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OBAT ANTI INFLAMASI NON STEROID Alyya Siddiqa

[Sent] NSAIDs for UPN

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OBAT ANTI INFLAMASI NON STEROID

Alyya Siddiqa

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Analgetik

• Analgetik opioid• Analgetik non-opioid

– AINS– Analgetik-antipiretik

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INFLAMASI

TRAUMA FISIK, ZAT KIMIA, MIKROBA ATAU AKIBAT RESPON IMUNOLOGIK

MEDIATOR-MEDIATOR KIMIA(Histamin, Serotonin,

Prostaglandin, Bradikinin, Interleukin)

OAI

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PROSTAGLANDIN

• Salah satu mediator lokal pd inflamasi• Disintesis dlm jml << hampir di slrh jaringan• Mediator lokal, cepat diinaktivasi tidak

terdapat dlm sirkulasi

• Berasal dari asam arachidonat yg dipecah oleh cyclooxygenase-1 (Cox-1) atau Cox-2

• Cox-1 : reaksi normal• Cox-2 : diinduksi oleh inflamasi, fisiologis

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FOSFOLIPID MEMBRAN

Fosfolipase A2

ASAM ARACHIDONAT

siklooksigenaselipoksigenase

PGLeukotrien

(Cox)

PG(proteksi) (inflamasi)

Cox1 Cox2

OAINS

* PG = Prostaglandin

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• Prostaglandin yang dihslkan oleh kerja Cox-1 bersifat sitoprotektif Contohnya : PGE2 & PGF2α : me↑ sekresi mukus gasterPGI2 : menghambat sekresi asam lambung

OAINS yg bekerja menghambat Cox-1 seluruhnya menyebabkan gangguan GIT (erosi, ulkus, perdarahan lambung dll)

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OAINS• ASPIRIN & SALISILAT LAIN• DERIVAT ASAM PROPIONAT• ASAM INDOL ASETAT• DERIVAT OKSIKAM • FENAMAT• FENILBUTAZON• OBAT LAINNYA ; DIKLOFENAK, KETOROLAK

& NOBUMETON SPECIFIC COX-2 INHIBITOR

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ASPIRIN & SALISILAT LAINNYA

ASPIRIN : Prototype OAINS standar OAINS lainnya

• Efek : - antiinflamasi - analgetik (nyeri ringan – sedang) - antipiretik

• Mekanisme Kerja : menghambat Cox 1-2

menghambat pelepasan prostaglandin

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Farmakokinetik

• All but one of the NSAIDs are weak organic acids as given; the exception, nabumetone, is a ketone prodrug that is metabolized to the acidic active drug.

• Most of these drugs are well absorbed, and food does not substantially change their bioavailability.

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• Most of the NSAIDs are highly metabolized, some by phase I followed by phase II mechanisms and others by direct glucuronidation (phase II) alone

• NSAID metabolism proceeds, in large part, by way of the CYP3A or CYP2C families

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• While renal excretion is the most important route for final elimination, nearly all undergo varying degrees of biliary excretion and reabsorption (enterohepatic circulation).

• The degree of lower gastrointestinal tract irritation correlates with the amount of enterohepatic circulation

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• Most of the NSAIDs are highly protein-bound (~ 98%), usually to albumin.

• Some of the NSAIDs (eg, ibuprofen) are racemic mixtures, while one, naproxen, is provided as a single enantiomer and a few have no chiral center (eg, diclofenac).

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Karena Cox-1 & 2 dihambat :

o Efek thd trombosit : hambatan agregasi trombosit akibat penurunan TXA2

o Efek thd GIT : penurunan PGI2 (prostasiklin) : sekresi asam ↑penurunan PGE2, PGF2α : sintesis mukus ↓

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EFEK SAMPING OBAT

GIT : distress epigastrium, gastritis, ulkus

Darah : Waktu perdarahan memanjang akibat agregrasi trombosit dihambat (hati hati penggunaan sblm operasi & bumil trimester 3)

Reye Syndrome ; penggunaan pd infeksi virus

SSP : salisilism : tinitus, pendengaran <<, vertigo

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Efek pada kehamilan

• Pada trimester ketiga :– Prolonged gestation– Menghambat persalinan– Risiko perdarahan– Penutupan duktus arteriosus

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Efek Samping NSAID

• GI : nyeri abdominal, mual, anoreksia, erosi gaster/ulkus, anemia, perdarahan GI, perforasi, diare

