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7/31/2019 Sip Signalling Protocals
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www.tekelec.com | 1
SIP Signaling RouterApplication HandbookThe exclusive guide for solving next-gennetwork challenges with SIP
Upgrade Your Next-Gen Network Today
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The intent o this handbook is to provide operators with a useul reerence guide or
how they can use a SIP Signaling Router (SSR) to solve many o their next-generation
network challenges.
Found at the heart o most global networks, Tekelecs market-leading, mission-critical,high-perormance network solutions enable the secure and instant delivery o calls
and text messages or more than one billion mobile and ixed-line subscribers. The
companys signaling and session management solutions allow telecom operators to
manage diverse applications, devices, technologies and protocols, across existing and
evolving networks, to meet the demands o todays consumer. Tekelec ensures telecom
operators have a clear migration path to SIP-based IP networks, and whatever comes
next, with the exibility to deploy solutions at a pace dictated by their business needs.
For more inormation please call
888.628.5521 or +1.919.460.5500
Visit our web site at www.teelec.co
The inormation presented is or demonstration purposes only and is not intended to represent any particularcompany. Any similarities are purely coincidental. Actual perormance results depend on particular networkcongurations, capacity and other technical requirements.
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Introdction
The beneits o next-generation, voice over Internet
protocol (VoIP) networks are compelling or operators
worldwide. Deployments cut across all types o telecomoperators rom the largest incumbents to the smallest
regional players. Providers see VoIP and session initiation
protocol (SIP)-based services as an opportunity to cut
their operating expenses and boost their bottom line
with new revenue. Delivering VoIP and SIP services to
consumer and enterprise customers enables providers
to expand their subscriber base. And, SIP acilitates theinterworking o real-time applications with voice and
video to create new, multimedia services.
However, as VoIP and SIP trac and applications grow, so
do the requirements placed on the network to support
them. Many operators are discovering that their current
next-generation networks (NGNs) are based on an out-
dated, voice-centric, sotswitch architecture, which does
not support multimedia services, access independence,
backward network compatibility or network growth.
www.tekelec.com | 3
Tbl of Contnt
Introduction 3
The Challenge 4
SIP Signaling Router 4
Use Case 1: Enhanced Application Server Selection 5
Use Case 2: SIP Trunking 9
Use Case 3: SIP Number Portability 14
Use Case 4: Centralized SIP Routing 18
Use Case 5: Specialized SIP Proxy 22
Summary 26
About Tekelec 27
Appendix-1: Acronyms 27
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The Challene
Unlike signaling system 7 (SS7) and Internet protocol
multimedia subsystem (IMS) networks, which are
hierarchical, there is no separate signaling and session
control layer at the core o the NGN. From a signaling
perspective, each NGN network element must handle
all application-layer related tasks such as routing, traic
management, redundancy and service implementation.
All possible routes must be deined at each node,
creating a logical, mesh-network routing architecture.
Expanding the NGN without a ramework that ooads
session and signaling tasks rom the edge elements iscomplex and costly.
SIP Sinalin Roter
Tekelecs SIP Signaling Router (SSR) solution, a SIP
proxy with enhanced routing capabilities, creates a
signaling and session control ramework or NGNs by
implementing SIP routing unctionality in the corenetwork. The SSR enhances routing capabilities and
increases service and network exibility by relieving
endpoints o session management duties. The resulting
architecture allows the NGN to grow systematically
in response to increasing demand or VoIP and
multimedia services.
The SSR solution is based on 3rd Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP) speciications and ofers adaptations or
interworking with non-3GPP-compliant IP environments.
It provides seamless interworking and creates an
evolution path to uture technologies such as IMS,
long term evolution (LTE) and WiMAX.
