Chapter 25

Framing Methods

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Links for Chapter 25

Balloon Framing

Platform Framing

Post-and-Beam Framing

Related Web Sites

Steel Construction

Concrete and Masonry

Modular Framing

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Balloon Framing

• Not commonly used today, but is useful for remodeling older houses

• Exterior studs run from the foundation to the highest level

• Two-stories is the maximum height

• Very vulnerable to fire damage

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BalloonFraming

RAFTER

CEILINGJOIST

LEDGER

SOLID BLOCKING

FLOORJOIST

FLOORJOIST

JOISTCEILING

FLOORJOIST

LEDGER

RAFTER

FULL HEIGHT STUDFROM SILL TO TOP PLATE

TOP PLATE

SILL

SILL

SOLID BLOCKING

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Platform Framing

• Most common framing method

• Each floor is created as its own platform

• Grew out of the balloon framing as fireblocks were added

SOLE PLATE

FLOOR JOIST

STUD

BLOCKINGOR

RIM JOIST

STUD

TOP PLATES

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PlatformFraming

SOLID BLOCKOR RIM JOIST

DOUBLE TOPPLATE

SOLID BLOCKOR RIM JOIST

FLOORSHEATHING

MUD SILL &ANCHOR BOLTS

STEM WALL

FOOTINGCRAWL SPACE

MUD SILL &ANCHOR BOLTS

FOOTING

DOUBLE TOPPLATE

STUDS

ROOF SHEATHING

SOLIDBLOCKING

WALLSHEATHING

SOLID BLOCK

SOLID BLOCK

RAFTER

CEILINGJOIST

FLOOR JOIST

FLOOR JOIST

JOISTCEILING

FLOOR JOIST

RAFTER

STUDS

SILL

SILL

SILL

SILL

DOUBLE TOPPLATE

STEM WALL

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Platform Building

• After the foundation, girders and floor beams are set

• Plywood is added on the floor

• Walls constructed laying down and then are raised vertically

• Ceiling is added and the next floor begun

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Platform Efficiency

• 2 X 6 instead of 2 X 4 studs are used for additional insulation

• Studs are placed 24” apart

• Corners are carefully designed to decrease the amount of wood used

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PlatformEfficiency

(3) 2x CORNER STUDS

INSULATION SPACE

THREE CORNER STUDS (EXTERIOR)

INSULATION SPACE

(2) 2x CORNER STUDS

TWO CORNER STUDS (EXTERIOR)

DRYWALL CLIPLADDER BACKED WALL

INTERSECTION

ONE CORNER STUD

DRYWALL CLIP

INSULATION SPACE

FLAT BLOCKING

INSULATION SPACE

INTERIOR FRAMINGPARTITION

INTERIOR FRAMINGPARTITION

FLAT STUD INTERSECTION

WIDE STUD BACKING

INTERIOR FRAMING

INSULATION SPACE

PARTITION

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Platform Efficiency

• Rigid foam insulation is used in headers and as a sheathing

4" HEADER

2x NAILER

RIGID INSULATION DBL. 2x HEADER WITH

RIGID INSULATIONSANDWICHED BETWEEN

DBL. TOP PLATE

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Post-and-Beam Framing• Posts and beams are spaced 48” apart• Beams are 4” or 6” wide• Savings on lumber and nonstructural materials• Also referred to as timber construction• Timbers are heavy and care must be taken

when lifting into place

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Post-and-BeamFraming

POST

MUD SILL &ANCHOR BOLTS

STEM WALL

FOOTING

FLOOR DECKING

SILL

GIRDER

ROOF DECKING

ROOF BEAM

RIDGE BEAM

POST

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Steel Framing

• Usually used for light commercial and high-rise construction

• Stronger, more efficient, and better insurance rating than wood

• More design flexibility since no interior bearing walls are required

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SteelFraming JOIST

CEILING

FLOOR JOIST

RAFTER

TRACK

FLOORSHEATHING

STEM WALL

FOOTINGCRAWL SPACE

ANGLE CLIPS &ANCHOR BOLTS

TRACK

JOIST TRACK

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Concrete Masonry Construction

