Simulating the Electrical Effects

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/8/2019 Simulating the Electrical Effects

    1/13

    IEEE TRANSACTIONS O N EL ECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. EMC-8, N O . 4 , D ECEM BE R, 1 9 6 6

    SIMULATING THE ELECTRICAL EFFECTSOF NUCLEAR DETONATIONS

    ROY 0. LANGE, Member, I E E E

    A b s t r a c t - D e p l o y m e n t b y t h e enemy o f a n u -c l e a r d e f e n s e s y s t e m s u b j e c t s f l i g h t h a r d w a r e t oa n e w t r a n s i e n t f o r m c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y h i g h am-p l i t u d e a n d s h o r t r i s e t i m e . T h e p a r a m e t e r s o f t h ewaveform c a n b e d e r i v e d from t h e a n t i c i p a t e denemy d e f e n s e m o d e l a n d t h e d e p l o y m e n t c a p a -b i l i t i e s o f t h e a t t a c k i n g s y s t e m . T h e s e p a r a m e t e r sc a n b e s h o w n a s i s o - E max c o n t o u r s w i t h r a n g ea n d t i m e s i g n i f i c a n c e .A m e t h o d i s p r e s e n t e d f o r d e v e l o p i n g , i n t h el a b o r a t o r y , t e s t s i g n a l s w h i c h a r e s i g n i f i c a n t i nd e t e r m i n i n g t h e r e s p o n s e o f a t t a c k i n g h a r d w a r et o t h e a n t i c i p a t e d d e f e n s e e n v i r o n m e n t . V a r i o u sc a n d i d a t e c i r c u i t s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n s t e a d y - s t a t e ,p u l s e - t r a i n , a n d s i n g l e - p u l s e t e s t e n v i r o n m e n t s .D e s i g n i m p e d a n c e s a r e s h o w n t o b e r e l a t i v e l y u n -i m p o r t a n t a s t h e g r o u n d p l a n e b e c o m e s a n e f f e c -t i v e p a r t o f t h e c i r c u i t . C u r r e n t s d e v e l o p e ds i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n c i r c u i t s a n d s h i e l d s a r ec o m p a r e d .M e t h o d s o f e x t r a p o l a t i o n a r e p r e s e n t e d w i t hr e s p e c t t o a m p l i t u d e , f a r - f i e l d e f f e c t s , a n d d u r a -t i o n o f t r a n s i e n t .L a r g e - s c a l e t e s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s a r e s h o w n t oh a v e t h e same i n h e r e n t l i m i t a t i o n s a s s m a l l l a b -o r a t o r y t e s t s e t u p s . B o t h g e n e r a t e n e a r - f i e l d e n -v i r o n m e n t s a n d d e p e n d o n t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f a na i r t e s t i n g m e d i u m . When a s u b s t a n t i a l v o l u m e o ft h e a i r medium i s r e p l a c e d b y t h e m e t a l s t r u c t u r eo f t h e t e s t s p e c i m e n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t becomesd i s t o r t e d , i n a way n o t r e l a t a b l e t o t h e d i s t o r t i o no f t h e f a r - f i e l d e n v i r o n m e n t b y a v e h i c l e i n f l i g h t .L a r g e - s c a l e f a c i l i t i e s h a v e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n a n dr e a d o u t p r o b l e m s . L e a d s f r e q u e n t l y p i c k u p i n t e r -f e r e n c e w h i c h w i p e s o u t t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e i n -t e n d e d s e n s i t i v e p i c k u p e l e m e n t . T h e p r e s e n t

    s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t d o e s n o t p e r m i t t h e f o r m u l a t i o no f i n d u s t r y - w i d e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s e s t a b l i s h i n g t h er e q u i r e d r e s p o n s e o f a v a r i e t y o f v e h i c l e s t o aM a n u s c r i p t r e c e i v e d A u g u s t 1 0 , 1 9 6 6 . T h i s p a p e rw as p r e s e n t e d a t t h e 1 9 6 6 E i g h t h I E E E Symposium onE l e c , t r o m a g n e t i c C o m p a t i b i l i t y , Sa n F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f .T h e a u t h o r i s w i t h t h e Weapons E f f e c t s E n v i r o n -ments S t a f f , L o c k h e e d M i s s i l e s a n d S p a c e C o m p a n y ,S u n n y v a l e , C a l i f .

    s t a n d a r d t e s t d e v i c e . The a p p r o a c h t o d a t e r e -m a i n s o n e o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h e t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n s o fu n i q u e h a r d w a r e a t a t e s t f a c i l i t y s e l e c t e d t h r o u g hn e g o t i a t i o n w i t h t h e c u s t o m e r .1 . INTRODUCTION

    N u c l e a r d e t o n a t i o n s g e n e r a t e h i g h - l e v e l e l e c -t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d s . T h e s t r e n g t h s , g r a d i e n t c h a r -a c t e r i s t i c s , a n d l o c a t i o n s o f t h e f i e l d s h a v e becomeprime s t u d y a r e a s f o r t h e n u c l e a r n a t i o n s . W i t hk n o w l e d g e o f t h e s e f a c t o r s a t h a n d a d e f e n d i n g n a -t i o n c a n u t i l i z e t h e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d o f i t s i n -t e r c e p t o r a s t h e k i l l mechanism a g a i n s t a n enemya t t a c k m i s s i l e . T h e a t t a c k e r t h e n h a s t h e p r o b l e mo f h a r d e n i n g i t s o f f e n s i v e weapon t o s u r v i v e t h eenemy d e f e n s e . T h i s r e p o r t t r e a t s t h e p r o b l e mfrom t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f t h e a t t a c k e r .

    I I . THE FIELDO r i g i n o f t h e F i e l dA c c o r d i n g t o t h e Compton e l e c t r o n m o d e l , a ne l e c t r i c p o l a r i z a t i o n w a v e i s p r o d u c e d b y gammar a y s from t h e bomb k n o c k i n g e l e c t r o n s r a d i a l l yo u t w a r d s [ 1 ] . The e l e c t r o n s p r o g r e s s t h r o u g h a i rwhose c o n d u c t i v i t y v a r i e s i n t w o ways w i t ha l t i t u d e .1 ) The a i r becomes m ore c o n d u c t i v e a t l o w e ra l t i t u d e s .2 ) Th e n o r m a l g r a d i e n t a s a f u nc ti o n o f a l t i t u d ei s d r a s t i c a l l y a f f e c t e d b y a n a b r u p t i n c r e a s e i nc o n d u c t i v i t y a t a l t i t u d e s w i t h i n t h e gamma d e p o s i -t i o n l a y e r . T h e s e v a r i a t i o n s i n a i r c o n d u c t i v i t yd i s t o r t t h e i n h e r e n t l y s p h e r i c a l e x p a n s i o n , c a u s i n gan a s y m m e t r i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e e l e c t r o nc l o u d . T h e a s y m m e t r i c a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d c h a r g e s e s -t a b l i s h a n e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d .S t r e n g t h o f t h e F i e l d

    The f i e l d c a u s e d b y a n u c l e a r d e t o n a t i o n i s ex-p r e s s e d i n v o l t s p e r meter o r amperes p e r m e t e r ,t h e t w o b e i n g r e l a t e d b y t h e i m p e d a n c e o f t h e l o c a l1 9 7

    Authorized licensed use limited to: KMEA Engineering College. Downloaded on July 16,2010 at 10:42:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

  • 8/8/2019 Simulating the Electrical Effects

    2/13

    I E E E TRANSACTIONS ON E L E C T R O M A G N E T I C C OMP A T I B I L I T Y

    F i g . 1 . V a r i a t i o n o f h i g h - l e v e l f i e l d c o n t o u r a s a f u n c -t i o n o f b u r s t h e i g h t .medium. The s t r o n g e s t f i e l d s d e v e l o p i n t h e a rea so f g r e a t e s t c o n d u c t i v i t y . I t f o l l o w s t h e r e f o r e t h a tf i e l d s t r e n g t h s w i l l i n c r e a s e w i t h d e c r e a s i n g a l t i -t u d e a n d i n s i d e t h e gamma d e p o s i t i o n l a y e r . F i g -ure 1 shows t h e h i g h - l e v e l f i e l d c o n t o u r s as af u n c t i o n o f b u r s t h e i g h t .A n a l y s i s o f t h e F i e l d