This handbook explores ive use cases that demonstrate
the applications and associated beneits o deploying
Tekelecs SSR in NGN networks. They include:
Enhancedapplicationserverselection
SIPtrunking
SIPnumberportability
CentralizedSIProuting SpecializedSIPproxy
4 | SSR Application Handbook
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Use Case 1:
ENHANCED APPLICATION SERVER SELECTION
Problm:
The operator, Company A, provides VoIP services to small
enterprise customers, using a SIP enterprise application
server (AS) and SIP phones. The SIP AS provides voice
eatures such as ind-me, ollow-me and simultaneous
ring. Each subscriber must be identiied and registered
on the SIP AS platorm. Prior to shipping, Company A
conigures each SIP phone with the address o the SIP
AS, which is voipsvc.CompanyA.com. The SIP phone
uses this address or registration and to make voice calls.
Company A IP Network
VoIP AS
Hosting Subscriber
A through Z
Address =
voipsvc.CompanyA.com
voipsvc.CompanyA.com
voipsvc.CompanyA.com
voipsvc.CompanyA.com
voipsvc.CompanyA.com
voipsvc.CompanyA.com
voipsvc.CompanyA.com
Fire 1: Sbscribers are identied and reistered on the SIP AS plator.
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6 | SSR Application Handbook
Company A IP Network
voipsvc1.CompanyA.com
voipsvc2.CompanyA.com
voipsvc3.CompanyA.com
voipsvc4.CompanyA.com
Sub A-F Sub G-M Sub N-S Sub T-Z
Company A has developed a solid reputation or its
service quality, and its subscriber numbers have grown
signiicantly. To support current and uture growth,
the company deploys three additional application
servers, each with its own address. Subscribers are
now distributed among our application servers.
Fire 2: How can Copan A easil ap sbscribers to the application servers?
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This new coniguration poses a number o problems.
With our application servers in the network, how does
the SIP phone know which AS to request? And, since
the SIP AS address is conigured on the SIP phone,
each time a customer is assigned to another application
server, the address programmed on the SIP phone must
be reconigured.
From a technical perspective, the problem is the result
o a tight coupling between the SIP endpoints the SIP
phones and the SIP AS. Any changes to the physical
network, such as adding a new application server, have adirect impact on the way the SIP phones access a service.
As a result, complex provisioning is increasing operational
costs, and quality o service is being impacted by service
disruptions due to provisioning errors. Company A needs
a solution that will allow the company to:
Managegrowthwithoutsacrificingqualityofservice.
Makechangestoitsapplicationserverassignments
without reconiguring the phones that are already
in service.
solution:
Company A deploys the SSR solution in its network to
shield the endpoints rom changes in the physical
network. Through a process called abstraction, the
phones are decoupled rom direct knowledge o the
complex and changing network. The SIP phones just
have to be conigured with a single abstract address
voipsvc.CompanyA.com. Endpoints send requests to
the SSR, which resolves the voipsvc.CompanyA.com
address to the appropriate SIP AS platorm and routes
the request to that platorm.Since the endpoint only deals with an abstract view
o the network, it is not impacted by changes in the
physical network such as adding a new application
server. Regardless o changes in the SIP AS topology,
the address on the SIP phone remains the same, and
no reconiguration is necessary.
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8 | SSR Application Handbook
Bnfit:
By deploying the SSR solution, Company A:
Createsaexiblearchitecturefreeofendpoint
constraints. Savescapitalcostsbysimplifyingsubscriber
management and maximizing the eiciency
o application servers through load sharing
and exible subscriber management.
Canexploredierentbusinessmodelssuch
as using third-party, hosted services.
Createsafoundationformultimediaservices.
Sub A-F Sub G-M Sub N-S Sub T-Z
Request to voipsvc.CompanyA.com
SSR
Forward the requestto correct AS platformwhere Nick is assigned
Consult internal routingpolicy A numberdirected routing
Nick
voipsvc1.CompanyA.com
voipsvc2.CompanyA.com
voipsvc3.CompanyA.com
voipsvc4.CompanyA.com
Fire 3: Endpoints are shielded ro chanes in the phsical networ.
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Company B
POP POP POP
Local Network
2
Local Network
3
Local Network
4
Local Network
1
POP
PBX
PBX
Use Case 2:
SIP TRuNkINg
Problm:
Company B is a long-distance (LD) operator that
provides service to local phone companies. The
company has a number o points o presence (POPs)
conveniently located near the networks it serves. The
local phone companies provide service to enterprise
customers via primary rate interaces (PRIs) to private
branch exchanges (PBXs).
