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Shunichi Honda PhDSection ChiefMinistry of the Environment, [email protected]
Ministry of the EnvironmentGovernment of Japan
Japan’s Experience in Mercury Management
Execom Meeting, Surabaya
29-30 July 2011
1 Government Measures
2 Measures of Industrial Processes
3 Mercury Waste Management
Contents
Hg Execom, 29-30 Jul 2011, Honda
1. Government Measures
Citizens
Municipalities
Recycling
Company
Industry
Mercury recovery and the product recycling by using mercury refining technology through mining industry
● Implementation of pollution control measures at factories, etc.
● Reduction of mercury in products and manufacturing process, and development of mercury free alternatives
● Voluntary collection, recycling and proper treatment of used products
Sorted collection of used batteries, fluorescent lamps, etc. .
Proper Treatment
National Government
Waste Treatment・
Disposal Company
Collection and proper treatment of used products based on a wide area collection and treatment plan
●Establishment of environmental quality standard
● Implementation of emission control● Regulation of mercury in products and
manufacturing processes ● Proper waste management.
Hg Execom, 29-30 Jul 2011, Honda
1. Government Measures- Control of Hg Use in Products -
Cosmetics Ban of the use of Hg and its compound
Agricultural chemicals Ban of the sales and use of agricultural chemicals containing Hg and its compound
Sludge fertilizer Not exceeding 0.005 mg-THg/L, not detecting Alkyl-Hg
Product recycled from sludge Not exceeding 0.0005mg-THg/L, not detecting Alkyl-Hg
Household commodity Not detecting organic mercury compounds
Pharmaceutical products Not allowed of Hg compound (exemption: if no alternatives exist)
Hg Execom, 29-30 Jul 2011, Honda
2. Measures of Industrial Processes- Hg Demand Reduction in Products and Industries -
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
tons OthersBatteriesAmalgamAgrochemicalsInorganic productPharmaceuticalsMeasuring DevicesElectric appliancesElectric & measuringCatalystExplosivesPaintsChloro alkali
About 12 tons/year
Hg Execom, 29-30 Jul 2011, Honda
2. Measures of Industrial Processes- Hg Demand Reduction in Caustic Soda Production -
Hg Execom, 29-30 Jul 2011, Honda
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
Caus
tic so
da p
rodu
ction
(mill
ion
tons
)
FY
1973 113.9 g-Hg/1 t-caustic soda production
1979 2.3 g-Hg/1 t-caustic soda production
1986 Phase-out of Hg process
Ion-exchange membrane
Diaphragm
Mercury
1999 Phase-out of Diaphragm
2. Measures of Industrial Processes- Hg Demand Reduction in Batteries -
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008
tons
Air zinc cellAlkaline button cellSilver oxide cellManganese dry cellMercury cellAlkaline dry cell
About 1 ton/year
1970-Hg emission emitted from incinerators which incinerated MSW with Hg cells
1983Governmental instruction to reduce Hg content in cells and take-back waste cells
1991 Hg free manganese cells
1992 Hg free alkaline cells
1995 End of Hg cell production
Hg Execom, 29-30 Jul 2011, Honda
2. Measures of Industrial Processes- Hg Demand Reduction in Lamps -
0
20
40
60
1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009
mg/
unit
Average Hg Content in FL
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Mer
cury
Use
(ｋｇ)
HID lampCold cathode FLFL
Hg Use in Hg-Lamps
Policy for Procurement (2001-)
FL (40W straight) 10 mg or less
Bulb-type FL 5 mg or less
2002Updated manual to reduce Hg content in lamps
2005 Guidelines for Hg content in lamps
Hg Execom, 29-30 Jul 2011, Honda
2. Measures of Industrial Processes- Hg Demand Reduction in Medical Equipment -
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
tons
Manometer
Thermometer
Hg-in-glass manometers and thermometers → Digital manometers and thermometers
Hg Execom, 29-30 Jul 2011, Honda
3. Mercury Waste Management- Municipal/Industrial Waste Collection System -
Wastes
MSW
Industrial wastes
Other wastes
Night solids
Oversized wastes
Specially controlled MSW
Wastes from households
Wastes from businesses
Specially controlled industrial wastes
Ashes, sludge, waste oil, waste acid, waste alkali, waste plastics
and others from businesses
Business's responsibility
Municipality's responsibility
Medical devices, etc
Wastescontaminated
with Hg
Hg wastes
FL, batteries, thermometers,
etc
FL, batteries, thermometers,
etc
Other wastes
Wastescontaminated
with Hg
Hg Execom, 29-30 Jul 2011, Honda
3. Mercury Waste Management- Voluntary Collection of Button Cells -
Hg Execom, 29-30 Jul 2011, Honda
3. Mercury Waste Management- Hg Waste Treatment -
Hg Execom, 29-30 Jul 2011, Honda
3. Mercury Waste Management- Material Flow of Hg (2002-2006 data) -
Shipping196.5ｔStock
4.4t
Export108t Domestic
demand12.6t
Batteries : 1.8tLamps : 4.7tDental amalgam: 0.20tThermometer: 0.69tBlood pressure
gauge: 3.1tInorganic reagent: 2.1t
Collection & recovery
Emission to the atmosphere 22～31 t
Release to soil 0t
Waste(including general waste)
Recycle15t
Incineration
Landfill
Release to public water bodies 0.3t～
4.5t～
Volcanic Activity
1.4t～
Stock12.2t
15t
Cremation
0.056t
Release from domestic demand
0.0272t
Import4.5t
Collection & crushing of fluorescent lamps7.23× 10-6～9.03× 10-6t
Coal 3.1t
75t～Among them, 66.8t （non-ferrous metal)）
1.7～5.6t
Product import1.0t
Iron ore2.2t
CoalLime stone
Raw materials and fuels
ProductMetalsCementPetroleum
productOthers
Crude oil5.4t
Naphtha0.02t
LPG, LNG
Product export2.2t
1.35t （Oil combustion）1.23t （Coal fired power plant）0.52～4.61t (Non-ferrous metal）3.26t （Primary ferrous metal)8.94t （Cement production)3.3～3.5t （Other processes）
Past product
Batteries 0.19t ～Fluorescent lamps 0.20t ～
Ore concentrates
70.5t Subsidiary materials
1.2t
1.01t （non-ferrous metal)
1.7t(non-ferrous
metal)
Oil combustion
Coal fired power plant
Non-ferrous metal production
Primary ferrous metal production
Cement production
Petroleum refinery
Other processes
0.004t （Coal fired power plant）0.07t （Non-ferrous metal)
Others/unknowns
Others/unknowns
Others/unknowns
Others/unknowns
Hg Execom, 29-30 Jul 2011, Honda
www.env.go.jp/chemi/tmms/pr-m/mat01/en_full.pdf
Lessons from Minamata Disease
And Mercury Management in Japan
January 2011
Ministry of the Environment, Japan
