55

Diesel-Vehicles Emission Controlin Japan

Environmental Management Bureau,Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Masayuki KOIWA

Presentation Overview1. Background of Motor Vehicle Emission Control

2. Framework of Emission Control

3. Tightening Emission Standards for New Models

4. Automobile NOx/PM Reduction Law

5. Promoting Low Emission Vehicles

56

Background of Motor Vehicle Emission Control

85.7

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

050

100150200250300350400450

Nunber

of

Sta

tions

Number of AttainedStations

310 316 317 345 365

Total Number ofMonitoring Stations

394 395 399 413 426

Attainment rate(%) 78.7 80.0 79.4 83.5 85.7

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

1999 2000 2001 2002 20030

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Nunb

er

of Sta

tions

Number of AttainedStations

215 199 151 123 301

Total Number ofMonitoring Stations

282 301 319 359 390

Attainment rate(%) 76.2 66.1 47.3 34.3 77.2

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

（（（（EQS:Environmental Quality Standards)　・　・　・　・SPM... Daily average is 0.10 mg/m3 or less　・　・　・　・NO2…Daily average is in a range from 0.04 to 0.06 ppm or below

（（（（SPM））））

Attainment rate of EQS for air pollution (Road side)

（（（（NO2））））

57

Non-attainment Areas of SPM EQS (‘03)

Rate of attainment at monitoring stations

0 ～ 30％30 ～ 60％60 ～100％

100 ％

（General） （Roadside）

Non-attainment Areas of NO2 EQS (‘03)

Non attainment areaat general and roadside stations

(1)

Non attainment areaonly at roadside stations

(13)

All the stations attain the EQS (33)

58

Emissions by Source Category (‘00)

NOx

G/carG/carG/carG/car9.1%9.1%9.1%9.1%

G/mini-sizedG/mini-sizedG/mini-sizedG/mini-sizedtrucktrucktrucktruck3.0%3.0%3.0%3.0%

Ｄ/small-sizedＤ/small-sizedＤ/small-sizedＤ/small-sizedtrucktrucktrucktruck6.1%6.1%6.1%6.1%

Ｄ/mid-sizedＤ/mid-sizedＤ/mid-sizedＤ/mid-sizedtrucktrucktrucktruck38.1%38.1%38.1%38.1%

Ｄ/othersＤ/othersＤ/othersＤ/others6.9%6.9%6.9%6.9%

Ｄ/constＤ/constＤ/constＤ/const18.7%18.7%18.7%18.7%

Ｄ/indusＤ/indusＤ/indusＤ/indus9.2%9.2%9.2%9.2%

Ｇ/S.V.Ｇ/S.V.Ｇ/S.V.Ｇ/S.V.2.9%2.9%2.9%2.9%

Ｄ/agriＤ/agriＤ/agriＤ/agri1.6%1.6%1.6%1.6%

Ｄ/carＤ/carＤ/carＤ/car3.0%3.0%3.0%3.0%

dieseldieseldieseldieselvehiclesvehiclesvehiclesvehicles

54%54%54%54%

gasolinegasolinegasolinegasolinevehiclesvehiclesvehiclesvehicles

13%13%13%13%specialspecialspecialspecialvehiclesvehiclesvehiclesvehicles

32%32%32%32% ＮＯｘＮＯｘＮＯｘＮＯｘ950950950950

thousandthousandthousandthousandtontontonton

950,000ton

Ｄ/constＤ/constＤ/constＤ/const9.6%9.6%9.6%9.6%

Ｄ/othersＤ/othersＤ/othersＤ/others9.9%9.9%9.9%9.9%

Ｄ/mid-sizedＤ/mid-sizedＤ/mid-sizedＤ/mid-sizedtrucktrucktrucktruck55.6%55.6%55.6%55.6%

Ｄ/small-sizedＤ/small-sizedＤ/small-sizedＤ/small-sizedtrucktrucktrucktruck10.3%10.3%10.3%10.3%

Ｄ/carＤ/carＤ/carＤ/car9.3%9.3%9.3%9.3%

Ｄ/agriＤ/agriＤ/agriＤ/agri0.7%0.7%0.7%0.7%

Ｄ/indusＤ/indusＤ/indusＤ/indus4.7%4.7%4.7%4.7%

Diesel vehicleDiesel vehicleDiesel vehicleDiesel vehicle85%85%85%85%

specialspecialspecialspecialvehiclevehiclevehiclevehicle

15%15%15%15%

ＰＭＰＭＰＭＰＭ76767676

thousandthousandthousandthousandtontontonton

76,000ton

PM

Diesel vehicle emission control shall be promoted more strongly

Roadside PM & NOx pollution remains severe. 　　　　→→→→The national government aim is to meet NO2　　　　　　　　 & SPM standards mostly by 2010.

Prime minister Mr. Koizumi is promoting the most advanced environmental measures in the world.

A Governments have lost in several judgment at courts about health impact of air pollution by diesel-vehicles emission.

59

Framework of Emission Control

Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Measures in Japan1. Tightening Emission Standards for New

Models

2. Automobile NOx/PM Reduction Law

　　　　　　　　( to ban old vehicles to be registered in Metropolitan areas)

3. Promoting Low Emission Vehicle

　　　　　　　　 (Hybrid, CNG, FCV, etc.)