Fire 4: Copan B provides service to local phone copanies.
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10 | SSR Application Handbook
With deregulation, Company B decides to enter the local
service market and ofer ixed-line services directly to
enterprise customers. Company B can deliver substantial
savings by cutting out the middle men, the local phone
companies. With SIP trunking, Company B can enable
business customers with IP PBXs to use their Internet
connection to provide of-net service. In addition to
voice services, Company B wants to create a oundation
or delivering multimedia services to its enterprise
customers in the uture.
Company B aces several challenges and needs a solutionthat will enable the company to:
Provideenterprisevoiceserviceimmediatelywhile
laying the oundation or uture multimedia SIP
services.
Maintainlowstart-upcostwithoutcompromising
the long-term plan.
The company could implement a sotswitch-based
solution, but that alternative has a number o
disadvantages. Since it is based on a per connection
cost model, the approach can become costly very
quickly. The sotswitch-based model is voice centric
and may not be suited to delivering multimedia services.
Sotswitch implementations usually are deployed with
the switch vendors choice o application server, so it is
diicult to gain the economy o a best-o-breed solution.
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Fire 5: SIP trnin enables enterprise cstoersto se their Internet connection or of-net services.
Company B
POP POP POP
Local Network
2
Local Network
3
Local Network
4
Local Network
1
POP
IP PBX
IP PBX
SIP Trunking directly
from Enterprise to
Company B
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12 | SSR Application Handbook
solution:
By implementing Tekelecs SSR solution, Company B can
use a session-based approach, which balances cost and
exibility. The SSR creates a SIP signaling and session
control layer that routes on-net calls (IP PBX to IP PBX)
over the VoIP network, of-net local calls (IP PBX to local
numbers), and of-net long-distance calls (IP PBX to
long-distance numbers). A public switched telephone
network (PSTN) gateway handles IP PBX to PSTN calls.
In the process, the company also creates a ramework
that is based on Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
and 3GPP standards or the delivery o multimedia
services. The solution enables Company B to create a
volume-based cost structure and reduces costs by
allowing the company to select best-o-breed
application servers.
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Fire 6: SSR creates a SIP sinalin and session laer to rote on- and of-net calls.
Bnfit:
With the SSR solution, Company B can compete
with local telephone companies by ofering
SIP trunking to enterprise customers. The
company receives additional beneits that include:
Layingthefoundationformultimediaservices.
Savingmoneybymaximizingthecapacityof
application servers through load sharing and
exible subscriber management.
CreatingaSIPpeeringpointtointerconnect
with other VoIP providers.
POP POP
Local Network
2
Local Network
3
Local Network
4
Local Network
1
POPIP PBX
IP PBX
Easily addbest-of-breedSIP AS fornew services
SIP AS
POP
PSTNGW
SSR
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14 | SSR Application Handbook
Use Case 3:
SIP NumBER PORTABILITy
Problm:
Company C, a long distance operator, entered the localcalling service market by deploying Tekelecs SSR solution
to build a SIP trunking inrastructure. Company C is an
operator in the call routing sequence immediately prior
to the terminating operator. So, its customary or
Company C to perorm number portability, or NP service,
or VoIP calls rom their SIP trunking service. The company
could simply dump calls onto the PSTN gateway anduse its existing time division multiplexing (TDM)-based,
number portability solution to route calls to the correctnetwork. However, to do so, there must be adequate
intelligent network capacity to handle the increased
traic, and the terminating network must be TDM. I the
terminating number is an IP PBX or belongs to another
VoIP provider, the call must be shuttled rom VoIP to TDM
and back to VoIP again. Running pure VoIP calls over the
TDM network to perorm NP wastes capacity on the PSTNgateway and degrades voice quality.
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Fire 7: Calls destined or a VoIP provider or IP PBX st be roted over the TDm networ.
