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Current Geothermal Projects in Taiwan
Sheng-Rong Song
Geothermal team of NTU
GRC Annual Meeting & Expo
14-17 October, 2018
Status of power structure in Taiwan Gross Electricity Productions: 225.8 billions kWh
Renewable energy Nuclear energy
Gases & Coals
Hydro
2017 Power generation of Taiwan
http://www.taipower.com.tw/content/new_info/new_info-b31.aspx?LinkID=8
To find clean, renewable and sustainable energy
Nature
2011
311 (2011) Japan Earthquake and Tsunami – Nuclear disaster Taiwan has three the most dangerous nuclear power plants
Conclusions of 2015 National Energy Forum: Promote and
push the geothermal power plants commercially ASAP.
Years of decommissioning nuclear power plants:
No. 1: 2018-2019; No. 2: 2021-2023; No.3: 2024-2025
Items Installed Capacity
(MW)
Gross Electricity
Production (B- kWh)
2017 2020 2025 2017 2020 2025
Solar 1,210 6,500 20,000 1.1 8.1 25
Wind (land) 682 814 1,200 1.5 1.9 2.9
Wind
(offshore)
0 520 3,000 0 1.9 11.1
Geothermal 0 150 200 0 1 1.3
Bioenergy 727 768 813 3.6 5.6 5.9
Hydropower 2,089 2,100 2,150 6.6 4.7 4.8
Fuel Cells 0 22.5 60 0 0.2 0.5
Total 4,708 10,875 27,423 12.7 23.4 51.5
Goals of Renewable Energy in Taiwan
Energy portfolio standard (2025):
20%(renewable) + 30% (coals) + 50% (gases)
Taichung City
Potentials: 26 MW
Target: 0 MW
Ilan County
Potentials: 141 MW
Target: 29 MW
Nantou County
Potentials: 77 MW
Target: 3 MW
Chiayi County
Potentials: 11 MW
Target: 0 MW
Tainan City
Potentials: 11 MW
Target: 0 MW
Kaoshung City
Potentials: 14 MW
Target: 0 MW
New Taipei City
Potentials: 527 MW
Target: 100 MW
Hualien County
Potentials: 25 MW
Target: 3 MW
Taitung County
Potentials: 133 MW
Target: 15 MW
Taiwan Geothermal Promotion projects in 2020
BOE, 2018
Promotion and Financial supports from
government
Renewable Energy Development Act -- 2009
< 10 MW, Not necessary for environmental
assessments
Feed-in-Tariff (FIT): NT$ 5.20/kWh (17.3 cents
USD) for 20 years (Ave. NT$ 2.5/kWh)
Government’s subsidies for geothermal exploration
(drilling): ~ NT$ 100 millions (~3.2 millions USD)
R&D funds – National Energy Program
Eurasian Plate Philippine Sea Plate Ryukyu Arc
Taiwan
Luz
on
Luzon Arc
谷關
馬槽
寶來 廬山
關子嶺
知本 金崙
泰安
北投
礁溪
金山
1960-1980’s
exploration works 蘇澳
東埔
仁澤
奧萬大
四重溪
烏來 清
泉
Tutan Volcano
Group Ilan
Area
Hua-Tung
Area
Geothermal Formosa
Recoverable Resources: 33,640 MW Altitude: <1,000 m，Depth: < 4Km，T >175℃
Lushan Area
6,170MW 2,886MW 170MW 25,754MW
N S
Geothermal play types based on geologic controls
Tatun Volcano Group Ilan Plain
Mountain Range
Magmatic-Volcanic field type
Extensional domain
type
Orogenic belt/foreland basin type
Moeck, 2014
Magmatic-volcanic field type Tatun Volcano Group
Wang et al., 1999
TVG Turtle Island
Lutao Island
Thermal manifestation
SUMMARY OF INPUT PARAMENTERS
Minumum Most Likely Maximum
km² 17.8 30.4 40
m 1200 1400 1600
0.05 0.1
℃ 250 260 280
0.1 0.2
Fixed Parameters
Seperator Temperature 145 ℃
Rock Volumetric Heat Capacity 2475 kJ/m³ ℃
Fluid Volumetric Heat Capacity 3958 kJ/m³ ℃
Condeser Temperature 50 ℃
Dead-state Temperature 20 ℃
Plant Capacity Factor 0.95
Power Plant Life 30 years
Results
MW MW/km² Utilization Fac.
425 14.45 36.16%
88 0.28%
292 35.72%
417 36.15%
375-400
Recovery Factor
Variable Parameters
Reservoir Area
Reservoir Thickness
Rock Porosity
Reservoir Temperature
Most-likely (Modal)
Statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
Minimum(90% prob.)
Median (50% prob.)
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
Freq
uenc
y
MW
Histogram of Recoverable Geothermal Energy Reserves
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Cum
ulat
ive
Prob
abili
ty
MW
Cumulative Probability of Recoverable Energy Reserves
SUMMARY OF INPUT PARAMENTERS
Minumum Most Likely Maximum
km² 17.8 30.4 40
m 1200 1400 1600
0.05 0.1
℃ 250 260 280
0.1 0.2
Fixed Parameters
Seperator Temperature 145 ℃
Rock Volumetric Heat Capacity 2475 kJ/m³ ℃
Fluid Volumetric Heat Capacity 3958 kJ/m³ ℃
Condeser Temperature 50 ℃
Dead-state Temperature 20 ℃
Plant Capacity Factor 0.95
Power Plant Life 30 years
Results
MW MW/km² Utilization Fac.
