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X-linked Traits
Possible genotypes
X+Y Hemizygous wild type male
XmY Hemizygous mutant male
X+X+ Homozyogus wild female
X+Xm Heterozygous female carrier
XmXm Homozygous mutant female
X-linked Recessive Inheritance
Always expressed in hemizygous males Female homozygotes show the trait but
female heterozygotes do not Affected males: Inherited from affected or
heterozygous mother Affected females: affected fathers and
affected or heterozygous mothers
X-linked Dominant Inheritance
Expressed with one copyMales are often more severely affectedTypically associated with miscarriage or
lethality in malesPassed from father to all his daughters
but none of his sons
Sex-limited traits
A trait that affects a structure or function of the body that is present in only one of the sexes.
May be X-linked or autosomalExample: A gene affecting milk
production will not have an effect in males. However, males can carry and pass on the trait.
Why do men have nipples anyway???
Sex-influenced traits
An allele is dominant in one sex but recessive in the other sex.
May be X-linked or autosomalDue to hormonal interactions
Men have testosteroneWomen have estrogen
X-inactivation
Females “turn off” one of their X chromosomes in each cell In order to be more equal to males who only
have one X chromosomeThe X chromosome turned off in each
cell is random
Manifesting Heterozygote
A carrier of an X-linked trait who expresses the phenotype
If a female is heterozygous for a recessive trait, the dominant allele will usually mask the recessive allele… Unless the dominant allele is on the X chromosome
that was inactivated Some cells will express the trait and others will
not, depending on which X chromosome is inactivated
Polygenic Traits
A trait is influenced by more than one gene
May be multifactorial (influenced by environment)
Polygenic Traits are Continuously Varying
Each gene in the polygenic trait contributes to the phenotype to a varying degree
Example: Height Polygenic (influenced by multiple genes) Continuous
Pure Polygenic Trait -Eye Color
• The number of human eye color genes is unknown
• Analysis will probably reveal many genes
• Mice have more than 60 eye color genes
Figure 7.3
Analyzing Multifactorial Traits Difficult, requires multiple techniques
Use human genome sequences, population, and family studies
The frequency in a specific population = Empiric risk
The amount of inheritance due to genes = Heritability
Separating Genes and Environment Dizygotic twins: Shared environment
and 50% of genes Monozygotic twins: Identical genotype, and
shared environment Twins raised apart: Shared genotype but
not environment Adopted individuals: Shared environment
but not genes
Concordance
•The percentage of pairs in which both twins express the trait
•Used to determine heritability •Assumes both types of twins share similar environments
•MZ twins often share more similar environments