• Renal : retensi air dan garam, edema (memperburuk fungsi ginjal pada pasien renal/cardiac cirrhtotic), menurunkan efektivitas antihipertensi, menurunkan efektivitas terapi diuretik, menurunkan ekskresi urat (terutama aspirin)

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ESO (2)

• CNS : sakit kepala, vertigo, pusing (dizziness), confusion, depresi, menurunkan ambang kejang, hiperventilasi (salisilat)

• Platelet : menghambat aktivasi platelet, cenderung timbul memar, peningkatan risiko perdarahan

• Uterus : memperpanjang masa gestasi, menghambat persalinan

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ESO (3)

• Hipersensitivitas : vasomotor rhinitis, angioneurotic edema, asthma, urticaria, flushing, hipotensi, syok

• Vaskuler : penutupan ductus arteriosus

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INDIKASI

• Analgetik – antipiretik (Headache, artrhalgia, myalgia)• Antiinflamasi (RA, OA, gout dll)

• Efek lainnya : anti agregasi trombosit (profilaksis angina pectoris, TIA)

• Sedang diteliti : profilaksis terhadap ca-colon

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SALISILAT LAINNYA• SODIUM SALISILAT, CHOLINE SALISILAT

analgetik, antipiretik, antiinflamasi• ASAM SALISILAT, METIL SALISILAT

topikal : kalus; sangat iritatif, hanya sebagai obat luar• SALISILAMID

analgetik-antiiretik lbh lemah dari salisilat• DIFLUNISAL

efek analgetik-antiinflamasi lebih kuat daripada aspirin, 4-5 kaliefek antipiretik (-)efek samping GI dan platelet <<

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Salisilat

antasid

probenesidsulfinpirazon

FenitoinTiopentalTiroksin dll

Heparinantikoagulan

Menghambat absorpsi aspirin

me↓

ekskresi asam

urat

Hem

orrh

age

me↑ kons plasma aspirinProlonged half life, th/ effects and toxicity

Interaksi obat dgn aspirin

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Interaksi (2)

• NSAID + aspirin dosis rendah meningkatkan terjadinya efek samping gastrointestinal

• NSAID + ACEI menurunkan efektivitas ACEI akibat NSAID menghambat produksi vasodilator dan natriuretic prostaglandin

• NSAID + ACEI hiperkalemi : bradikardi yang dapat menyebabkan sinkop terutama pada lansia, penderita hipertensi, diabetes melitus dan ischemic heart disease

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Klasifikasi NSAID berdasarkan selektivitasnya

• Non-selective : aspirin, indometasin, piroksikam, ibuprofen, naproksen, asam mefenamat

• Preferentially COX – 2 : diclofenac, meloxicam, nimesulide, nabumeton, etodolac

• Selective COX – 2 : the coxibs generasi pertama dan kedua

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ANALGETIK ANTIPIRETIK

ASETAMINOFEN (parasetamol)Efek : analgetik-antipiretik (nyeri ringan - sedang)

antiinflamasi << atau (-)

Mekanisme kerja : menghambat sintesis prostaglandin di SSPEfek thd cox << atau (-) Efek antiinflamasi (-)

cox-3 Tdk mempengaruhi agregasi trombosit

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Parasetamol

• Diduga menghambat isoenzim cox-3 di otak• Kemampuan menghambat enzim cox diatur oleh

adanya peroxides• Hambatan biosintesis PG oleh parasetamol hanya

terjadi bila kadar peroksid rendah, yaitu di hipotalamus

• Pada lokasi terjadinya inflamasi, kadar peroksid yang dihasilkan lekosit tinggi efek antiinflamasi parasetamol tidak ada

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Indikasi :

Analgetik antipiretik pd :- Pasien dgn ggn lambung- Bila pemanjangan wkt perdarahan merupakan hal yg tdk menguntungkan- Anak-anak dengan infeksi virus- Ibu hamil dan menyusui

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FarmakokinetikA : cepat dari sal cernaD : luasM : hati, konjugasi dgn glukoronat & sulfatE : ginjal

ESO : MinimalToksisitas : nekrosis hati (dosis tinggi)

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Patogenesis gastropati NSAID

• Sistemik : Cox-1 dihambat sintesis mucosal cytoprotective prostaglandins tertutama PGI2 dan PGE2 menurun