    The r i s e time o f t h e g e n e r a t e d f i e l d v a r i e s w i t ht h e b u r s t h e i g h t and y i e l d o f t h e i n t e r c e p t o r . Th er i s e t i m e o f t h e t r a n s p o r t e d f i e l d v a r i e s w i t h t h es l a n t range, and a n g l e f r o m t h e v e r t i c a l , o f t h e a t -t a c k i n g w e a p o n . S i n c e t h e w e a p o n must b e hardenedt o w i t h s t a n d a l l a n t i c i p a t e d p u l s e s t r e n g t h s , t h ew o r s t - c a s e ( f a s t e s t ) r i s e time i s used as t h e d e -s i g n p a r a m e t e r . T h i s i s t h e r i s e time o f t h e s o u r c e(gamma) p u l s e i t s e l f , a n d i s t a k e n t o b e 1 0 - 8 s e c -o n d s [ 2 ] . The s h a p e and d e c a y time o f t h e f i e l dp u l s e v a r y u n d e r t h e same c o n d i t i o n s as t h e r i set i m e . Here i t i s n o t f e a s i b l e t o s p e c i f y p a r a m e t e r sw h ic h w i l l b e worst-case f o r a l l h a r d w a r e . Theparameters a r e s p e c i f i e d i n t h e t e s t p l a n a p p l i c a -b l e t o each w e a p o n , an d bec ome c l a s s i f i e d i n f o r -m a t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e p h y s i c a l e l e m e n t s w h i c he n t e r i n t o t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e t e s t p u l s e , o t h e rf a c t o r s must b e c o n s i d e r e d . These f a c t o r s i n c l u d et h e assumed w i l l i n g n e s s o f t h e enemy t o s a c r i f i c ei t s own p e o p l e b y d e t o n a t i n g i t s d e f e n s i v e weapona t lo w a l t i t u d e s , and c a l c u l a t i o n s o f w h e n k i l lmechanisms o t h e r t h a n EMP w i l l r e n d e r EMPh a r d e n i n g p o i n t l e s s .A f u r t h e r p r a c t i c a l l i m i t a t i o n on t h e f i e l d p u l s emo del i s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t i t be one whi ch c a nb e d u p l i c a t e d i n t e s t ; o r a t l e a s t i t s e f f e c t s m ustb e c a p a b l e o f s i m u l a t i o n i n t e s t . I f t h i s r e q u i r e -ment i s n o t m e t , t h e r e i s no method o f d e m o n s t r a t -i n g hardness a n d t h e f i e l d p u l s e c a l c u l a t i o n sbecome a n academic e x e r c i s e .There a re two c o n v e n t i o n a l methods o f s p e c i f y -

    i n g t h e f i e l d p u l s e : t i m e - d o m a i n a n d f r e q u e n c y -d o m a i n . E i t h e r method may e m p l o y u n i t s o fv o l t a g e , c u r r e n t , o r p o w e r . I f t h e t i m e - d o m a i nmethod i s s p e c i f i e d , p r a c t i c a l d e c i s i o n s must b emade ( a n d s o l d o f f t o t h e c u s t o m e r ) r e g a r d i n gw h i c h a p p r o x i m a t i o n s t o t h e d e s i g n p u l s e a r e a c -c e p t a b l e ( f o r i t i s n e v e r p o s s i b l e t o d u p l i c a t e ap u l s e e x a c t l y ) . T h e most p r o m i s i n g method o f d u -p l i c a t i n g a t i m e - d o m a i n p u l s e i s t h r o u g h t h e u s eo f a p u l s e s y n t h e s i z e r . T h i s i n s t r u m e n t b u i l d s u pa n d c o n t i n u o u s l y d i s p l a y s a p u l s e formed fromf e d - i n f r e q u e n c y i n c r e m e n t s . Th e o p e r a t o r v i s u -a l l y compares t h e d i s p l a y e d p u l s e w i t h a p i c t u r eo f t h e d e s i g n p u l s e drawn i n c r a y o n o n t h e s c r e e n .T h i s method h a s i t s l i m i t a t i o n s i n e l e c t r o m a g n e t i cp u l s e work s i n c e t h e w i d e r a n g e s o f a m p l i t u d e sa n d t h e t i m e i n c r e m e n t s o f i n t e r e s t d o n o t l e n dt h e m s e l v e s t o l i n e a r - s c a l e , s m a l l - s c r e e n r e p r e -s e n t a t i o n . T h e s e l i m i t a t i o n s a r e p a r t i a l l y o v e r -c o m e b y i n s t r u m e n t s w h i c h i n t e r n a l l y accommodatep u ls e b u i l d - u p b e y o n d , b u t r e l a t e d t o , t h e d i s p l a y e dp u l s e . I n p r a c t i c e , h o w e v e r , t h e p u l s e a s s yn th e -s i z e d must b e b r o k e n down i n t o i t s f r e q u e n c y com-p o n e n t s a n d compared w i t h t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f t h er e q u i r e d d e s i g n p u l s e . T h i s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n may b ea c c o m p l i s h e d b y h a n d c a l c u l a t i o n , c o m p u t e r p r o -gramming, o r u s e o f a s p e c t r u m a n a l y z e r . Thef i r s t m e t h o d may b e p r o h i b i t i v e l y t i m e c o n s u m i n g ,t h e s e c o n d p ro h i bi t i v el y e x p e n s i v e . The t h i r dmethod r e q u i r e s t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f a p u l s e c h a i nw i t h a r e p e t i t i o n r a t e s u f f i c i e n t l y h i g h ( a t l e a s t 6 0H z ) t h a t e i t h e r 1 ) h i g h - l e v e l p u l s e g e n e r a t o r s c a n -n o t b e u s e d , o r 2 ) t h e p u l s e s i n t h e c h a i n d o n o t d u -p l i c a t e t h e s i n g l e p u l s e p a r a m e t e r s .I n v i e w o f t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h t h e t i m e - d o m a i np u l s e , i t i s c o n v e n i e n t t o r e s o r t i n s t e a d t o af r e q u e n c y - d o m a i n e n v e l o p e . W i t h t h i s a p p r o a c h ,a l l t i m e - d o m a i n p u l s e s a r e a c c e p t a b l e p r o v i d e dt h e i r t r a n s f o r m s f i t i n t o t h e f r e q u e n c y - d o m a i n e n -v e l o p e . I t w o u l d , o f c o u r s e , b e p o s s i b l e t o c o m p l yw i t h t h e f r e q u e n c y - d o m a i n e n v e l o p e a n d h a v e n ot i m e - d o m a i n p u l s e , m e r e l y b y g e n e r a t i n g a d j a c e n tf r e q u e n c i e s o f o p p o s i t e p h a s e . Minimum s a f e -g u a r d s a r e t h u s r e q u i r e d , t o a s s u r e a m e a n i n g f u lt e s t p u l s e . T h i s c a n b e a c c o m p l i s h e d b y b u i l d i n gu p a t i m e - d o m a i n p u l s e from f r e q u e n c y compo-n e n t s w i t h a s p e c i f i e d p h a s i n g . A more p r a c t i c a lmethod i s t o i n c l u d e , f o r t h e t i m e p u l s e ; maNimumr i s e t i m e , min imum d e c a y t i m e , a n d min imuma m p l i t u d e r e q u i r e m e n t s , w h i l e n o t o t h e r w i s e r e -s t r i c t i n g p u l s e s h a p e . F i g u r e 2 shows a v a r i e t y o ft i m e - d o m a i n p u l s e s whose t r a n s f o r m s f i t i n t o t h esame g e n e r a l f r e q u e n c y - d o m a i n e n v e l o p e . O f p a r -t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e a r e t h e t r i a n g u l a r a n d t r a p e z o i -d a l t i m e - d o m a i n p u l s e s . They c a n b e drawn s o a st o b r a c k e t t h e commonly o b t a i n e d t e s t p u l s e , a

    1 9 8 December

    Authorized licensed use limited to: KMEA Engineering College. Downloaded on July 16,2010 at 10:42:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

  • 8/8/2019 Simulating the Electrical Effects

    3/13

    LANGE: SIMULATING ELECTR ICAL E F F E C T S O F NUCLEAR D ETONATI ONS

    I 4 0

    1 2 0t 0 0

    , 8 0m600

    L . . . L J. V I Mb . 1 1U /\ IUU 0 II RECTANGULAR2 SAWTOOTH3 TRAPEZOIDAL4 C R I T I C A L L Y DAMPED EXPONENTIAL5 TRIANGULAR -6 COSINE37 COSINE SQUARED8 GAUSS I A N

    F i g . 2 . F r e q u e n c y - d o m a i n t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s o f com-mon p u l s e s .damped e x p o n e n t i a l p u l s e o f unkno w n formula ( s e ei n s e t t o F i g . 2 ) . S i n c e t h e f r e q u e n c y - d o m a i n t r a n s -f o r m a t i o n s o f t h e t r i a n g u l a r a n d t r a p e z o i d a l p u l s e sc l o s e l y a p p r o x i m a t e o n e a n o t h e r t h e y a c c u r a t e l yd e t e r m i n e , b y i n c l u s i o n , t h e transform o f t h e un-k n o w n t e s t p u l s e . Th e damped e x p o n e n t i a l p u l s e i st y p i c a l o f t h e o u t p u t o f c a p a c i t o r - b a s e d g e n e r a t o r sand f i r i n g u n i t s . Th e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t y p i c a lp u l s e s i s t r e a t e d a t l e n g t h i n many s o u r c e s [ 3 ] - [ 5 ] .