425 14.45 36.16%
88 0.28%
292 35.72%
417 36.15%
375-400
Recovery Factor
Variable Parameters
Reservoir Area
Reservoir Thickness
Rock Porosity
Reservoir Temperature
Most-likely (Modal)
Statistics
Mean
Std. Deviation
Minimum(90% prob.)
Median (50% prob.)
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
Freq
uenc
y
MW
Histogram of Recoverable Geothermal Energy Reserves
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Cum
ulat
ive
Prob
abili
ty
MW
Cumulative Probability of Recoverable Energy Reserves
Potentials – volume method & Monte Carlo simulation
Reserves of TVG ~425 MW
Tseng, 2014
Reserves of TVG ~514 MW
ITRI, 2011
Depth of slice, km
Power available for slice, MW
Amount at 240-280oC, MW
Amount at 280-320oC, MW
Amount at 320-360oC, MW
Amount over 360oC, MW
3 to 4 269.66 131.2 74.0 51.2 13.3
4 to 5 390.41 192.4 98.0 68.1 32.0
5 to 6 533.21 239.9 144.5 81.9 66.9
Total 1193.29
Potentials-deep geothermal energy (EGS)
Tatun Volcano Group
Potentials of 0-4 km ~2,886 MW
LF
RTTHVE V
e
)( 0
USGS Circular 790
Chiang et al., 2011
Tseng, 2014
Challenges of TVG
Geothermal area
National Park
1 20kilometers
2796000
314000
2780000
295000
擎天崗
馬槽
磺嘴山
七星山
小油坑
頂北投紗帽山
Challanges:
Acidic corrosion
National Park
43471
43567
43609
43643
43669
43688
43706
43721
43733
43745
43756
43774
43791
43810
43831
43857
43883
43923
43982
mgal
磁測資料
電阻資料(深度400m)
Current geothermal project in Lutao
Well Depth: 150 m; T:94℃
Taipower: Two production wells with depth 1,000 m
for 2 MW
Extensional domain type
The Chingshui Geothermal field Toucheng Geothermal field
High T (~230℃ at 3,000 m deep)
Had pilot power plant
> 60 MW
With deep reservoir
Chingshui geothermal field (ROT+BOT)
ITRI, 2011
Lu et al., 2017
Current geothermal project in Chingshui
0 200 200
Meters
IC-04 IC-21 IC-19
IC-13 IC-16
IC-9
IC-01
IC-02
IC-03 IC-14
IC-18
IC-15
IC-5
IC-12
IC-06
IC-07
IC-08
IC-11
IC-10
IC-17
IC-20
C-1 C-2
Well
Hot Spring
Private Company – Binary system 300 KW
(2018); 4MW (2020)
More production wells with depths > 1,000
m will be drilled soon
More explorations will be done in the future.
More than 10 exploring wells
High T (> 180℃ at 2,000 m
deep)
> 30 MW
High thermal fluid
productions ITRI, 2011
The Toucheng Geothermal Field
Current geothermal project in Touchang
200℃, ~140 tons/hour
Taipower and Taiwan CPC: Binary system or Flashing; > 8MW
2 wells with depths > 1,500 m will be drilled in 2019
More explorations will be done in the future.
Potentials-deep geothermal energy (EGS)
Ilan area:
Potentials of 0-4 km ~6,170 MW
LF
RTTHVE V
e
)( 0
USGS Circular 790
Chiang et al., 2011
Challenges of Ilan area
Challanges:
Carbonate scaling
Poor infrastructures
Land uses
Orogenic belt/foreland basin type
Central Range 1960-1980’s exploration
Zhiben = 26 MW Chinlun = 48 MW Lushan = 41 MW
Koukuan = 15 MW
Totals:
387 MW ITRI, 2011
Potentials-deep geothermal energy (EGS)
Hua-Tung areas:
Potentials of 0-4 km ~25,754 MW
LF
RTTHVE V
e
)( 0
USGS Circular 790
Regional Silica Surface heat flow
Volume by 3-D visuslization
Chiang et al., 2011
Challanges:
Carbonate scaling
Poor infrastructures
Land uses
National Park
Challenges of Hua-Tung areas
Yushan NP
Taroko NP
Current geothermal project in Lushan and Ruisui
Private company: Binary system ~ 3MW
More explorations will be done in the future.
T: 140-180℃, ~160℃
Current geothermal project in Hongye & Jinfeng
T: 130-190℃, ~160℃; Potentials: 12 MW; Current: no; 1 MW (2020) 3MW (2025)
T: 150-210℃, ~180℃; Potentials: 18 MW; Current: no; 1 MW (2020) 3MW (2025)
Current geothermal project in Jihben & Jinlun
T: 140-200℃, ~170℃; Potentials: 25 MW;
Current: 30KW, 3MW (2020)
T: 140-180℃, ~160℃; Potentials: 48 MW;
Current: no; 2 MW (2020); MW, 10 MW (2025)
Three geothermal play types can be distinguished based on
tectonic settings in Taiwan.
They are the magmatic-volcanic field type, extensional domain
type and orogenic belt/foreland basin type.
Geothermal potentials of install capacity for those three types are
2,886 MW, 6,170 MW and 25,754 MW, respectively in Taiwan.
The major challenges for developing geothermal energy are acidic
corrosion for Tatun volcano area and scaling for others.
The geothermal energy for electricity just kicks off.
Taiwan government will speed up for the geothermal
developments in near future.
Conclusions
Thanks for your
attentions!
