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Ship ConstructionShip Construction
Framing Systems
Double Bottom Construction
Stem & Stern Construction
Transverse Framing:Transverse Framing:
Deck Beams tie upper ends of frames
Fewer, deeper & more widely spaced Longitudinals …
Support Inner Bottom & give longitudinal strength
Longitudinals supporting Decks are called(Deck) Girders
Additional Decks (supported byBeams & Girders) increase Transverse & Longitudinal strength
Many, closely-spaced Frames
Transverse Bulkheads provide watertight boundaries, contribute significantly to transverse strength, and provide vertical support for Decks
Advantages Open, nearly rectangular interior space Ideal for stowing large, irregular, break-bulk
items, or Vehicles (Ro-Ro’s)
Disadvantages Vertical support for decks requires more
closely spaced transverse bulkheads (hence smaller compartments) or
Pillars (stanchions) or Longitudinal bulkheads
Transverse Framing:Transverse Framing:Many, closely-spaced Frames
Longitudinal Framing:Longitudinal Framing: Deep (Web)Transverse Frames
Few & widely spaced
Smaller, closely-spaced Longitud-nals support shell plating
Side shell longitudinals call stringers
Inner Bottom givesadditional longitudinal &transverse strength
Girders in high-stress areas:Double bottom spaces and …
Under main deck
Advantages Widely spaced transverse bulkheads allow for
large (i.e., long) continuous cargo spaces (“tanks”)
Ideal for stowing liquids (reduced free surface effects)
Disadvantages No large, open interior spaces Difficult to load or unload break-bulk items Difficult to stow large, irregular shaped items
Longitudinal FramingLongitudinal Framing::Deep (Web)Transverse Frames
Framing Systems:Framing Systems:
Typically, most ships have some combination of transverse & longitudinal framing
T T
T T
T T
T T
T T
T T
T T
T T
T
CL CL
SECTION VIEW
PLAN VIEW
TypicalTransverseFrames
Web Frame
L L L L L L L L L L
FLOOR
UPPER TWEEN DECK
LOWER TWEEN DECK
(LOWER) HOLD
Bulkhead STIFFENERS
Stringer
Double Bottom details:Double Bottom details:
RiderPlate
Inner Bottom(Tank Top)
Air-hole
MarginPlate
Center Vertical Keel
KeelPlate
Outer Bottom
Lighteninghole
Limberhole
Longitudinal
Bilge
Frame
“SOLID” FLOOR
Reverse Frame “OPEN” FLOOR
Frame Longitudinal Strut
Bilgewell
Shell Plating details:Shell Plating details:
KeelStrake
Garboard Strake(“A” strake)
“B”Strake
“C”Strake
“D”Strake
“E”Strake
“G”Strake
“F” Strake(Bilge Strake)
(Longitudinal) Rows of plating are called “strakes” The Keel Plates form the “Keel strake” The strakes outboard (P&S) of the Keel are the “A” Strakes
or “Garboard Strakes” Strakes are consecutively lettered moving outboard and
up the side shell
Shell Plating details:Shell Plating details: (Longitudinal) Rows of plating are called “strakes” Welded horizontal joints between strakes are called seams Welded vertical joints between plates in a given strake are
called butts Strakes that do not run the entire ship length (as the hull
surface area decreases at the ends) are drop strakes
Bilge (“F”) Strake“G” Strake
“H” Strake drop
“J” Strake Through
“K” Strake Sheer Strake
Strakes running stem to stern are called through strakes An oversized plate merging a drop & through strake is a
stealer plate The strake at the deck edge is the sheer strake and is
heavier than typical side shell plating
Openings in shell plating must:Openings in shell plating must:*have rounded corners *be reinforced to make up for missing material
portholes
Watertight doors
Hatch openings below decks
… and on weather deck -- COAMINGS
Stem ConstructionStem Construction
Wrapper Plate Stem
BreastHooks
Vertical Stem Post
DeepFloors
Forward CollisionBulkhead
Rider Plate
C.V. Keel
Keel Plate
Decks
Stringers
Wrapper Plate Stem
Stern ConstructionStern Construction
Stern Frame
PropellerPost
UNBALANCED RUDDER
Rudder Stock
Rudder Post
Stern Tube
Steering Gear RoomDeck
Mach’yRm
Rope Locker
AfterPeak
Tank
AfterCollisionBulkhead
Stern Frame
Cant Frames
SEMI-BALANCED RUDDER
Lug
Pintle
Gudgeon