    I l l . E F F E C T S ON H A R D W A R EH i s t o r i c a l l y , s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o r a d i a t e d f i e l d shas been i n v e s t i g a t e d e m p i r i c a l l y . Hardware undert e s t h a s been s u b j e c t e d t o t h e f u l l - s c a l e e n v i r o n -m e n t , a n d t h e e f f e c ts on hardware have been d i -r e c t l y o b s e r v e d . ( S e e , f o r e x a m p l e , M I L - I - 6 1 8 1 D ,AF B SD 6 2 - 7 5 . ) S u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o t h e f i e l d l e v e l sc h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e n u c l e a r e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c p u l s e

    c a n n o t be determined i n t h i s d i r e ct f a sh i o n. As ap r a c t i c a l m a t t e r , a t l e a s t i n t h e e a r l y d e s i g ns t a g e s , i t i s n e c es s ary t o t e s t hardware w i t h ap u l s e a p p l i e d i n some i n d i r e c t manner a n d t o j u s -t i f y t h e p r o c e d u r e as a s i g n i f i c a n t s i m u l a t i o n o ft h e a c t u a l case. The p r o c es s may be d i v i d e d i n t o1 ) d e t e r m i n i n g t h e t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n s between t h ee x t e r n a l environment an d s e n s i t i v e componentsw i t h i n a p a c k a g e , a n d 2 ) c r e a t i n g a t t h e componentst h e s i g n a l s t h e y w i l l s ee i n t h e a c t u a l , f u l l - s c a l e

    e n v i r o n m e n t .T h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n s i n v o l v e smaking p r a c t i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e r e s u l t s o fcompromise t e s t i n g i n t h e a r e a s o f :1 ) p u l s e v s . s t e a d y - s t a t e m e t h o d s2 ) n e a r v s . f a r -f i e l d s e t u p s3 ) e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f r e s u l t s t o f u l l s t r e n g t h f i e l dc o n d i t i o n s .C a n d i d a t e i n j e c t i o n m e t h o d s a r e :1 ) v o l t a g e t r a n s i e n t i n j e c t i o n o n p a c k a g e p i n s2 ) c u r r e n t t r a n s i e n t c o u p l i n g t h r o u g h t h e c a b l es h e a t h .P u l s e v s . S t e a d y - S t a t e M e t h o d s

    S t e a d y - s t a t e , o r CW, t e s t i n g i s t h e more c o n -v e n i e n t m e t h o d . I t u s e s a n o f f - t h e - s h e l f s o u r c e ,h a s a r e p e a t a b l e s i g n a l , a n d c a n b e m o n i t o r e d b y am e t e r . P u l s e t e s t i n g g e n e r a l l y r e q u i r e s s p e c i a l l yd e s i g n e d c o m p o n e n t s ( g e n e r a t o r , v a c uum s w i t c h ,a n t e n n a ) , a n d must b e m o n i t o r e d w i t h o s c i l lo s c o pea n d camera. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e s o u r c e i s n o t l i k e l y t ob e r e p e a t a b l e , a n d t h e o u t pu t p u l s e s must b e c o n -s t a n t l y a n a l y z e d . T h e a n a l y s i s i s a p t t o b e a man-u a l t a s k , b e c a u s e o f t h e e x p e n s e o f computerprograms a n d t h e i n a b i l i t y o f spectrum a n a l y z e r st o h a n d l e s i n g l e p u l s e s . For t h e s e r e a s o n s t h ep r e s s u r e t o r e l y o n s t e a d y - s t a t e t e s t i n g i s a l w a y ss t r o n g .B u t a r e t h e r e s u l t s o f s t e a d y - s t a t e t e s t i n gs i g n i f i c a n t ?The a r g u m e n t i s f r e q u e n t l y u r g e d t h a t CW t e s t -i n g a t a l l f r e q u e n c i e s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e f r e q u e n c y -domain t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s a w o r s t - c a s e method o ft e s t i n g f o r s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o t h e time-domain p u l s e .T h i s t h e o r y d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o h o l d u p i n t e s t s ona c t u a l , i n s t a l l e d c i r c u i t s . T e s t r e s u l t s u s e d a s ab a s i s f o r t h e c o n c l u s i o n s r e a c h e d i n t h i s p a p e r i n -d i c a t e t h a t a l l p r a c t i c a l c i r c u i t s e x h i b i t m u l t i p l er e s o n a n c e s i n a p u l s e d e n v i r o n m e n t .U n d e r CW t e s t i n g , o n l y s i n g l e resonance p h e -n omena a r e i n v e s t i g a t e d , a n d i t i s f r e q u e n t l y p o s -s i b l e b y r e d e s i g n t o e l i m i n a t e t h e resonancee f f e c t s o r s h i f t t h e i r i n c i d e n c e t o f r e q u e n c i e sa b o v e t h e b a n d o f i n t e r e s t . U n d e r h i g h - l e v e l , f a s tr i s e t i m e p u l s e t e s t i n g , h o w e v e r , r e s o n a n c e p e r -s i s t s a s a f a c t o f l i f e . R e d e s i g n t o e l i m i n a t e t h er i n g i n g e f f e c t s must c o m p e t e o n a t r a d e - o f f b a s i sw i t h o t h e r d e s i g n g o a l s ( o p e r a t i n g i m p e d a n c e s ,c o m p o n e n t l o c a t i o n , w e i g h t , p r o d u c i b i l i t y ) . Ano v e r r i d i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t av e h i c l e b e h a r d e n e d t o w i t h s t a n d t h e p u l s e e n v i r o n -ment w i t h o u t b e i n g d e g r a d e d i n i t s p e r f o r m a n c e i nt h e " p e a c e f u l E M I " e n v i r o n m e n t .F i g u r e 3 shows t h e a t t e n u a t i o n whi ch r e s u l t e dwhen a v a r i e t y o f c o n v e n t i o n a l 1 - m e t e r , 1 0 0 - o h m ,c i r c u i t s were s u b j e c t e d t o a p u l s e d f i e l d . F i g u r e 4

    I1T I I1

    iI I I E I .- .-I " . -, ,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 - - . m m%f ,Nf.-

    T1 . ri

    II

    II '

    TTI

    1 9 6 6 1 9 9

    Authorized licensed use limited to: KMEA Engineering College. Downloaded on July 16,2010 at 10:42:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

  • 8/8/2019 Simulating the Electrical Effects

    4/13

    I E E E TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC C OMP A T I B I L I T YAK '32

    )E R

    0 r 4 U SR I S ' E T I N E OF FIELD PULSE (DECAYSEXPONENTALLY)

    6 . 5 1 ~ 1 . 5 2 2 . 5 3 3 . 5 4MC

    F R E Q U E N C Y - D O , I H N TRANSFORMATIONC 1 n i | l l t 1- 1OFIELD P U I S EA l A z11 L 1 i1 L2 U l S E C / D 7 VV ' - I

    R E S P O N S E O F S H I E L D E D 1 0 0 - O H K C I R C U I T S , 1 M E T E R LNGA TT M NU AT I O N: 2 0 l o g l e 3 3 2 - 5 8 I B

    F i g . 3 . A t t e n u a t i o n i n d i c a t e d b y p u l s e t e s t i n g .

    F i g . 4 . A t t e n u a t i o n i n d i c a t e d b y CW t e s t i n g .s h o w s t h e a t t e n u a t i o n w h i c h r e s u l t e d w h e n t h esame c i r c u i t s were s u b j e c t e d t o a CW f i e l d o f t h esame a m p l i t u d e , a t t h e f r e q u e n c i e s contained i nt h e p u l s e . ( T h e CW t e s t s were continued i n t o h i g hf r e q u e n c i e s , t o f i n d t h e re s o n a n c e s o f t h e c i r c u i tc o m p o n e n t s . ) I f CW t e s t i n g were r e l i e d on, t h ec o n c l u s i o n s might be drawn ( f r o m F i g . 4 ) t h a t as i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e , a p p r o a c h i n g 20 d B , e x i s t sbetween t h e c a n d i d a t e s h i e l d s ; a l s o , t h a t no r e s o -n a n c e e f f e c t s e x i s t below 1 0 mHz. P u l s e t e s t i n gr e v e a l s however, ( F i g . 3 ) t h a t t h e c a n d i d a t e s h i e l d sa r e i n f a c t e q u a l l y e f f e c t i v e an d t h a t r i n g i n g does

    d e v e l o p i n r e s p o n se t o a p u l s e h a v i n g a l l i t s s i g n i f -i c a n t components below 4 mHz. Th e a t t e n u a t i o nl e v e l i n d i c a t e d b y p u l s e t e s t i n g ( 5 8 d B ) i s a p p r o x i -m a t e l y e q u a l t o t h e l e v e l i n d i c a t e d b y CW t e s t i n ga t 4 mHz, on t h e p o o r e s t c a n d i d a t e . T h i s r es u l t d i dn o t p r e v a i l d u r i n g t e s t s o f c i r c u i t s c o n t a i n i n g o t h e rimpedances. I n g e n e r a l , CW t e s t i n g r e v e a l e d moreimpedance-dependence t h a n d i d p u l s e t e s t i n g ( s e eF i g . 5 ) .Th e c o n c l u s i o n reached was t h a t t e s t i n g whichi s t o s u p p o r t p u l s e environment h a r d e n i n g d e c i -s i o n s must be d o n e w i t h a s i n g l e p u l s e c o n f o r m i n g ,