• Excellent structural and insulation value

• Very durable and economical

• Furring strips added to inside for Sheetrock

• Four classifications of block– hollow — load-bearing

– solid load-bearing — non-load-bearing

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Concrete Masonry Construction

• Blocks are classed according to their weight as normal-, medium-, and lightweight

• Most common sizes:– 8” x 8” x 16”, 8” x 4” x 16”, 8” x 12” x 16”

• Each block is 3/8” smaller to allow for mortar

• Reinforcement is needed for special designs

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ConcreteMasonryConstruction

DOUBLECORNER

STRETCHER( 3 CORE )

CORNER BULL NOSE

SOLID TOP FULL CUTHEADER

HALF CUTHEADER

LINTEL

HALFCORNER

STRETCHER ( 2 CORE)

JAMB

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ConcreteMasonryConstruction

RAFTER

CEILINGJOIST

FLOOR JOIST

FLOOR JOIST

FLOOR JOIST

FLOORSHEATHING

CRAWL SPACE

LEDGER &ANCHOR BOLTS

FOOTING

ROOF SHEATHING

SOLIDBLOCKING

LEDGER &ANCHOR BOLTS

HORIZONTAL BOND BEAM@ MID WALL HEIGHT

SOLID GROUT ALL STEEL CELLS

EA. FLOOR

LEDGER &ANCHOR BOLTS

BOND BEAM @

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Solid Masonry Construction

• Brick is used to create a variety of designs

• Bond connects two wythes for a stable wall

• Pattern is an arrangement of bricks in one wythe

• Fleming and English bonds are most common

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Solid Masonry Construction

FACE BRICK

METAL TIES

COMMON BRICK

WYTHE

FLEMISH BOND

FACE BRICKWYTHE

FLEMISH BOND

WYTHE

WYTHE

COMMON BRICK

HALF BRICK

COMMON BRICK

ENGLISH BOND

WYTHE

FACE BRICKWYTHE

ENGLISH BOND

FACE BRICK

METAL TIES

COMMON BRICK

WYTHE

FLEMISH BOND

FACE BRICKWYTHE

FLEMISH BOND

WYTHE

WYTHE

COMMON BRICK

HALF BRICK

COMMON BRICK

ENGLISH BOND

WYTHE

FACE BRICKWYTHE

ENGLISH BOND

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Solid Masonry Construction• Rebar is used to reinforce walls• One wythe is used to support joists for a floor• Ends of a joists must be protected from

moisture from the bricks• Pressure treated plates are used to protect

against moisture• Air space can be added to reduce moisture

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Masonry Veneer

• Brick or stone are used as a veneer covering for a residence

• A 1” airspace is left between brick and wall

• 15# felt is applied to the exterior wall

• 26-gage metal ties at 24” intervals are used to hold brick to the framing

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Solid Masonry Construction

PLYWOOD SUBFLOOR

STUDS

SHEATHING

VAPORBARRIER

METAL TIES

BRICK VENEER

CONCRETE FOOTING

STEM WALL

RIM JOIST

SILL

FLOOR JOIST

MUD SILL

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Insulated Concrete Form Construction

• Poured concrete is placed in expanded polystyrene (EPS) forms

• The pattern is similar to concrete blocks• Forms are 6” or 8” thick, 16” high, and 48”

long• Insulation value is very high and air leakage

and air infiltration is reduced

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Insulated Concrete Form Construction

7 7/8"

7 1/2"

TYPICAL 8" FORMS TYPICAL 6" FORMS

1-1/2"

8"1/2" TYP.

11"

1-7/8"

6-1/2"

4-1/2"

1-1/2"

4-3/4"

1/2" TYP.

6-15/16"

1-7/8"

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Modular Framing

• Components are designed, engineered, and manufactured in a factory

• Once parts are built they are transported to the work site and assembled

• This option is less expensive, especially for more remote areas

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Related Web Sites

• American Concrete Institute - www.aci-int.com

• American Iron and Steel Institute - www.steel.org

• Engineered Wood Association - www.apawood.org

• Truss-Joist MacMillian - www.tjm.com