (2)0,47 to 0,561 (1)0,379 to 0,47 (2)
Use of land resources
7Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004
Livestock 1980-2003
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1980 19851990 1995 2000 2001 2002 20030
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Cattle
Pigs
Sheep & Goats
Horses
Poultry
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Livestock (relative) concentrationLivestock
density0,27 to 0,315 (3)0,212 to 0,27 (2)0,183 to 0,212 (4)0,143 to 0,183 (2)0,104 to 0,143 (4)
Livestock concentrationrelative
5,2
cattleporkpoultry
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 9
Arable land fertility
44,9 to 50,4 (26)43,7 to 44,9 (17)41 to 43,7 (21)39,8 to 41 (14)38,6 to 39,8 (21)36,6 to 38,6 (21)35,5 to 36,6 (18)33,9 to 35,5 (21)31,5 to 33,9 (18)22,5 to 31,5 (21)
Soil map – best areas for agriculture
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Nitrate sensitive area• 30 years of nitrate history – research• 1998 Pandivere water protection area established• 2003 Pandivere-Adavere nitrate-sensitive area (NVZ) has
been established– Pandivere Upland – ground water accumulation area, a lot of karst
springs, impact for almost all territory– Põltsamaa-Adavere limestone plateau – relatively thin soil cover on
limestone bedrock, also karst areas, impact mostly local, identified as nitrate concentration over 50 mg/l
– 10% of Estonia, involving three counties, NVZ covers ca 160,000 ha of arable land
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Map of Nitrogen-sensitive areas
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Monitoring
• National water quality monitoring network functioning from 1992, earlier study-based
• From 2002 the network revised, according to requirements of ND• Level – comparable data available from 1980-s in Adavere, much
earlier periods in Pandivere• Production level (intensity) below half (< 0,5 LU/ha), total
nitrogen below normatives, but vulnerable and dangerous if/when production level will be restored
• Nitrate levels depending on water quantities, difficult to make deeper conclusions from figures depending more on weather than agriculture
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NO3 in groundwater
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Nitrate ion in wells
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N (general) – mg N /l - in rivers
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Watershed Management Plans
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Problems in NVZ
• Problems– Low quality of small drinking water sources– Poor water quality in surface water bodies– Poor groundwater quality in close areas of large farms
• Causes– Unprotected groundwater, carst areas– Information on good practices– Land use and manure management, not balanced fertilizer use– Point source of liquids (slurry, silage juice, wastewater)– Lack of funds – rural population to build deeper wells or water
networks
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 18
Action Plan
• Action Plan for the nitrate sensitive Pandivere and Adavere-Põltsamaa area for the years 2004-2008– Approved by regulation 318-k, 30.04.2004– To limit impact of pollution caused by
agricultural production on surface and ground water
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AP - purposes
1. To co-ordinate agricultural and water management activities in the field of preservation of soil fertility and water management.
2. To support through information dissemination and training the use of all the manure for fertilising.3. To guide agricultural land use so that the soil fertility would be preserved.4. To find out, based on pilot studies, the possibilities of applying best from the point of view of soil
and water protection available technologies and agricultural practices as well as optimal support schemes in nitrate sensitive areas.
5. To preserve the mostly good status of groundwater.6. To preserve the mostly good status of surface waters.7. To preserve the habitats of salmonids in watercourses.8. To assist in supplying the population with healthy drinking water.9. To ensure the required control, assessment, and databases of environmental monitoring and
reporting. 10. To achieve a better compatibility in the next implementation period between agricultural and
water management development plans, Estonian National Development Plan and Development plan of Estonian rural regions for the years 2004 to 2006
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 20
Obligatory measures (1 – winter, slopes)
• Period when use of fertilisers is prohibited: spreading of organic and mineral fertilisers is banned from 1 November to 31 March;
• Limited use of fertilisers on slopes: spreading of fertilisers on arable land the slope of which exceeds 10% is prohibited. Where the slope is 5–10%, surface spreading is not allowed from 1 November to 15 April;
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 21
Obligatory measures (2 - winter)
• Limited use of fertilisers on waterlogged, flooded, frozen or snow covered land: spreading of organic and mineral fertilisers is banned from 1 November to 31 March or when the land is covered with snow, frozen or waterlogged, as well as in periodically flooded sanitary protection zones and water protection zones of water bodies.
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 22
Obligatory measures (3 – water bodies)
• Use of fertilisers near water bodies: in the water protection zone of a water body fertilising is prohibited. For lakes, reservoirs, rivers and canals the width of the protection zone is 10 metres from the water’s edge, and 1 metre for artificial recipients of drainage systems until they fall into a natural watercourse.
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 23
Obligatory measures (4 – manure, silage)
• Requirements for manure and silage storages: – all farm buildings in which over 10 animal units of animals are
kept, must have, depending upon the kind of animals, a manure storage or a manure storage and a dung water pit;
– livestock - capacity for containing the manure and dung water of eight months; avoiding access of surface and ground water; leak proof; watertight;
– on arable land only solid manure heaps that can be used in one vegetation period are allowed;
– silage storages watertight; silage juice conducted into special tanks or dung water storages; at least 10 litres of juice per 1 m3 of the silage storage capacity.
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Obligatory measures (5 - fertilizer)
• Maximum application amounts of fertilisers: – the average allowed amount of nitrogen that is
applied to arable land with combined organic and mineral fertilisers is 170 kg per hectare per year;
– for mineral fertilisers only this amount is 140 kg per hectare per year; amounts of mineral nitrogen exceeding 100 kg must be applied partially.