    P E3v oP iM E '

    . 2, , r f ' l-C i .1 l9 l' A yc:A l l

    2 0 0 December

    V U L I ZP E R D I s

    Authorized licensed use limited to: KMEA Engineering College. Downloaded on July 16,2010 at 10:42:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

  • 8/8/2019 Simulating the Electrical Effects

    5/13

    LANGE: SIMULATING ELECTR ICAL E F F E C T S OF NUCLEAR D ETONATI ONS

    F i g . 5 . A t t e n u a t i o n a s a f u n c t i o n o f c i r c u i t i m p e d a n c e ( C W t e s t i n g ) .e x c e p t f o r a m p l i t u d e , t o t h e parameters o f t h e d e -s i g n p u l s e .Near- v s. F a r - F i e l d S e t u p s

    N e a r - f i e l d t e s t i n g i s t h e o n l y method g e n e r a l l ya v a i l a b l e f o r d e v e l o p i n g h i g h - l e v e l f i e l d s . W h e r eo u t d o o r f a c i l i t i e s are a v a i l a b l e f o r f a r - f i e l d t e s t -i n g , t h e l a r g e a m o u n t s o f power w h i c h must b er a d i a t e d i n o r d e r t o d e v e l o p s i g n i f i c a n t f i e l d s a tt h e t e s t specimen p r e c l u d e t h e i r u s e e x c e p t u n d e rF e d e r a l r e g u l a t i o n a n d r e s t r i c t i o n . T y p i c a l l y , t h el a r g e - s c a l e f a c i l i t i e s are b u i l t a n d c o n t r o l l e d b yt h e m i l i t a r y c u s t o m e r , a n d c o n t r a c t o r s u s e theml a t e i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a v e h i c l e . A s i n g l e t e s tmay c o s t t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f d o l l a r s . C l e a r l y ,most t e s t i n g must be p e r f o r m e d n e a r - f i e l d , andt h e r e s u l t s must be a d j u s t e d t o a c c o u n t f o r "near-f i e l d e f f e c t s . 'A c c o r d i n g t o t h e o r y ( s e e , f o r e x a m p l e , c h a p t e r2 3 o f [ 3 ] ) , n e a r - f i e l d t e s t s p e r f o r m e d w i t h a d i p o l ea n t e n n a l a r g e l y omit t h e m a g n e t i c f i e l d componentw h i l e t h o s e performed w i t h a l o o p a n t e n n a l a r g e l yomit t h e e le ct r i c f i e l d c o m p o n e n t , compared t o t h ef a r - f i e l d case. Th e t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s e s a p p l y t oi d e a l i z e d t e s t c o n d i t i o n s , and do n o t i n c l u d e g r o u n de f f e c t s . Th e c o n c l u s i o n s c a n n o t be q u a n t i t a t i v e l ya p p l i e d t o a c t u a l c i r c u i t s i n t e n t i o n a l l y i n s t a l l e dn e a r a f i n i t e g r o u n d p l a n e .Tw o methods o f comparison t e s t i n g can be c o n -v e n i e n t l y c a r r i e d o u t . Th e f i r s t meth o d c o m p a r e sp i c k u p s on a c i r c u i t w he n t h e t r a n s m i t t e r i ss w i t c h e d a l t e r n a t i v e l y between tw o d i p o l e a n t e n n a s ,

    o n e i n n e a r - f i e l d a n d o n e i n f a r - f i e l d . Th e s e c o n dmethod compares t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d when t h es o u r c e g e n e r a t o r i s s w i t c h e d a l t e r n a t i v e l y b e t w e e nd i p o l e a n d l o o p a n t e n n a s .W i t h i n t h e a u t h o r ' s c o g n i z a n c e n o d a t a i s p r e s -e n t l y a v a i l a b l e on t h e n e a r - a n d f a r - f i e l d d i p o l em e t h o d f o r p u l s e d f i e l d s , a l t h o u g h f u n d e d programsno w e x i s t . CW t e s t s u s i n g t h i s method h a v e b e e nc a r r i e d o u t . The r e s u l t s o f o n e CW t e s t a r e showni n F i g . 4 , where t h e d o t t e d c u r v e r e p r e s e n t s t h ea t t e n u a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a c o n v e n t i o n a l c i r -c u i t i n f a r - f i e l d . F i g u r e 5 shows t h e e f f e c t o f c i r -c u i t i m p e d a n c e o n a t t e n u a t i o n d u r i n g CW t e s t i n g .R e s u l t s o f a p p l i c a b l e d i p o l e - v s . - l o o p a n t e n n at e s t i n g a r e a v a i l a b l e . The c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e t e s tr e p o r t e d h e r e i s t h a t o f a c o n v e n t i o n a l p a c k a g ec o n t a i n i n g e l e c t r o n i c c i r c u i t r y , w i t h s h i e l d e d c a -b l i n g , i n s t a l l e d w i t h i n one i n c h o f a c o n d u c t i v e b a l -l i s t i c s h e l l . T h i s t e s t w as d e s i g n e d t o s u b j e c t t h ec a b l e a n d p a c k a g e t o a p u l s e d n e a r - f i e l d e n v i r o n -m e n t . B y t h e o r y ( c h a p t e r 2 3 o f [ 3 ] ) f o r t h e r a t i o o fp r o p a g a t i o n d i s t a n c e t o c e n t e r w a v e - l e n g t h u s e d i nt h i s t e s t , t h e d i p o l e f i e l d s h o u l d b e p r e d o m i n a n t l y( a t l e a s t 1 5 / 1 ) e l e c t r i c a n d t h e l o o p a n t e n n a f i e l ds h o u l d b e c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y p r e d o m i n a n t l y m a g n e t i c .T h e p u l s e shown i n F i g . 3 w as f e d , i n t u r n , i n t oa r o d a n d a l o o p a n t e n n a . The r o d w as i n s t a l l e dp a r a l l e l t o t h e t e s t c a b l e . Th e l o o p a n t e n n a w asformed a s a r e c t a n g l e w i t h i t s l o n g s i d e s p a r a l l e lt o t h e t es t c a b l e . A l o w - i m p e d a n c e p u l s e g e n e r a t o rw as u s e d , s o t h a t t h e f i e l d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w o u l db e d e v e l o p e d b y t h e a n t e n n a . The t e s t s e t u p i sshown i n F i g . 6 .

    1 9 6 6 2 0 1

    Authorized licensed use limited to: KMEA Engineering College. Downloaded on July 16,2010 at 10:42:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

  • 8/8/2019 Simulating the Electrical Effects

    6/13

    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITYC U R R E N TI N J E C T I O N P R O B E S T O O S C I L L O S C O P E

    B A C K S H E L L SHIED GROUNDP I G T A I L S I E L E GR

    F i g . 6 . T e s t s e t u p .T h e r e s u l t s o f numero us t e s t r u n s a n d o s c i l l o -s c o p e p i c t u r e s may b e g e n e r a l i z e d f o r p u r p o s e s o ft h e p r e s e n t d i s c u s s i o n a s f o l l o w s .1 ) I n t h e r o d a n t e n n a f i e l d t h e p e a k c u r r e n t on1 0 0 - o h m c i r c u i t s w as 2 6 . 6 8 d B b e l o w t h ep e a k c u r r e n t d e v e l o p e d on t h e c a b l e s h e a t h .P u l s e s h a p e s were s i m i l a r ( F i g . 7 ) .2 ) I n t h e l o o p a n t e n n a f i e l d t h e p e a k c u r r e n t on1 0 0 - o h m c i r c u i t s w as 4 7 . 9 6 t o 4 9 . 8 1 d B b e -

    S H O R T / S H O R T 1 0 0 O H M S / S H O R T 1 M D G S M / S H O S T

    S H O R T / 1 O 0 OH M 1 0 0 O H M S / 1 0 0 O H M S 1 M E G O H M / O O OI E

    S N O R T / 1 O H M 1 0 0 O H m S / 1 M E G O H M 1 MBSOM1 0 5 E G 0 M

    NOE S t T O P T R A C E I S C U R R E O N S H E A T H - S C A L E - 0 . 8 5 A M P S / D I VBOTTOM T R A C E I S C U R R E N T P N C I R C U I T - S C A L E - 0 . 0 8 s A M P S / D I VT I M E B A S E - 2 U S E C / D I V1 0 0 O H M S / S H O R T M E A N S 1 0 0 O H M S A T P R O B E E N D OF C I R C U I T , S H O R TA T F A R EN D1 E S E T J E E R O ) D L g T 1 C A N WITH B A C K S H E L T AN D PIGTAILF i g . 7 . P i c k u p o n c i r c u i t s i n r o d - a n t e n n a f i e l d .