• Eicosanoids tersebut menghambat sekresi asam oleh lambung, meningkatkan aliran darah mukosa dan mensekresikan mukus sitoprotektif di usus

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• Lokal : Pemberian NSAID per oral menyebabkan adanya kontak dengan mukosa lambung terjadi back-diffusion asama lambung ke dalam mukosa gaster menginduksi kerusakan jaringan

• Kemungkinan juga akibat meningkatnya produk lipoksigenase yang bersifat ulcerogenicity

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The coxibs

• Celecoxib, valdecoxib, rofecoxib, lumiracoxib• Karena hanya menghambat cox-2, dihubungkan

dengan ES gastropati minimal pada penggunaan jangka pendek < 6 bulan

• Studi coxibs : CLASS, Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study (2000), VIGOR (2000) dan TARGET (2004)

• Rofecoxib dan valdecoxib ditarik dari peredaran efek samping infark miokard dan kematian jantung mendadak

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• Multinational Etoricoxib and Diclofenac Arthritis Long-term (MEDAL) study,2005

• Successive Celecoxib Efficacy and Safety Study-1 (SUCCESS-1), 2006

• Celecoxib versus omeprazole and diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (CONDOR), 2010

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The coxibs • celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib,

etoricoxib, lumiracoxib

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• Tromboksan A2 yang disintesis trombosit oleh COX-1 agregasi trombosit, vasokonstriksi dan proliferasi otot polos

• Prostasiklin (PGI2) yang disintesis oleh COX-2 di endotel makrovaskuler menyebabkan penghambatan agregasi trombosit, vasodilatasi dan efek anti-proliferatif

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• Most of the coxibs are distributed widely throughout the body.

• Celecoxib is particularly lipophilic, so it accumulates in fat and is readily transported into the CNS.

• Lumiracoxib is more acidic than the others, which may favor its accumulation at sites of inflammation.

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• All are well absorbed, but peak concentrations are achieved with lumiracoxib and etoricoxib in approximately 1 hour compared to 2 to 4 hours with the other agents

• All of the coxibs are extensively protein-bound (etoricoxib and rofecoxib approximately 90%, the others approximately 97% to 99%).

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• Published estimates of the half-lives of these drugs vary (2 to 6 hours for lumiracoxib, 6 to 12 hours for celecoxib and valdecoxib, 15 to 18 hours for rofecoxib, and 20 to 26 hours for etoricoxib)

• However, peak plasma concentrations of lumiracoxib exceed considerably those necessary to inhibit COX-2, suggesting an extended pharmacodynamic half-life.

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• Penghambat cox-2 menggeser kesetimbangan hemostatik ke arah protrombotik, tromboksan meningkat disertai prostasiklin berkurang thrombotic cardiovascular

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Faktor yang dapat meningkatkan ESO NSAID

• Faktor obat : waktu paruh, selektivitas, dosis• Faktor penderita : lansia, riwayat tukak peptik,

penyakit penyerta, interaksi dengan obat lain ( antihipertensi, antikoagulan, sediaan hemat kalium, kortikosteroid)

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KEY POINTS

• Based upon efficacy, safety, and cost considerations, scheduled acetaminophen, up to 4 g/day, should be tried initially forpain relief in OA.

• If this fails, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatorydrug (NSAID) may be tried, if there are no contraindications

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• Strategies to reduce NSAID-induced GI toxicity include the use of nonacetylated salicylates, COX-2 selective inhibitors, or the additionof misoprostol or a proton pump inhibitor.

• COX-2 selective inhibitors vary in their ability to prevent GI toxicity, and concomitant use of aspirin largely negates their gastroprotective effects.

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• COX-2 selective inhibitors can increase the risk of cardiovascular events.

• This may be a class effect, but the extent of this risk varies among COX-2 selective inhibitors, and traditional NSAIDs may also pose risks.

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• Proteksi lambung :Antagonis H2Proton Pump InhibitorMukoprotektan

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• This hazard, in addition to the GItoxicity possible with all NSAIDs, underscores the importance of using NSAIDs only as needed and after assessing the individual patient’s risk.

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• NSAIDs are associated with GI, renal, cardiovascular, liver, and central nervous system toxicity.

• Monitoring with complete blood count, serum creatinine, and hepatic transaminase levels can be valuable in detecting potential toxicity.

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THANK YOU