60

Tightening Emission Standards for New Models

Recommendation of Central Environmental Council

Air Pollution Control Law（（（（Ministry of Environmental））））<Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emission Reg.>

Permissible Limits of Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions

<Fuel Quality Reg.>

　　　　 Establishment of permissible limits on the automotive fuel quality

Road Vehicle Act(Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport)

↓↓↓↓Safety Regulation for Road Vehicles

Law of the Quality Control of Gasoline and Other Fuels

(Ministry of Economic,Trade and Industry)↓↓↓↓

Establishment of compulsory standards for gasoline and diesel fuel

Systems for Exhaust Emission and Fuel Quality Regulation

61

History of Emission Standards（（（（Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles)

14

24

33

43

52

61

70

85

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

2005

2003-2004

1997-1999

1994

1988-1990

1983

1979

1977

1974

（％）

2.0g/kwh

（Nitrogen Oxides）（Particulate Matters）

4

26

36

100

0 20 40 60 80 100

2005

2003-2004

1997-2000

1994

（％）

0.027g/kwh

International Comparison of Future Emission Standards on HD vehicles

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

ＮＯｘ（g/kWh）

ＰＭ（g

/kW

h）

JapanJapanJapanJapan(0.18/3.38)(0.18/3.38)(0.18/3.38)(0.18/3.38) USAUSAUSAUSA

(0.13/5.4)(0.13/5.4)(0.13/5.4)(0.13/5.4)

EUEUEUEU(0.1/5.0)(0.1/5.0)(0.1/5.0)(0.1/5.0)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0 1 2 3 4

ＮＯｘ（g/kWh）

ＰＭ（g/

kWh）

EU'05EU'05EU'05EU'05(0.03/3.5)(0.03/3.5)(0.03/3.5)(0.03/3.5)

USA'05USA'05USA'05USA'05(0.13/3.2)(0.13/3.2)(0.13/3.2)(0.13/3.2)

Japan'05Japan'05Japan'05Japan'05(0.027/2.0)(0.027/2.0)(0.027/2.0)(0.027/2.0)

USA'07USA'07USA'07USA'07(0.013/1.6)(0.013/1.6)(0.013/1.6)(0.013/1.6)

USA'10USA'10USA'10USA'10(0.013/0.27)(0.013/0.27)(0.013/0.27)(0.013/0.27)

EU'08EU'08EU'08EU'08(0.03/2.0)(0.03/2.0)(0.03/2.0)(0.03/2.0)

Around 2003 2005 - 2010

62

Estimated Effect of Tightening Standards

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2000 2010 Year

Total

Em

issio

ns

Ｇ Passenger cars

Ｇ Mini-sized trucks

Ｇ Other

Ｄ Passenger cars

Ｄ LD trucks

Ｄ HD trucks

Ｄ Other

（ten thousand t/year）

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2000 2010 Year

Total

Em

issio

ns

（ten thousand t/year）

（Particulate Matters） （Nitrogen Oxides）

10

50

500

2000

5000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

2007

2004

1997

1992

1976

(ppm）

History of maximum sulfur content in diesel fuel

2003200420052007

Voluntary Action

63

500ppm(0.05wt%)

350ppm(0.035wt%)

50ppm(0.005wt%)

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

10ppm(0.001wt%)

2011

Voluntary Action

15ppm

Voluntary

Action

JPN：

US：

EU：

International Comparison of Future Maximum Sulfur Contents in Diesel Fuel

July 2003　　　　The 7th report of CECOct. 2003 Start of discussion about diesel-vehicle emission reduction beyond 2005Jan. 2004～～～～ Hearing from

Motor vehicle manufacturerMotor vehicle equipment manufacturerCatalyst manufacturer

…..e.t.c.Early 2005? 8th report of CEC?

Discussion in CECfor Future Emission Standards

64

Points of this discussion

NOx emission level at engine outNOx reduction ratio by NOx absorber catalystDurability of NOx absorber catalystPossibility of urea-SCR

Who arrange urea supply facility?How to protect of tampering?

When beyond 2005 regulation start to enforce.

Automobile NOx/PM Reduction Law

65

Emission Standards of Automobile NOx/PM Reduction Law

To use recent dieselvehicles(You can also choose CNGV, LPGV)

To use gasoline Vehicles(You can also choose CNGV, LPGV)

Nowadays, few diesel vehicles meet the standard

That means…The standards are equivalent to…

NOx: 1998-99 Diesel vehiclePM: 1998-99 Diesel vehicle

3.5t-

NOx: 1995 Gasoline vehiclePM: 2005 Diesel vehicle

2.5-3.5t

NOx: 1994 Gasoline vehiclePM: 2005 Diesel vehicle

1.7-2.5t

NOx: 1988 Gasoline vehiclePM: 2005 Diesel vehicle

-1.7t(GVW)

Buses,trucks,etc.(diesel,gasoline,LPG)

NOx: 1978 Gasoline vehiclePM: 2005 Diesel vehicle

Diesel passenger cars

Emission Reduction Plans (for NOx)

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

'97 '01('00) '05 '10

HyogoOsakaMieAichiKanagawaTokyoChibaSaitama

54% Cut(Since ’97)

66

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

'97 01('00) '05 '10

HyogoOsakaMieAichiKanagawaTokyoChibaSaitama

85% Cut(Since ’97)

Emission Reduction Plans (for PM)

Promoting Low Emission Vehicles

67

DefinitionElectric, Natural gas, Methanol, and Hybrid VehicleLow emission and low fuel consumption GV,DVNext generation vehicle (i.e. Fuel cell vehicle)

Tax incentive for 50%,70% reduction from standards in 2005 and low fuel consumption

Prevailing rapidly(71% of new vehicle sold in 2003 is LEV)

All major auto-makers announced most of GPC become LEV before 2005

Low Emission Vehicles

Most promising clean cars for future Zero emission First cars are on the market in Japan and US Japanese government introduces 8 FCVs

Fuel Cell Vehicles

68

MOE Homepage: http://www.env.go.jp/en/index.html

My E-mail address:MASAYUKI_KOIWA@env.go.jp

Thank you for your attention!!