    N O T E S : T O P T R AC E I S C UR RE NT O N S B E A T H - S C A L ; E - Q J 8 5 A M P S / D I VBOTTOM T R A C E I S C J R 7 . E N T O N C I R C I U I T - S C A L E - 0 . 0 0 3 4 A M P S / D I VT I T - F B A 9 F - 2 U S E S c / D I VS H O R T / 1 0 0 O N M 3 S ? E A N S A S H O R T A T P R O B E E N D OF C I RC UI T, 1 0 0 O H M SA T FA R E N MF i g . 8 . P i c k u p o n c i r c u i t s i n l o o p - a n t e n n a f i e l d , u s i n gb a c k s h e l l s h i e l d g r o u n d s .

    l o w t h e p e a k c u r r e n t d e v e l o p e d o n t h e c a b l es h e a t h . Th e c i r c u i t p u l s e w as damped i n r e -l at i on t o t h e s h e a t h p u l s e ( F i g s . 8 , 9 ) .3 ) Th e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d o n 100-ohm c i r c u i t swere r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a l l c i r c u i t s i n t h e r o da n t e n n a c a s e . I n t h e l o o p a n t e n n a c a s e , c u r -r e n t o n m i n i m u m i m p e d a n c e c i r c u i t s ( b e l o w1 0 o hms d c ) w as 6 d B a b o v e t h a t o n 100-ohmc i r c u i t s ( F i g s . 7 - 9 ) .S i n c e t h e s h e a t h a n d c i r c u i t s were i d e n t i c a l i na l l t e s t s i t w as c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o nw as h i g h l y s u b j e c t t o c a p a c i t i v e r a t h e r t h a n i n -d u c t i v e c o u p l i n g . Th e r e s p o n s e t o r o d a n d l o o p a n -t e n n a w as s u f f i c i e n t l y d i f f e r e n t t o r e q u i r e t h a t b o t ht y p e s o f t e s t s b e u s e d u n t i l a n a c c e p t a b l e f a r - f i e l ds i m u l a t o r s o u r c e i s a v a i l a b l e . P r e s e n t e f f o r t s a r ed i r e c t e d t o w a r d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a c o m p u t e r i z e dprogram f o r a s c r i b i n g f a r - f i e l d s i g n i f i c a n c e t on e a r - f i e l d t e s t r e s u l t s , f o r u n i q u e h a r d w a r ec o n f i g u r a t i o n s .E x t r a p o l a t i o n t o F u l l - S t r e n g t h F i e l d

    T e s t i n g f o r v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o e l e c t r o m a g n e t i cp u l s e c a n , a s a p r a c t i c a l m a t t e r , o n l y b e accom-p l i s h e d t h r o u g h e x t r a p o l a t i o n . S i n c e t h e f u l l -

    2 0 2 December

    Authorized licensed use limited to: KMEA Engineering College. Downloaded on July 16,2010 at 10:42:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

  • 8/8/2019 Simulating the Electrical Effects

    7/13

    LANGE: SIMULATING ELECTRICAL E F F E C T S O F N U C L E A R DETONATIONS

    N O T F i S :T O P T R A C E I S C U R R E N T O N S H E A T H - S C A L E - 0 .8 5 A MP S/ D IVB O T T O M T R A C E I S C U R R E N T O N C K T - S C A L E - 0 . 0 0 3 k A M P S /D I VI 2 | T I M E B A S E - 2 T J S E C / D I V" 1 0 O 0 ; S / S H O R T ' M E A N S 1 0 ON M A T P R O B E ED O F C K T ,S T H O R T A T F A R ED

    F i g . 9 . P i c k u p on c i r c u i t s i n l o o p - a n t e n n a f i e l d , u s i n gp i g t a i l s h i e l d g r o u n d s .s t r e n g t h f i e l d c a n n o t n o r m a l l y b e g e n e r a t e d , al e s s e r f i e l d must b e u s e d , a n d t h e r e s p o n s e n o t e d .T h e r e s p o n s e m u s t t h e n b e m a g n i f i e d . T y p i c a l l yt h e d e s i g n f i e l d , w i t h s c a l e d - d o w n a m p l i t u d e , i sg e n e r a t e d . T h e c u r r e n t p u l s e d e v e l o p e d i n t h e c a -b l e s h e a t h a d j a c e n t t o a p a c k a g e i s measured w i t ha p r o b e a n d p h o t o g r a p h e d . The same p r o b e , or as l e e v e , i s t h e n u s e d t o i n j e c t a s c a l e d - u p c u r r e n twaveform i n t o t h e s h e a t h a t t h e same p o i n t . Th er e s p o n s e w i t h i n t h e p a c k a g e i s t h e n t a k e n t o b e i t sr e s p o n s e t o t h e f u l l - s c a l e f i e l d . T h i s a p p r o a c h ,a s i d e from t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e e x tr ap ol at i on , p r e -s e n t s t w o d i f f i c u l t i e s :1 ) I t assumes a l l r e s p o n s e w i t h i n t h e p a c k a g ei s r e l a t e d t o s h e a t h c u r r e n t , a n d n o t d u e t oc o v e r p e n e t r a t i o n .2 ) I f f a r - f i e l d t e s t i n g i s u s e d , t h e p i c k u p on t h e

    s h e a t h , w i t h g o o d g r o u n d i n g p r a c t i c e s , w i l ll i k e l y b e a t o r b e l o w t h e n o i s e t h r e s h o l d , a n dt h u s n o t a g o o d b a s i s f o r e x t r a p o l a t i o n .I n many h a r d w a r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s , h o w e v e r , i t i sf e a s i b l e t o c o n s i d e r ' w o r s t - c a s e " cover p e n e t r a -t i o n a n d " w o r s t - c a s e " f i e l d g e n e r a t i o n m e t h o d s ,a n d s t i l l d e m o n s t r a t e s u r v i v a b i l i t y . E x t r a p o l a t i o nd a t a i s t h e n u s e f u l .F i g u r e 1 0 shows t h e t yp i c al r e s p o n s e o f s e v e r a l

    F i g . 1 0 . R e s p o n s e o f 100-ohm c i r c u i t s t o i n c r e a s i n gf i e l d s t r e n g t h .1 0 0 - o h m c i r c u i t s , n e a r a g r o u n d p l a n e , t o i n c r e a s ei n t h e a m p l i t u d e o f t h e p u l s e d f i e l d . The p u l s eshown i n F i g . 3 w as f e d i n t w i n t o a r o d a n t e n n aa n d l o o p a n t e n n a . F o r c o m p a r i s o n , a s i m i l a r p u l s ew as g e n e r a t e d b y a commercial s o u r c e a n d f e d a sa s t e a d y - s t a t e s i g n a l t o t h e r o d a n t e n n a . F i g u r e 1 0shows t h a t i n a s t e a d y - st a t e e n v i r o n m e n t ( a t v a r i -o u s r e p e t i t i o n r a t e s ) t h e v o l t a g e d e v e l o p e d o n t h ec i r c u i t i n c r e a s e d l i n e a r l y ( 2 0 dB p e r d e c a d e ) w i t hi n c r e a s e s i n f i e l d s t r e n g t h . I n t h e p u l s e d r o d -a n t e n n a f i e l d t h e r a t e w as 1 4 d B p e r d e c a d e . I n t h ep u l s e d l o o p - a n t e n n a f i e l d t h e r a t e w as 6 d B p e rd e c a d e . B a s e d u p o n t h e s e r e s u lt s i t w as c o n c l u d e dt h a t f o r f i e l d s t r e n g t h s o f i n t e r e s t , l i n e a r e x t r a p o -l a t i o n from l o w - f i e l d measurements w o u l d r e s u l ti n w o r s t - c a s e p i c k u p p r e d i c t i o n s .