POP POP
VoIPOperator
Local Network
2
Local Network
3
Local Network
4
Local Network
1
POP
IP PBX
IP PBX
919-460-5500POP
919-460-5500
NPDB
Ported in
from NW2
SSRPSTN
GW
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16 | SSR Application Handbook
solution:
Company C could replicate an NP solution in its SIP
domain, but that is an expensive approach. A more
cost-efective and eicient method is to make the
TDM-NP solution available to the SIP network. The
TDM-NP database can be accessed using the SSRs SS7
access eature. This capability allows the SSR to augment
its routing capabilities with data rom the SS7 domain.
The SSR provides NP services to the SIP domain in one
o three ways:
Numberportabilitycorrectedforwardingproxy:TheSSR receives a request rom an originating user agent
(UA) such as an IP PBX. The SSR perorms the NP
unction and then orwards the request to the
appropriate SIP endpoint or call completion.
Numberportabilitycorrectedredirectserver:The
originating UA sends a request to the SSR, which
perorms the NP unction to determine the end-
point destination. The SSR then sends a SIP redirect
message to the UA that instructs the UA to orward
the request to the appropriate destination.
Numberportabilitycorrectedforwardingapplication
server: Ater receiving a request rom the originating
UA, the SSR perorms the NP processing to locate
the called number. It modiies the request with thedestination inormation and sends it back to the
originating UA. The UA then proxies the call to the
appropriate SIP endpoint.
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Bnfit:
SinceNPisdeployedthroughastandardSIP
ramework, the approach can be used in the
next-gen network as well as a uture IMS network.
End-to-endmediatransparencyismaintained,so
the NP solution can be applied to voice service
AND any other type o multimedia service such as a
video or IPTV.
TheSS7-accessfeatureusedfortheNPapplicationalso
supports access to other SS7-based applications like
toll-ree and message-waiting indicator as well as HLRmobility inormation or wireless operators.
Fire 8: SSR accesses TDm-NP database sin SS7 access eatre.
SIP Domain
TDM Domain
SIPDevice
TDMDevice
SIPDevice
NPDB
SIP SIP
AIN/INAP
Media Transparency
AIN/INAP
SSR
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18 | SSR Application Handbook
Use Case 4:
CENTRALIzED SIP ROuTINg
Problm:
Company D, a Southeast Asia hub provider, ofers
voice transit and signaling services to ixed-line
and mobile operators. The company deployed
sotswitch technology to take advantage o lower
IP transport costs. Sotswitches, which serve as
POPs, are installed throughout Southeast Asia
in a ully meshed ramework. Every switchmust be deined in the translation table o
every other switch.
Fire 9: Sotswitches, servin as POPs, or a ll eshed architectre.
TDM Client
TDM Client
TDM Client
TDM Client
TDM Client
TDM Client
TDM Client
TDM Client SIP Client
Company D Network
TDM Client
SS POP
SS POPSSPOP
SSPOP
SSPOP
SS POP SS POP
SS POP
POP
Voice
Text
Multimedia
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Company D would like to expand its network to serve
other Asian markets. The company also plans to enhance
its portolio by ofering transit services or text messaging
and multimedia applications. And, it would like to
provide SIP peering as an alternative to TDM to otherVoIP providers.
The new business plan presents a number o issues or
the meshed, sotswitch network. Expanding the network
requires the addition o new sotswitches to increase
capacity. Provisioning is complex as each new piece o
equipment must be provisioned with the routing entriesor all o the existing sotswitches. And, the existing
sotswitches must be updated with the routing entries
or the new equipment. Since routing is based on
pre-deined SIP trunks, route management becomes
increasingly complex as the network expands. Service
and subscriber data are tightly coupled with the
sotswitch, making it diicult to change an existingservice or add new applications uniormly.
Company D must address several complex issues related
to growing its network, including how to:
ExpanditsnetworkANDkeepnetworkoperation
costs low.
Oervoiceandnon-voiceservicesANDreduce
capital costs.
Preventdegradationasmediaowsthrough
its network.