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AP - implementation
• Ministry of Environment– Environmental Inspection– Environmental Departments in 3 counties– Environment Information Centre
• Ministry of Agriculture– Plant Production Inspectorate– ARIB– Jäneda Training- and Advisory Centre
• Ministries of Social and Internal Affairs (involved on drinking water)
• Council of Nitrate Sensitive Area
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Actions
• Training of civil servants• Guidelines• Training of agricultural advisors• Pilot studies• Training and consulting in situ of producers• Protection of recharge areas of groundwater intakes• Healthy drinking water for private users• Programme for control, assessment, monitoring, fulfilling &
coordination• NSA protection obligation notices & reports• Harmonizing actions of WMP, NDP, RDP
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 27
Funding (‘000 EEK)15,64 EEK = EUR
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
MoE 500 1700 1900 1600 2600
MoA 1600** 2300** 2100 1500 4100
Total 2600* 4500* 4000 3100*** 6700****- BRSP co-funding ca 500 KEEK in 2004, same in 2005 – pilot studies, consulting**- TA of RDP (80% EU, 20% EST)***- to be specified in detail in programming of 2007-2012 (RDP)
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 28
Measures
• Investment support – structural funds (SPD)• Rural Development Program
– Meeting EU standards (manure measure)– Agri-environment
• Commercial lending– HELCOM - BRSP project
• NEFCO commercial loan• WB – GEF grant• Environmental training
– Usual commercial lending
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 29
Investment support – Measure 3.1
– Barn – incl manure storage & management• Max 9,4 million EEK/year• 2004 – 9 new manure storage facilities, 2 rec. (11,8+2,9M)• 2004 – 12 manure removal equipment (1,8M)
– Plant protection – incl manure spreading• Max 3,1 million EEK/year• 2004 – 9 manure spreaders (3,4M)• 2004 – 42 fertilizers/seeders (1,9M)
• Support of up to 50% – LFA +10%, young farmers +5%
• Unfortunately, too high interest of beneficiaries to this measure has resulted in exceeding of estimated allocations, next years budget significantly reduced
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 30
Manure transport
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Manure storage facilities
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 32
Manure spreading
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 33
RDP – support to meet EU req
• At least 10 LU – cattle, pig, sheep, goat• Registered building (barn), investment plan, every
year investment• First year – 2004:2006 (8.10-5.11.2004)• Yearly investment completed by 5.11 next year• By latest end of 2008 meets EU req• Grant 1252 EEK/LU/y up to 3 years • Max 391.165 EEK/y 1.175.945 EEK total
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 34
RDP – Agri-environment
• Sub-measures:– Environment-friendly production– Organic farming– Endangered species
• Applications 17.05-15.06.2004• 2004 applied:
– EFP – 464,000 ha– Organic farming - 42,000 ha
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 35
Agri-Environment – req-d
• Main requirements– Field record– Manure <170 kg N/y/ha– No fertilizers & plant protection on natural grasslands– Accounting of veterinary substances
• EFP (environment-friendly production)– Fertilizing plan, max 170 kg incl mineral <100 kg– Crop rotation– pH & nutrient analyzes– Grassland management– Training
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 36
Agri-Environment - money
• EFP – field crops - 714 EEK/ha– grasslands - 331 EEK/ha
• excl seminatural grassland (2004 - MoE)
• Organic farming– Grassland management - 1156 EEK/ha
• At least 0,1 LU/ha, >50% organic livestock– Field crops - 1516 EEK/ha– Vegetable, orchards - 3764 EEK/ha
• Estonian Horse – 2550 EEK/y
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 37
BSRP-GEF-NEFCO grant/loan
• Training for all participants – environment and management issues
• NEFCO loan• GEF grant to reduce interest payments• Estonia –
– 20 farmers trained– first case approval received, starting bidding
procedures (according to WB rules, International Shopping)
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 38
Commercial Lending
• Milk farms have been bought up by local financial investors
• Pig production largely owned by meat processing industries
• If by end of 2008 the requirements are still not OK – closing livestock farming
• Milk farms are relatively good investment also for commercial lending
• Problems are more related to pork and poultry sectors – too high production concentration
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 39
Open questions – data comparability & scalability
• (semi-) industrial livestock / poultry & land relation– Country–NUTS-NSA-region-farm–field level– NSA does not follow any administrative boundaries– Livestock Units / ha
• L.U. – pork-poultry? Which area? – No land, manure distribution contract based, but no such contract register– No interest for contracts from crop producers – manure fertilizing quality poor
• Ha – Available? Utilized? Feeding? Rearing?
• Kg N /ha /year (or manure tons)– Ha – of this year fertilized? Manure impact longer than year– UAA? Excluding seminatural grasslands? Arable?
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 40
Land
• Field register = eligible for area-based subsidies– EU - IACS = Utilized (UAA) + temp. unused
• UAA = Arable + natural grasslands• Arable = fields + cultivated grasslands• grasslands
– 1 year (in crop rotation)– 2 to 5 years (lately renewed)– 5 to 10 years (statistics count already as natural grassland)– Over 10 years (but on mineral land, probably renewed soon)– Natural & seminatural grasslands, never to renew but to restore
Ain Kendra - Vilnius - 14.09.2004 41
Thank you for attention
Jäneda Training and Advisory Center – www.janeda.eeAin Kendra - [email protected] Rooma – [email protected]
Ministry of Agriculture – www.agri.eeKatrin Rannik – [email protected]