    I V . SIMULATING T HE F U LL- F I E LD E F F E C TT h r o u g h o u t t h e h a r d w a r e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d q u a l -i f i c a t i o n p h a s e , t e s t s must g e n e r a l l y be c o n d u c t e d

    1 9 6 6 2 0 3

    Authorized licensed use limited to: KMEA Engineering College. Downloaded on July 16,2010 at 10:42:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

  • 8/8/2019 Simulating the Electrical Effects

    8/13

    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITYb y s i m u l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s r a t h e r t h a n i n t h e f u l l -s c a l e e n v i r o n m e n t .F r o m t h e t e s t s d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n I I I i t w asc o n c l u d e d t h a t 1 ) t h e s t i m u l u s t o b e a p p l i e d t o t h ep a c k a g e s h o u l d b e a p u l s e a n d 2 ) t h e p u l s e s h o u l dh a v e a f r e q u e n c y - d o m a i n t r a n s f o r m w h i c h f a l l s b e -t w e e n t h e t r a n s f o r m o f t h e r e s p o n s e t o t h e r o d -a n t e n n a f i e l d a n d t h e r e s p o n s e t o t h e l o o p - a n t e n n af i e l d .T h e q u e s t i o n w h i c h r e m a i n e d w a s : C o u l d t h e r e -s p o n s e b e r e a d a t t h e c u r r e n t s h e a t h , a n d r e -c r e a t e d t h e r e f o r t e s t p u r p o s e s ? Or must i t b er e a d o n i n d i v i d u a l p i n s a n d r e c r e a t e d t h e r e ? T h es h e a t h m e t h o d i s g e n e r a l l y more c o n v e n i e n t , s i n c et h e r e s p o n s e t o t h e f i e l d c a n b e r e a d , a n d r e -c r e a t e d f o r t e s t p u r p o s e s , b y a c u r r e n t p r o b e o rs l e e v e p l ac e d a r o u n d t h e c a b l e . T h e p a c k a g e c a nb e t e s t e d a l o n e ( w i t h c a b l e ) o r a s a c o m p o n e n t i na n o p e r a t i n g s y s t e m .A s e r i e s o f t e s t s were c o n d u c t e d t o d e t e r m i n ew h i c h m e t h o d o f t e s t i n g w o u l d r e s u l t i n c i r c u i t r e -s p o n s e s m o r e c l o s e l y s i m u l a t i n g t h e r e s p o n s e s t ot h e f r e e - f i e l d e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e q u e s t i o n o f c a s ep e n e t r a t i o n w as a v o i d e d b y u s i n g o n l y p a c k a g e swhose a t t e n u a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n d i p o l e - a n dl o o p - a n t e n n a f i e l d s were k n o w n . T h e r e s p o n s e s o f

    A L L T R AC E S R E P R E SE N T C U R R E N T O N C I R C U I T SE X C E P T T R A C E L A B E L E D " V O L T A G EI N J E C T E D O N P I N S "

    c i r c u i t s were d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g a n te n n a s p l ac e dp a r a l l e l t o t h e c a b l e b u t n o t e x t e n d i n g t o t h e v a -c i n i t y o f t h e p a c k a g e s . The t e s t s e t u p i s shown i nF i g . 6 .I n t h e r o d - a n t e n n a f i e l d t h e c u r r e n t d e v e l o p e don a 100-ohm c i r c u i t was 2 1 5 7 ( 2 6 . 6 8 dB b e l o w )t h e c u r r e n t d e v e l o p e d o n t h e s h e a t h ( F i g . 7 ) . T h ew a v e f o r m o n t h e c i r cu i t w as s i m i l a r t o t h a t on t h es h e a t h . T h e i m p e d a n c e o f t h e c i r c u i t , a n d t h em e t h o d o f g r o u n d i n g t h e s h e a t h ( t h r o u g h c o n n e c t o rb a c k s h e l l s o r t h r o u g h p i g t a i l s ) h a d n o e f f e c t onmeasured c u r r e n t f l o w .I n t h e l o o p - a n t e n n a f i e l d t h e c u r r e n t d e v e lo p e don a 100-ohm c i r c u i t was - 1 0 ( 4 7 . 9 6 d B b e l o w ) t h ec u r r e n t d e v e l o p e d o n t h e s h e a t h f o r t h e b a c k s h e l lg r o u n d c o n f i g u r a t i o n ( F i g . 8 ) a n d 4 9 . 8 1 d B ( 3 0 I 3 )f o r t h e p i g t a i l g r o u n d ( F i g . 9 ) . Th e c i r c u i t wave-form w as s i m i l a r t o t h e s h e a t h waveform i n t h eb a c k s h e l l c o n f i g u r a t i o n b u t w as r a g g e d a n d d i s c o n -t i n u o u s , on l o w - i m p e d a n c e c i r c u i t s , w i t h p i g t a i l

    F i g . 1 1 . Response o f c i r c u i t s t o i n j e c t i o n o f v o l t a g e o np a c k a g e p i n s , w i t h n o c a b l e a t t a c h e d . F i g . 1 2 . Response o f c i r c u i t s t o i n j e c t i o n o f v o l t a g e o np a c k a g e p i n s , w i t h c a b l e a t t a c h e d .

    2 0 4 December

    Authorized licensed use limited to: KMEA Engineering College. Downloaded on July 16,2010 at 10:42:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

  • 8/8/2019 Simulating the Electrical Effects

    9/13

    LANGE: SIMULATING ELECTR ICAL E F F E C T S OF NUCLEAR DETONAT IO N Sg r o u n d s . C i r c u i t i m p e d a n c e had n o e f f e c t o n mea-s u r e d c u r r e n t f l o w e x c e p t i n t h e c a s e o f c i r c u i t sb e l o w 1 0 ohms.V o l t a g e s p i k e s were i n j e c t e d d i r e c t l y o n t o t h ep i n s o f t h e p a c k a g e , a n d t h e c u r r e n t d e v e l o p e d o nc i r c u i t s w as measured. The r e s p o n s e s show moreo f a n ohms-low c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n impedance a n dc u r r e n t t h a n w as o b s e r v e d i n t h e a n t e n n a - f i e l dc a s e s . F i g u r e 1 1 shows t h e r e s p o n s e s f o r t h ep a c k a g e a l o n e w h i l e F i g . 1 2 shows t h e r e s p o n s e sw i t h t h e c a b l e a t t a c h e d . The r e s u l t s f o r p a c k a g ea l o n e may b e t a b u l a t e d a s f o l l o w s :

    C i r c u i t Ohm's La w MeasuredI m p e d a n c e ( a m p e r e s ) A m p e r e s( o h m s )S h o r t 3 0 3 1 3 9 . 32 3 . 5 1 2 . 9 0 9 . 14 7 6 . 4 5 8 . 9 5

    1 0 0 3 . 0 3 3 . 51 0 . 0 0 0 3 0 3 1 . 8 9

    T h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e p a c k a g e w i t h c a b l e a t t a c h e dwere a s f o l l o w s :C i r c u i t Ohm's Law MeasuredI m p e d a n c e ( a m p e r e s ) A m p e r e s( o h m s )

    S h o r t / S h o r t 1 9 7 . 2 1 9 7 . 2S h o r t / 1 0 0 9 8 . 6 1 9 7 . 2S h o r t / l M 9 8 . 6 1 9 7 . 21 0 0 / S h o r t 1 5 . 2 1 0 . 21 M / S h o r t 0 . 0 0 1 5 2 9 . 4 41 0 0 / 1 0 0 1 5 . 2 2 2 . 8 61 M / 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 5 2 1 6 . 2 41 0 0 / 1 M 1 5 . 2 2 2 . 1 01 M / 1 M 0 . 0 0 1 5 2 1 5 . 3 0

    F or comparison w i t h t h e v o l t a g e i n j e c t i o n meth-o d , c u r r e n t s p i k e s were c o u p l e d i n t o t h e s h e a t h b yc l a m p i n g on a c u r r e n t p r o b e n e a r t h e p a c k a g e c o n -n e c t o r . The r e s u l t s are sho w n i n F i g . 1 3 . The c u r -r e n t d e v e l o p e d on c i r c u i t s h a v i n g impedances o f 4 7o h m s o r g r e a t e r was 1 7 ( 8 4 . 7 7 d B b e l o w ) t h ec u r r e n t d e v e l o p e d o n t h e s h e a t h . Th e r e s u l t s weret h e same f o r b o t h b a c k s h e l l g r o u n d i n g a n d p i g t a i lg r o u n d i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n s .

    2ON7S5ORT h7O H M S / S H O R TC U R R E 1 N T S H O R T- R E A O N -S R E A T N

    S H O R T / 1 l 0 O I l l O m / O 0 01 0 0 O R M S / i C o B sO H M S

    S H O R T / i M E G O X C ,LEGOHM/11- o o o H M s ET - G O H M_ 1 _ o H f X

    I M O T E S .A L L T R A C E S R E P R - E S E N T C U R R E N T READ O HC I R C U I T S E X C E P T T RA C E L A B E L ED ' C U R R ER E A D O N S H E A T H "S C A L E OF C U R R E N T O N S H E A T H - 3 4 . 0 A M P S / D I VS C A L E O F C U R R E N T O N C I R C U I T S * 0 . 0 0 8 5 A N P S /D I VT I R S E B A S E - 2 U S E C / D I T" 2 7 . 5 O H M S / B H O R T " M E A N S 2 7 . 5 O H M S A TP R O B N D E N D O F C I R C U I T , S H O R T A T F A R E N T DR E S U L T S W E R E I D E N T I C A L FOR B R C E S H E L T LAN D P I G T A I L S H I E L D GROUNDS

    F i g . 1 3 . Response o f c i r c u i t s t o i n j e c t i o n o f c u r r e n ti n t o s h e at h b y c u r r e n t p r o b e .