Like many operators, Company D views these as three,
unrelated challenges. As a result, they deploy multiple,
point solutions, which increase long-term CAPEX andOPEX. However, i Company D took a holistic view o the
network, they would see that they are, in act, all related.
A piecemeal approach will not address the challenges
because solving one problem likely worsens another.
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20 | SSR Application Handbook
solution:
Company D creates a SIP-based reerence architecture
over its existing network by deploying the SSR as a
SIP proxy. With this approach, all calls are routed by
deault rom the sotswitch to the SSR. The SSR makes
layer-5 SIP routing decisions based on advanced routing
algorithms and orwards the request to the appropriate
SIP destination.
Bnfit:
The company now has a centralized SIP signaling
and session control ramework that:
Actsasaroutemanagerforallofthesoftswitches,
relieving them o routing unctions.
Eliminatesthemeshnetwork,sothereisnolonger
a need to provision translation tables on each and
every switch.
Maintainsend-to-endmediatransparencysothe
endpoints can communicate using any media
voice, text, video, or data streaming. Preservesmediaqualitybecausethereisno
decoding/encoding required in the network.
ProvidesacentralizedSIPmonitoringpoint.
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Fire 10: SSR creates a SIP-based reerence architectre.
Company D NetworkTDM Client
TDM Client
TDM Client
TDM Client
TDM Client
TDM Client
TDM Client
TDM Client
SIP ClientTDM Client
SIP Client
SS POP SS POP
SS POP
SS POP
SS POP
SIP SignalingRouter
SIP SignalingRouter
POP
SSPOP
SSPOP
SSPOP
POP
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22 | SSR Application Handbook
Use Case 5:
SPECIALIzED SIP PROXy
Problm:
Company E is a provider o ixed and mobile services.
The company maintains its operation as two, separate
businesses Company E Telecom and Company E
Mobile. The ixed and mobile networks are loosely
coupled through TDM peering. Each network views
the other as a oreign network.
Fire 11: Copan Es networ beore consolidation.
HLR
MSC SMSC
SCP
Switch
Softswitch
Company E Mobile
Company E Telecom
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Company E wants to consolidate the networks and create
a single operating entity Company E to reduce its
operating costs. The company also plans to expand its
oferings with integrated mobile and ixed services,
mobility solutions or ixed-line enterprise customersand uture multimedia services.
Since Company E already has some SIP deployments in its
ixed-line network, it has decided to take the opportunity
to upgrade its underlying wireless network technology
to SIP as well. By doing so, the company can lower the
cost o network integration and create a uture pathor multimedia services. Company Es plan is to cap its
existing TDM-based mobile switching centers (MSCs)
and begin deploying SIP-capable mobile sotswitches.
Its strategy is to interconnect the mobile sotswitches
with the existing wireline SIP sotswitches.
Fire 12: Copan E connects obile and
wireline sotswitches with SIP technolo.
Company E
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24 | SSR Application Handbook
However, Company E aces a problem common to many
operators: diferent vendors supply the mobile and
landline sotswitches. The sotswitches are unable to
establish sessions because the vendors use diferent
SIP implementations. The two vendors reuse torecognize the interoperability issue as a problem, but
they gladly will provide a customized solution to
Company E i the company is willing to pay or it.
Company E is caught in a situation called vendor lock-in.
As long as the company deploys equipment rom
a single vendor, there is no problem. But, whenit introduces equipment rom another vendor,
interoperability problems arise. This situation
creates signiicant challenges or the company.
Howcanitsolvetheinteroperabilityissuewithout
spending an excessive amount o money or a
customized solution or being orced to purchase
all o its equipment rom a single vendor?
Howcanthecompanyavoidthesameproblem
in the uture as it brings new elements rom other
vendors into the network?
solution:Company E deploys the Tekelec SSR as a protocol
mediation point between the diferent vendor
products. This approach creates an architectural
solution that is independent o the endpoints and
eliminates interoperability problems. The SSR solution,
which is deployed in the signaling layer, can be
implemented in one o two ways: directly on the SSR,or by having the SSR proxy to an external application
which provides the protocol mediation.
