Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Beyond Climate Neutral Climate Positive Urban Districts and the Stockholm Royal Seaport (SRS) as an Example
Stefan Johansson
PhD Candidate, Division of Industrial Ecology (IE), KTH, Stockholm
Presentation topics
• The process to climate positive and IE’s work together with CCI and the City
• How to account emissions – scopes & boundaries
• Some preliminary results on the road towards climate positive
• How can a very ambitious target such as climate positive play a role in a climate neutral city or district?
The climate positive process (1/2)
• The process has been developed using CCI’s climate positive development program
• It has then been refined by IE into two instruction documents and one Excel tool regarding:
- How to compile a baseline of emissions according to CCI’s specifications
- How to track emissions, emission reductions and credits
• Is being implemented in Stockholm (SWE), San Francisco (US) and Pedra Branca (BRA)
The climate positive process (2/2)
CCI in practice
• Focuses on low energy use, a high degree of renewables, local energy generation AND a system of credits (if necessary)
• A very local urban district focus with three main emission categories; energy, transportation and waste
• Allows for technology and policy actions that reduce emissions in the surrounding areas called credits
• Emission reductions through flexible Kyoto mechanisms such as CDM, JI and ETS are not allowed
CCI’s scopes & boundaries (1/3)
Target A climate positive urban district where GHG emissions are < 0 once the entire urban district is complete
Unit of measure Ton CO2e/capita, year 49 000 person (19 000 residents & 30 000 workers)
System boundaries
- Geographical SRS’s geographical area (*transportation an exception)
- Activity Direct emissions from energy use stemming from activities within SRS’s geographical area
- Temporal Annual emissions once the entire area is built
- Life cycle (LCA) LCA emissions from fuels and energy carriers
CCI’s scopes & boundaries (2/3)
Primary emission categories
- Energy Heating/Cooling Electricity (building & household/commercial) Emission reductions from local energy generation (solar pv, biogas) Infrastructure Water
- Transportation 40% of all trips starting or ending in SRS Residents (private trips & commuting) Workers (commuting & business trips) Goods & services
- Waste Collection & treatment
CCI’s scopes & boundaries (3/3)
Excluded emissions
Excluded due to geography Services that is common for a normal person living in Stockholm - Hospitals - Libraries - Municipal government - Sports and recreational centres
- Long distance travel
Excluded due to time - Construction emissions
Excluded due to the methodology itself
- Consumption of goods and food
Basic principle for GHG accounting
Activity x Emission factor = Emissions
Common activities Corresponding emission factor(s)
Heating [kWh/year] g CO2e/kWh of district heating
PKM by biogas car [PKM/year] g CO2e/PKM of biogas car
An example of calculating emissions using data from the SRS baseline (1/2)
Residential buildings in SRS Data value & unit
District heating* 42.5 kWh/m2, year
Hot water* 25 kWh/m2, year
Building electricity* 15 kWh/m2, year
Household electricity 30 kWh/m2, year
District heating emission factor 99.46 g CO2e/kWh
Nordic electricity emission factor 74.76 g CO2e/kWh
Total residential area built 1,143,400 m2
*Included in energy requirements regarding building energy efficiency
An example of calculating emissions using data from the SRS baseline (2/2)
Emissions [Ton CO2e/year]
District heating 4,833
Hot water 2,843
Building electricity 1,282
Household electricity 2,564
Annual residential building emissions 11,522
District heating energy use: 1,143,400 m2 * 42.5 kWh/m2, year = 48,594,500 kWh/year Emissions from district heating: 48,594,500 kWh/year * 99.46 g CO2e/kWh = 4,833 ton CO2e/year
SRS baseline emissions
So far not climate positive time for
road mapping
• Three basic types of road mapping actions:
1. Energy efficiency – For example more energy efficient buildings. The fuel or energy carrier however stays the same
So far not climate positive time for
road mapping
• Three basic types of road mapping actions:
1. Energy efficiency – For example more energy efficient buildings. The fuel or energy carrier however stays the same
2. Fuel switching – Switching from Nordic electricity to electricity generated by wind power. The amount of energy used is however the same
So far not climate positive time for
road mapping
• Three basic types of road mapping actions:
1. Energy efficiency – For example more energy efficient buildings. The fuel or energy carrier however stays the same
2. Fuel switching – Switching from Nordic electricity to electricity generated by wind power. The amount of energy used is however the same
3. Behavior change – Actions that focuses on either energy efficiency or fuel switching through behavioral change
Some preliminary examples of possible roadmapping actions
Energy Road mapping Actions
Buildings
Energy efficient buildings – 55
kWh/m2, year
Energy efficient buildings – 45
kWh/m2, year
Solar PV cells – 30 % of building
electricity
Solar PV cells – 80% of building
electricity
Local Energy Production
Reduced energy use to clean and
distribute water
Reduced energy use to clean and
distribute water
Biogas production (sewage) –
Henriksdal
Biogas production (sewage) – Loudden
Biogas production (food waste) –
Henriksdal
Biogas production (food waste) –
Loudden
Biogas production (cruise ships) –
Loudden
Remaining biogas (sewage) -
Henriksdal
Visual representation of the process
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Baseline After EnergyEfficiency
After Fuel-Switching
After Credits
Baseline and Road map example
Infrastructure
Waste
Water
Transportation
Building Energy
Energy Production
Roadmapping so far
• So far SRS has reduced annual per capita emissions from roughly 0.55 ton CO2e/cap, year
• Down towards 0.3 to 0.2 ton CO2e/cap, year
Still not climate positive credits?
• Credits aim to increase local collaboration between the urban district and the surrounding city by reducing the city’s emissions either through:
1. Physical infrastructure such as energy, transportation and waste
Still not climate positive credits?
• Credits aim to increase local collaboration between the urban district and the surrounding city by reducing the city’s emissions either through:
1. Physical infrastructure such as energy, transportation and waste
2. Decisions made through the process of the urban district
Why use a method such as CCI’s?
• Compared to many of the other tools Nils showed CCI has an extremely ambitious and explicit goal – climate positive
Why use a method such as CCI’s?
• Compared to many of the other tools Nils showed CCI has an extremely ambitious and explicit goal – climate positive
• Transparency is the key, otherwise comparisons between other urban districts are impossible and valuable experiences and solutions are lost
Why use a method such as CCI’s?
• Compared to many of the other tools Nils showed CCI has an extremely ambitious and explicit goal – climate positive
• Transparency is the key, otherwise comparisons between other urban districts are impossible and valuable experiences and solutions are lost
• The process of baseline, roadmap and credits offer a wide variety of different kinds of solutions and also offers the urban district to test how far different actions will get them