    I n t h e n e x t method o f i n j e c t i o n t e s t e d , t h e p u l s es o u r c e o ut pu t w as s o l d e r e d o n t o t h e s h e a t h . T h er e s u l t s a r e shown i n F i g . 1 4 f o r b a c k s h e l l g r o u n d -e d c i r c u i t s , a n d F i g . 1 5 f o r p i g t a i l g r o u n d e d c i r -c u i t s . Th e r a t i o o f c u r r e n t d e v e l o p e d o n 1 0 0 - o h mc i r c u i t s , t o c u r r e n t r e a d o n t h e s h e a t h , was 9 7 4 5 0( 9 9 . 7 8 d B d o w n ) f o r b a c k s h e l l g r o u n d s a n d 2 2 1 0 0( 8 7 . 0 d B d o w n ) f o r p i g t a i l g r o u n d s .A h e l i c o i l r o d a n t e n n a , 3 i n c h e s i n d i a m e t e r w asp l a c e d a r o u n d t h e s h e a t h , t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c o u p l i n ge f f e c t s . T h e r e s u l t s ( F i g . 1 6 ) were s i m i l a r t o t h er e s u l t s o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e s t r a i g h t r o d a n t e n n a ( F i g .7 ) e x c e p t t h a t i n c i r c u i t s s h o r t e d a t o ne e n d t h eh e l i c o i l method d e v e l o p e d m ore c u r r e n t a t t h es h o r t .The c i r c u i t s were r e p l a c e d i n s i d e t h e c a b l es h e a t h b y u n s h i e l d e d c i r c u i t s . Th e r e s u l t ( F i g . 1 7 )w as h i g h - f r e q u e n c y r i n g i n g o n a l l c i r c u i t s r a t h e rt h a n a marked i n c r e a s e i n p i c k u p v o l t a g e .

    2 0 59 6 6

    - I I

    - i

    Authorized licensed use limited to: KMEA Engineering College. Downloaded on July 16,2010 at 10:42:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

  • 8/8/2019 Simulating the Electrical Effects

    10/13

    I E E E T R A N S A C T I O N S ON ELECTROMAGNETIC C O M P A T I B I L I T Y

    NOTES:ALL TRAC E S REPRESENT CURRENT O N C I RC U IT S E X C E P T TRACE LA B EL ED '"CURRENTREAD O N S H EA T H"S C A L F . O F CURRFRT O N S HE AT H - 3 4 o . o AMPS/DIVS C A L E OF CURRENT ON C I R C T I T S o . o o 8 5 A M P S / D I V ; T I M E BASE- 2 USEC/DIV" 1 0 O M D D S / S H O R T " H I E A N S 10 O D D S AT P R O B E : EDOF C I R C U I T , SHORT AT F AR EN DF i g . 1 4 . Response o f c i r c u i t s t o i n j e c t i o n o f currenti n t o s h e a t h b y s o l d e r e d c o n n e c t i o n , u s i n gb a c k s h e l l s h i e l d g r o u n d s .

    Summary o f C i r c u i t R e s p o n s e S i m u l a t i o n R e s u l t sI n b o t h r o d - a n t e n n a and l o o p - a n t e n n a f i e l d s t h ec o u p l i n g between c i r c u i t e l e m e n t s , case, s h i e l d s ,and ground p l a n e tended t o minimize t h e e f f e c t o fc i r c u i t impedance. T h i s t e n d e n c y was most markedi n s i t u a t i o n s w here t h e r e was l i t t l e c u r r e n t f l o w .Th e c i r c u i t r e s p o n se s t o t h e r o d - a n t e n n a f i e l d( F i g . 7 ) appeared t o be i n d e p e n d e n t o f impedance.They r e p r e s e n t e d v i r t u a l l y t h e ground p l a n e re-

    s p o n s e . Th e r e s p o n s e s t o t h e l o o p - a n t e n n a f i e l d( F i g . 8 an d 9 ) sh o we d some c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h i m-p e d a n c e , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e c a s e o f low-impedancec i r c u i t s . I n b o t h r o d - a n t e n n a a n d l o o p - a n t e n n af i e l d s t h e response o f t h e s h e a t h appeared t o vary( w i t h i n 6 d B ) i n a manner n o t r e l a t a b l e t o t h e c i r -c u i t impedance.A l l methods o f s i m u l a t i n g t h e source s i g n a l ,whether b y i n j e c t i n g v o l t a g e s p i k e s o n t o packagep i n s or b y c o u p l i n g i n t o t h e c a b l e s h e a t h , c a use dc i r c u i t responses t h a t were more n e a r l y 'Ohm'sl a w " responses t h a n t h o s e observed i n t h e antenna-f i e l d s i t u a t i o n s . F i g u r e 1 8 shows t h a t t h e current

    N O T E S tALL T R A C E S REPRESENT CURRENT ON CIRCUITS E X C E P T T R AC E L A B E LE D "CURRENT R E A D0 0 SHEATH"S C A I E OF CURRENT ON SHEATH 3 4 , O . 0 A M P S / D I T VS C A L E O F C U R T t R E N T ON C I R C U I T S o . o s 8 A M P S / D I V"10 O U I S / S H O R T " M3NS 10 O H D S A T P R O B E E N I D O F C I R C U I T , SHORT A T F A R E N D

    F i g . 1 5 . Response o f c i r c u i t s t o i n j e c t i o n o f c u r r e n ti n t o s h e a t h b y s o l d e r e d c o n n e c t i o n , u s i n g p i g -t a i l s h i e l d g r o u n d s .c o u p l i n g method s i m u l a t e s t h e a n t e n n a - f i e l d c a s emore c l o s e l y t h a n d o e s t h e v o l t a g e i n j e c t i o n meth-o d . Th e d i f f e r e n c e , h o w e v e r , d o e s n o t appear t o b eg r e a t . The c h o i c e o f methods may be ma d e on t h eb a s i s o f s o u r c e a v a i l a b i l i t y or c o n v e n i e n c e f a c t o r ss u c h as t h e f o l l o w i n g .1 ) V u l n e r a b i l i t y t o o v e r t e s t . Th e s t i m u l u s a c -t u a l l y d e l i v e r e d t o a c i r c u i t b y t h e v o l t a g e s p i k ei n j e c t i o n method was f o u n d t o vary b y as m u c h a s af a c t o r o f 1 0 d e p e n d i n g on t h e r a t h e r u n p r e d i c t a b l en a t u r e o f c o n t a c t r e s i s t a n c e under p u l s e c o n d i t i o n s[ 6 ] . T h i s problem i s n o t l i k e l y t o occur w i t h t h ec u r r e n t c o u p l i n g method s i n c e a l l p i n s ar e prop-e r l y mated t h r o u g h t h e c a b l e c o n n e c t o r , a n d a p i nremains p a i r e d w i t h t h e same s o c k e t t h r o u g h o u tt h e t e s t .2 ) E f f e c t on o p e r a t i n g c o n s o l e . T e s t i n g an oper-a t i n g package r e q u i r e s h a r d e n i n g t h e o p e r a t i n gequipment a t l e a s t as m u c h as t h e package undert e s t , t o p r e v e n t damage or g e n e r a t i o n o f s p u r i o u ss i g n a l s w i t h i n t h e o p e r a t i n g c o n s o l e .

    3 ) Kind o f p a c k a g e ; a v a i l a b i l i t y o f c a b l e . Ac omplex package w i t h many p o t e n t i a l l y s e n s i t i v ec i r c u i t s would be more c o n v e n i e n t l y t e s t e d by t h ec o u p l i n g m e t h o d , p a r t i c u l a r l y i f a s u i t a b l e c a b l e

    - - I - I - 5 O m 5 / S H O R TO N

    1 0 0 R H N S / S q O R T

    __ _ r _ _ k k _ 1 ~ ~ 2 l 0 / 0 4 0 0 N

    1 0 0 O H M S / 1 0 0 O H E Sf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 O m A o o f D

    2 0 6 December

    Authorized licensed use limited to: KMEA Engineering College. Downloaded on July 16,2010 at 10:42:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

  • 8/8/2019 Simulating the Electrical Effects

    11/13

    LANGE: SIMULATING E LE C TR I CA L E F F E C T S OF NUCLEAR DETONATIONS

    A L L T R A C r S REPRESENT CURRENT ON CIRCTS R E C E N TRACE LABELED " C U R R E N TREAD ON S ! R F A T H "S C A L E OF CURRENT ON SHEATH 3 . 4 Am/Div TIME BASE,* 2 U S E C / D I VSCALE 0C U R R E N T ON C T R C U I T S - 0 . 1 7 A M P S / D I V" S H O R T / 1 0 0 O H 1 4 S " TEANS A S H O R T AT P R O B E F N D OF C I R C U I T , 100 OHMS AT F A R E N DF i g . 1 6 . Response o f c i r c u i t s t o c o u p l i n g o f currenti n t o s h e a t h b y h e l i c a l r o d a n t e n n a .

    a l r e a d y e x i s t e d . A s i m p l e p a c k a g e w i t h f ew s e n s i -t i v e c i r c u i t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g b r e a d b o a r d s t a g ew h en i n t e r n a l c o u p l i n g wou l d n o t s i m u l a t e t h e f i n a lc o n f i g u r a t i o n , s h o u l d b e t e s t e d b y i n j e c t i n g v o l t a g eon p i n s .