With the SSR solution, Company E creates a SIP-based,
NGN reerence architecture over its existing network.
In this role, the SSR acts as a proxy server to route SIP
traic between the mobile and landline sotswitches.It also orms a mediation point that ixes protocol
variations on the y between the sotswitches.
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Bnfit:
Company E now has the SIP signaling and session control
ramework that solves its immediate interoperability
needs and:
Createsthefoundationforamulti-vendor
environment and uture multimedia services.
Enablesthecompanytochoosebest-of-breed
products, avoiding vendor lock-in.
ProvidesacentralizedSIPmonitoringpoint.
Fire 13: SSR acts as a ediation point between sotswitches and rotes traic between the.
Fix up Fix upSSREndpoint
Equipment
from Vendor 2
Not My Fault
Endpoint
Equipmentfrom Vendor 1
Not My Fault
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26 | SSR Application Handbook
summry
The current NGN architecture has no core signaling and
session ramework, which greatly limits its expansion
capabilities. History shows that the signaling and session
control layer is critically important to any large-scale
network architecture. Having sotswitches and other
endpoints perorm layer-5 session management may
be suicient or airly small deployments and simple
management tasks. But, as the network expands, the
lack o a capable session ramework introduces a host
o network issues.
A suitable session ramework that ooads the
various signaling and session tasks rom the edge
NGN elements enables NGN networks to expand
eiciently and avoids the pitalls created by a point-
to-point, virtual-mesh routing network. Just as core
routers are used to minimize the routing burden
on IP endpoints, layer-5 SIP routing capability can
be used to reduce the routing burden on NGN
endpoints by centralizing session management
tasks at the network core instead o at each endpoint.
The resulting architecture can expand systematically
to support VoIP subscriber growth, deliver advanced
multimedia services and create the oundation or
uture technologies and services.
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about Tklc
Found at the heart o most global networks, Tekelecs
market-leading, mission-critical, high-perormance
network solutions enable the secure and instant delivery
o calls and text messages or more than one billion
mobile and ixed-line subscribers. The companys
signaling and session management solutions allow
telecom operators to manage the diverse applications,
devices, technologies and protocols, across existing
and evolving networks, to meet the demands o todays
consumer. Tekelec ensures telecom operators have a
clear migration path to SIP-based IP networks, and
whatever comes next, with the exibility to deploy
solutions at a pace dictated by their business needs.
For more inormation, please visit www.teelec.co.
Appendix-1: Acrons sed in this docent
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Program
AS Application server
HLR Home location register
IETF Internet engineering task orceIMS Internet protocol multimedia subsystem
IP Internet protocol
IP PBX Internet protocol private branch exchange
LD Long distance
MSC Mobile switching center
NGN Next generation network
NP Number portability
POP Point o presencePRI Primary rate interace
SCP Service control point
SIP Session initiation protocol
SMSC Short message service center
SS7 Signaling session 7
SSR SIP signaling router
TDM Time division multiplexing
UA User agent
VM Voice messaging
VoIP Voice over Internet protocol
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Corporate inqiries:
Tekelec
5200 Paramount Parkway
Morrisville, North Carolina 27560 (USA)
Phone: 888.628.5521Phone: +1.919.460.5500
FAX: +1.919.460.0877
Erope, middle East and Arica inqiries:
Tekelec
Katherine House
85 The High Street
Egham, SurreyTW20 9HF
United Kingdom
Phone: +44.1784.437000
FAX: +44.1784.477121
Sinapore-Asia-Paciic inqiries:
Tekelec Singapore Pte Ltd
15 Hoe Chiang Road
#06-06 Tower 15
Singapore 089316Phone: +65.6796.2288
FAX: +65.6796.2299
Caribbean and Latin Aerica inqiries:
Tekelec Caribbean & Latin America (CALA)
5200 Paramount Parkway
Morrisville, North Carolina 27560 (USA)
Phone: +1.919.460.5500FAX: +1.919.460.0877
All sales related inquiries contact: [email protected]
www.teelec.co
2009 Tekelec. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. TKLC-HB-001-NA-01-2009