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Time

A P B Q

C1

C2

Cm

D MEC

MTC

A-B Abs. Process

P-Q Duration of action

Cm Max. conc.

MEC Min. Effective conc.

MTC Min. toxic conc.AD Initial action

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F CTORS TH T FFECTED BO V IL BILITY

1. PATIENT CONDITION

Age, sex, pregnancy

Food, diet etc

2. PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMDrug particle size, salt, ester

Vehicle

Drug dosage form, formula

PER ORAL:

Solution > suspension > capsule > tablet > coated tablet

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1 2 3 4 5 6

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

Concentration

Time

i.v

enema

tablet

Suppository

AMINOPHYLLINE

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THERAPEUTIC INCOMPATIBILITY

Response to one or more drugs in the patients is different or intensify

than that intended by the prescribers.

Resulted from:

Errors in writing prescription

Errors in interpreting prescription orders

e.g.Over dosage

Contraindicated drugs,

Synergistic effectsAntagonistic effects

Other drug interactions related to pharmacokineticand pharmacodynamic interactions

Pharmacist has to consult/give suggestion to the prescriber

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PHARMACEUTICAL INCOMPATIILITY

The arising problems during the compounding, dispensing or

administration of drugs can cause therapeutic incompatibility

PHYSICAL INCOMPATIBILITY:

Insolubility

Liquefaction

Physical complexion

CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITY:

Oxidationreduction

Acid base Hydrolysis

Combination reaction

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FORMULAS IN THE PRESCRIPTION

BENEFIT

F.SPECIALITIES- Already available faster

-Available in varied dosage

forms

F.OFFICINALIS-Single/composed drug:

effective, combined

ideally

-Not all drugs available in raw

material, if available in trade name

costly

-Not all dosage form can be

composed in pharmacy

RISK

-Relatively costly

-Possibly 1/more drugs in the formula

are not needed by the patient

redundant

- Not Developed

- only available in old books

published many years ago

- Old fashioned

F.MAGISTRALIS

-dose/drug can be determined

suitable with patient

- Drug in raw material

not costly

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WRITING PRESCRIPTION

M.D.

must

FORMULA

mag.FORMULA

spec.

FORMULA

off.

understand Drug properties

pharmacology,physical, chemical

Content,

comp., conc.,dosage

Content,

comp., conc.,dosage

know incompatibility incompatibility Official books

be capableto

determine

Therapeutic dose,dosage form, how

& time to adm.

Therapeutic dose,dosage form, how

& time to adm

Therapeutic dose,dosage form, how

& time to adm

write

prescription

Lege artis (l.a)

suitable with

dosage form

Trade name !!! write the name

of off.formula

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DRUG FUNCTION

1. REMEDIA CARDINALE = core drug

Function: to cure diseases

2. REMEDIA ADJUVANTIA

Function: symptomatic

3. REMEDIA CORRIGENTIA

R. Corr. Actionis = improving drug action

R. Corr. Saporis = making more palatable

R. Corr. Odoris = covering drug smellR. Corr. Coloris = improving drug colour

4. REMEDIA CONSTITUENT

Function: vehicle, filler