    V . LARGE-SCALE TEST F A C I L I T I E SMany c o m p a n i e s have now b u i l t and r e p o r t e d

    upon c a p a c i t o r - p l a t e a n d c o i l t e s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s . Thep l a t e ( E - f i e l d ) i n s t a l l a t i o n s are g e n e r a l l y u n s u c -c e s s f u l i n p a c k a g e t e s t i n g s i n c e t h e p res en c e o f t h especimen d i s t u r b s t h e a i r d i e l e c t r i c . B u i l d i n g a f a -c i l i t y l a r g e e n o u g h t o overcome t h i s h a n d i c a p gen-e r a l l y p r e s e n t s d i f f i c u l t i e s b e y o n d t h e w i l l o f acompany t o p r o c e e d . Th e problems are t h e b a s i co n e s o f g e n e r a t i n g , d e l i v e r i n g , and i n s t a n t l ys w i t c h i n g l a r g e amounts o f p o w e r w i t h o u t s e t t i n gu p t e s t e q u i p m e n t r e s o n a n c e s and i n s t a b i l i t i e s .Large c o i l ( H - f i e l d ) f a c i l i t i e s have similar p r o b -

    C t M P E N T R E : A D R E A D I T T G 1 1 T H _ 1 5 O HM S/ 1 0 0 O r s 6 /O N N O C T R C I J I T S T - I S O R T S H O R Ts ST I s( N O T S E : V L . I _

    L i S H O R T 2 7 O M 4 / S H O R A T 1 M E G O " ' H R T( B _ ) S O L D E R E D C O N N E C T I O N

    N O T E S :A L I L T R A C E S R E P R E S E N T C U R R E N T O N C I R CU I TS E X CE P T T R A C E S L A B E L E D " C U R R E N TR E A D O N S R E A T H "S C A L E ( A ) C U R R E N T O N S H E A T H - 3 4 . 0 A M P S / I V T I NE B A SE - 2 U S E C / D I VC I U R P N T O N C I R C U I T S - 0 . 1 7 A m P S I V- ( B ) C U R R E N T ON S H E A T H - 3 4 0 . 0 A M P S / D VC U T R R E N T ON C I R C U I T S - o . o 8 5 A M P S / D I V" 1 0 0 O H M S / S H O R T " M E A N S 1 0 0 O T M S A T P R O B E EN D O F C I R C T I T , S H O R T A T F A R E NF i g . 1 7 . Response o f u n s h i e l d e d c i r c u i t s t o i n j e c t i o no f c u r r e n t i n t o s h e a t h b y ( a ) c u r r e n t p r o b ea n d ( b ) s o l d e r e d c o n n e c t i o n .

    lems a n d i n a d d i t i o n f r e q u e n t l y h a v e a c u r r e n t p a t hwhose p r o p a g a t i o n t i m e e x c e e d s t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h et e s t s i g n a l . A t t e m p t s t o overcome t h i s d i f f i c u l t yi n c l u d e t h e u s e o f a s e r i e s o f s t a g g e r e d i d e n t i c a lg e n e r a t o r s . T h e p r o b l e m s a r e m u l t i p l i e d whenc o m b i n e d E / H - f i e l d d e v i c e s a r e p l a c e d i n p r o x i -m i t y t o e a c h o t h e r a n d o p e r a t e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y .P r a c t i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s a n d i n t e r f e r e n c e g e n e r -a t i o n a s p e c t s a r e r e d u c i n g t h e number o f a m b i t i -o u s , l a r g e - s c a l e f a c i l i t y b u i l d i n g p r o j e c t s . Anumber o f c o m p l e t e d m i l i t a r y - c u s t o m e r f a c i l i t i e sa r e n o w i n o p e r a t i o n , w i t h r e p o r t e d f a r - f i e l d t e s tv o l u m e s s u f f i c i e n t t o i n c l u d e many s y s t e m s . I t i sl i k e l y t h a t n o s t a n d a r d l a r g e - s ca l e f a c i l i t y w i l le v o l v e . R a t h e r , h a r d e n i n g s p e c i f i c a t i o n s w i l l p r o b -a b l y b e w r i t t e n i n terms o f r e q u i r e d h a r d w a r e p e r -f o r m a n c e d u r i n g t e s t a t a s e l e c t e d f a c i l i t y . T h i sd e v e l o p m e n t w o u l d b e a n a l o g o u s t o t h e p r a c t i c e i nc o n v e n t i o n a l E MI t e s t i n g , o f g o i n g b e y o n d t h e e l e c -t r i c a l c i r c u i t s i n v o l v e d a n d s p e c i f y i n g t h e t e s t s e t -u p a n d f i e l d i n t e n s i t y meter a s a n i n t e g r a l e l e m e n to f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t .

    1 9 6 6 2 0 7

    Authorized licensed use limited to: KMEA Engineering College. Downloaded on July 16,2010 at 10:42:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

  • 8/8/2019 Simulating the Electrical Effects

    12/13

    I E E E TRANSACTIONS ON E L E C T R O M A G N E T I C COMPATIBILITY

    I d J1I L i I I A ' I

    I I I 4 . - l i I ~ ~ ~~ ~ 4 M. I I 1 1 I I s I A I l e

    ' l ~ " I .riI III! 1I I ~ k d. * I I M I I - V I I I I I E II I I ,,;*I I i , 1 A 1 1

    I i ^ 0 I ^ J 0f r \ N C \ j H- H- b t A 0 V I 0H-

    2 0 8

    1 0 0 0 0 0 0

    December

    100 0 0 0

    10000

    1000

    10 0

    b 1 - b00 )

    U 1 )0

    1 1 20 )C ) d

    '+ 40a )0 4C )

    0 0t o

    10

    I

    I I I I I F - I _ 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I - I I I I I I I I I I I I- j jm i i m i m i m M i i i g i M i m i i i

    i m i m i t i M i 0 0 0 .

    . . . . . . . . . . - .- . - . . .I I I i I I 1 - 4 l w I T I I I I I p i I I IL I A 1 3 1 - 1 - 1 L l I l i L u I I I I I I I I I ; I I I I 1 1 1 1 1.. . . . . . .-I . .

    . --. . . . I II - I - I I I IN 1 1 & I II C 1111 I I II L -- fill - - i i T - - [if i

    I I I U . - M a- " L-L L - - J Z- - I I I II I I r- - i - I j- 1- M-9 31 - I I a I i m i . . m N ! i n 2

    I . --- - - .. -I . . I I I I I1 . r b Ii i - i - - I

    1 i I 1 1 1 i l l e i d . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L i 1 1 I 1 . I 1 1 - j - 1

    . I I I I I A I , I F - I p A E 0 A - I ;I - . : r - I II - I I I I - L , I I I I - ,f l l s l l . I - - . -- . -- - - ---I F I r F A Al'o 10I 0

    0 00 0 000 01 1 0 0 , Id 0 0 0 0 0 c . l- . , V I - A I o tLOTO Pr I - & # - [ PI i - ; . ' l 1 4 r - 4

    Authorized licensed use limited to: KMEA Engineering College. Downloaded on July 16,2010 at 10:42:30 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

  • 8/8/2019 Simulating the Electrical Effects

    13/13

    LANGE: SIMULATING ELECTR ICAL E F F E C T S O F N U C L E A R D ETONATI ONSR E F E R E N C E S

    [ 1 1 J . P. W e s l e y , ' T h e o r y o f e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l dfrom a h i g h - a l t i t u d e s h o t , I U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r -n i a , R e p t . UCRL-5157 ( R e v . ) , 1 9 6 1 .[ 2 1 S . G l a s s t o n e , " T h e e f f e c t s o f n u c l e a r weapons,"U . S . Atomic Energy Commission, A p r i l 1 9 6 2 .[ 3 1 R e f e r e n c e D a t a f o r R a d i o E n g i n e e r s , I n t e r n a t i o n a lT e l e p h o n e a n d T e l e g r a p h C o r p . , 4 t h e d ., 1 9 6 2 .

    [ 4 ] H e w l e t t - P a c k a r d C o . , P a l o A l t o , C a l i f . , A p p l i c a -t i o n N o t e 1 7 , 1 9 6 2 .[ 5 1 H . L . R e h k o p f , "Prediction o f p u l s e s p e c t r a l l e v -e l s , p r e s e n t e d a t t h e 4 t h N a t i o n a l Symposium o n

    R F I , June 2 8 - 2 9 , 1 9 6 2 .[ 6 1 0 . P . S c h r e i b e r , " R e l i a b l e e l e c t r i c a l c o n t a c t .t h e o r y a p p l i e d t o RF I c o n t r o l , " T e c h n i c a l WireP r o d u c t s , I n c . , C r a n f o r d , N . J .

    1 9 6 6 2 0 9