Serving the needs of

the economy/selection

Social control

Social cohesion (political)

Social m

obility

Secondary socialization

Quick revision – what are the 5 functions of education according to Functionalists? (S)

Quick revision – what are the 5 stages of education?

Pre-School/Early years

Prim

ary

Secondary

Further

Higher

SATS

GCSE/BTEC AS/A2

Degree

Quick revision – What 5 factors affect educational achievement?

C

H

E

S

S

lass

ome

thnicity

chool

ex/ Gender

Marxist theories

Poverty/ deprivation

Parental attitudes

Peer pressure/ sub-cultural theory

Structural

Labelling/ Halo effect

Feminist theories

Crime & Deviance Revision Distinguish between crime and deviance Describe the ways in which individuals are encouraged to conform to social rules

both formal and informal Describe trends in distribution of crime e.g. gender, ethnicity, sex, social class etc Outline different sociological explanations of criminal and deviant behaviour, such

as sub-cultural theories, labelling theory and relative deprivation Awareness of social issues such as racism and teenage crime Analyse the usefulness of official crime figures, and self-report and victim studies Describe the effect of criminal and deviant behaviour on victims, communities and

society

Apples

What do sociologists mean by deviance? (4 marks)

Pears

What do sociologists mean by crime? (4 marks)

• Crime: is usually associated with behaviour that breaks the formal, written laws of a given society.

• Deviance: is behaviour which does not conform to the dominant norms of a specific society.

Deviant behaviour is defined by the norms of society, which means that different cultures, times etc may define deviance differently.

Can you think of an example of behaviour that…a) Was classed as deviant in history that would now not be

classed as deviant?b) Was accepted in history but would now be classed as

deviant?c) Would be deviant in the UK but is accepted in other cultures?TIF: what sources would tell us this?

Quick revision – What 5 factors affect the distribution of crime?

C

A

G

E

L

lass

ge

ender

thnicity

ocality

Sociological Explanations•Inadequate socialization•Relative deprivation•Labelling theory•Sub-cultural theory / peer pressure•Opportunity structures•Marxist explanations

Variations on this question…

Discuss how far sociologists would agree that crime and deviance among ________(1) is a result of ____________(2)

Eye on the exam…1) Identify two types of crime commonly experienced in urban

communities (2 marks)

2) Explain what sociologists mean by labelling. (4 marks)

3) Describe one way in which some sociologists believe that labelling can lead to deviant behaviour and explain why this might be a problem for certain groups within society (5 marks)

4) Describe one police action that may lead to some members of minority ethnic groups being stereotyped as criminal and explain why this stereotyping occurs. (5 marks)

5) Describe one reason why people in poverty are more likely to be victims of crime than the more wealthy and explain why this situation persists. (5 marks)

Homework – complete at least two of these 12 mark questions.

Discuss how far sociologists would agree that…• …what is seen as deviance arises from labelling in society.• …that most antisocial behaviour is committed by young

men.• …that criminal behaviour is caused by poverty and social

deprivation.• …that ethnic groups appear to commit more crimes than

others because they are stereotyped.• …that most deviant and criminal behaviour in young people

results from peer group pressure.• …that women are less likely to commit crime than men.• …that in Britain today working class criminals are more

likely to get convicted than middle class and upper class ‘white collar’ criminals

Quick revision – What are the 5 agents of social control?

School/ work

Legal system

Fam

ilies

Religion

Peer groups

Which are formal and which are informal?

How do they ensure conformity?

Eye on the exam…1) Identify two ways in which people are encouraged to conform to formal

social rules (2 marks)

2) Identify two types of formal social control that societies use to enforce order (2 marks)

3) Explain what sociologists mean by the term ‘agencies of social control.’ (4 marks)

4) Explain what sociologists mean by white-collar crime (4 marks)

5) Explain what sociologists mean by conformity when studying deviance. (4 marks)

Evidence – What percentage of crime is racially aggravated?

2002/03 British Crime Survey

•4% mixed race•3% Asian•2% black•2% Chinese/other origin•Less than 1% white

Jannson (2006)•20% of black vandalism victims thought the crime was racially motivated•Less than 1% of white vandalism victims though the crime was racially motivated

11% of police reported harassment was racially or religious motivated in 2007/08

British Crime Survey

1999/2000 – 10,758 racially or religiously aggravated harassment2006/07 – 28,4852007/08 – 26,495

Walklate (2007) argues that statistics are likely to underestimate the extent to which routine harassment is part of the everyday lives of people from minority ethnic groups.

How far would Sociologists agree that the government is doing enough to tackle racially motivated offences?

Jannson (2006)•20% of black vandalism victims thought the crime was racially motivated•Less than 1% of white vandalism victims though the crime was racially motivated

11% of police reported harassment was racially or religious motivated in 2007/08

British Crime Survey

1999/2000 – 10,758 racially or religiously aggravated harassment2006/07 – 28,4852007/08 – 26,495

Walklate (2007) argues that statistics are likely to underestimate the extent to which routine harassment is part of the everyday lives of people from minority ethnic groups.

Crime and Disorder Act 1998Created new offences for•Racially aggravated assault•Racially aggravated criminal damage•Racially aggravated harassment

If racially motivated offence = harsher sentence Citizenship

compulsory in England since

2002

Social Issues

1) Describe one way in which recent governments have tried to reduce anti-social behaviour and explain how successful this approach has been. (5 marks)

2) Describe one way in which governments have attempted to reduce racist behaviour in society and explain how successful this approach has been. (5 marks)

How do we get our statistics on

crime?

Self Report Studies (Defendants admit to

minor criminal behaviour in surveys)

Victim Surveys(public asked if ever

been a victim of crim)

Official Statistics(Police statistics

gathered by Home Office)

Reported crime – crime that is

reported to the police. Not all

crime is reported.

Recorded crime – crime that is

recorded by the police. Not all

reported crime is recorded.

Official crime statistics

(not showing Dark Figure of

Crime)

The true figure (amount) of

crime

Why is not all crime

reported?

Why is not all

reported crime

recorded?

TIF: If you were the Police Commissioner, what would you do to improve the relationship between the true figure of time and the Official Crime Statistics?

Financial

Em

otional

Social P

hysical Anomie?

Quick revision – What is the impact of crime on victims & society?

What is the impact of

crime?

On victims?

On society?

Physical

Psychological

Financial

Socially

Culture of fear

Moral panic

Folk devils

Damages cohesion

Scapegoats

Eye on the exam…1) Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of using

self-report studies to collect data about levels of crime in society. (2marks)

2) Describe one way in which the government collects statistics about the level of crime in society and explain why this might not be an accurate picture of the number of crimes committed. (5 marks)

3) Describe one way in which crime and deviant behaviour could have a negative impact on communities and explain why this impact is seen as a problem by some members of the public. (5 marks)

4) Discuss how far sociologists would agree that official statistics give an accurate picture of the levels of crime in society. (12 marks)